Commonwealth v. SingletonCommonwealth v. Singleton
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Derrick Singleton was tried non-jury and was found guilty of possession of cocaine and possession of cocaine with intent to deliver. Post-trial motions were denied, and Singleton was sentenced to serve a term of imprisonment for not less than three (3) years nor more than six (6) years and to pay a fine in the amount of fifteen thousand ($15,-000.00) dollars. On direct appeal from the judgment of sentence, Singleton argues that the trial court erred by refusing to suppress the cocaine and drug paraphernalia which had been seized by police from his apartment. More specifically, he contends that the warrant which authorized police to search his home was not supported by probable cause. Because we are satisfied that the search warrant was properly issued upon a showing of probable cause, we affirm thj judgment of sentence.
The courts in this Commonwealth employ a “totality of the circumstances” test, as enunciated in
Illinois v. Gates,
462 U.S. 213, 103 S.Ct. 2317, 76 L.Ed.2d 527 (1983), for determining the existence of probable cause for the issuance of a search warrant. See:
Commonwealth v.
The magistrate’s determination that probable cause existed must be given deference. Illinois v. Gates, 462 U.S. 213, 236, 103 S.Ct. 2317, 2331, 76 L.Ed.2d 527, 547 (1983); Commonwealth v. Corleto, 328 Pa.Super. 522, 528, 477 A.2d 863, 866 (1984). “[A] magistrate is not required to find a prima facie showing of criminal activity but rather the probability of criminal activity. While the inquiry is restricted to the four corners of the affidavit, the affidavit is to be interpreted in a common-sense and realistic fashion.” Commonwealth v. Gray, 322 Pa.Super. 37, 46, 469 A.2d 169, 173 (1983) (citations omitted). “The task of the issuing magistrate is simply to make a practical, common-sense decision whether, given all the circumstances set forth in the affidavit before him, including the ‘veracity’ and ‘basis of knowledge’ of persons supplying hearsay information, there is a fair probability that contraband or evidence of a crime will be found in a particular place.” Commonwealth v. Miller, 334 Pa.Super. 374, 382, 483 A.2d 498, 501-502 (1984), quoting Illinois v. Gates, supra 462 U.S. at 238, 103 S.Ct. at 2332, 76 L.Ed.2d at 548. See also: Commonwealth v. Gray, supra 322 Pa.Super. at 46-47, 469 A.2d at 173.
Id. at 100, 501 A.2d at 666.
On appeal, “[t]he duty of a reviewing court is to ensure that the magistrate had a ‘substantial basis for concluding that probable cause existed.’ ”
Commonwealth v. Fromal,
392 Pa.Super. 100, 114, 572 A.2d 711, 718 (1990), quoting
In determining whether the warrant to search appellant’s apartment was issued upon a showing of probable cause, we must confine our inquiry to the information recited within the four corners of the affidavit submitted in support thereof. See:
Appellant’s contention that the affidavit upon which the search warrant was issued had failed to establish probable cause was premised upon an averment that the information contained in the affidavit was hearsay and double hearsay, without any showing of the basis of knowledge of the various hearsay declarants. However, “[the law] is well settled that an affidavit may be based on hearsay and need not reflect direct personal observation of the affiant.” Commonwealth v. Klimkowicz, 331 Pa.Super. 75, 80, 479 A.2d 1086, 1088 (1984). Indeed, “an affidavit which contains hearsay upon hearsay need not be categorically rejected. Rather, ‘double hearsay’ must be evaluated in conjunction with the other information in the affidavit to determine whether the information is reliable.” Commonwealth v. Klinedinst, 403 Pa.Super. 605, 612, 589 A.2d 1119, 1123 (1991). See also: Commonwealth v. Mazzochetti, 299 Pa.Super. 447, 454-455, 445 A.2d 1214, 1218 (1982); Commonwealth v. Kaschik, 235 Pa.Super. 388, 394, 344 A.2d 519, 523 (1975). “ ‘[A] “tip” from an unnamed informant can properly form the basis for probable cause, provided there is adequate evidence of the informant’s credibility.’ ” Commonwealth v. Carlisle, supra, 348 Pa.Super. at 100, 501 A.2d at 666, quoting Commonwealth v. Miller, 334 Pa.Super. 374, 381, 483 A.2d 498, 501 (1984). Moreover, “[t]he credibility of an informant and the reliability of his or her information may . . . be determined by independent corroboration of the tip.” Commonwealth v. Carlisle, supra, 348 Pa.Super. at 101, 501 A.2d at 666.
When information is supplied by an anonymous citizen, as opposed to a confidential informant, the credibility of the
“Ordinary citizens, like ordinary witnesses, generally do not provide extensive recitations of the basis of their everyday observations. Likewise, . . . the veracity of persons supplying anonymous tips is by hypothesis largely unknown, and unknowable____ Yet, such tips, particularly when supplemented by independent police investigation, frequently contribute to the solution of otherwise “perfect crimes.” While a conscientious assessment of the basis for crediting such tips is required by the Fourth Amendment, a standard that leaves virtually no place for anonymous citizen informants is not.”
Commonwealth v. Gray, supra, 509 Pa. 476, at 483-484, 503 A.2d at 925, quoting Illinois v. Gates, supra, 462 U.S. at 237-238, 103 S.Ct. at 2331-2332, 76 L.Ed.2d at 548 (citations omitted). See also: Commonwealth v. Price, 318 Pa.Super. 240, 250, 464 A.2d 1320, 1326 (1983). It is also true that “the reliability of an informant may be established by the corroboration of another source, such as an additional informant.” Commonwealth v. Weidenmoyer, 518 Pa. 2, 10, 539 A.2d 1291, 1295 (1988). See also: Commonwealth v. Jones, 506 Pa. 262, 271, 484 A.2d 1383, 1388 (1984); Commonwealth v. Reel, 499 Pa. 381, 387, 453 A.2d 923, 925 (1982); Commonwealth v. Edwards, 493 Pa. 281, 290, 426 A.2d 550, 554 (1981). Thus,
“[w]hen two independent informants both supply the same information about a particular crime to the police, each source tends inherently to bolster the reliability of the other. Although the information supplied by one questionable source may be insufficient, the probability is extremely small that a second independent source would supply identical information if it were not probably accurate.”
Commonwealth v. Sudler,
496 Pa. 295, 306, 436 A.2d 1376, 1381 (1981), quoting
Commonwealth v. Mamon,
449 Pa. 249, 259, 297 A.2d 471, 477 (1972). See also:
Common
In the instant case, the double hearsay complaints by other tenants that appellant was selling cocaine from his apartment were corroborated by information provided to Officer Alba by a confidential informant. Further corroboration was provided when Officer Alba stopped Keith Arthur, who was on his way to visit appellant and who admitted to the officer that he was going there to purchase drugs. The fact that this statement was against Arthur’s penal interest also supports the reliability thereof. See: Commonwealth v. Ceriani, 411 Pa.Super. 96, -, 600 A.2d 1282, 1285 (1991). See also: Commonwealth v. Covert, 322 Pa.Super. 192, 194, 469 A.2d 248, 249 (1983); Commonwealth v. Mazzochetti, supra, 299 Pa.Super. at 455, 445 A.2d at 1218.
In holding that probable cause was established, the trial court here reasoned that “[w]hile the information supplied by the undisclosed manager of the building complex emanated from [ ] tenants and in and of itself would be insufficient, this coupled with the information supplied by the informant and the individual that Officer Alba confronted in the apartment lobby on December 30, 1988, . . . was sufficient under the totality of the circumstances test [to] warrant the [Bail] Commissioner in issuing the search warrant.” We agree. When the affidavit is viewed in a common sense, nontechnical and realistic manner, as we are required to do, it seems clear that probable cause was established. Therefore, the trial court did not err when it denied a defense motion to suppress evidence seized by police during the search of appellant‘s apartment.
The judgment of sentence is affirmed.
Notes
. Officer Alba was assigned to the Southwark mini station, but the affidavit does not otherwise disclose whether she was in uniform at the time when she spoke with Keith Arthur.