Commonwealth v. Rowe

112 Ky. 482 | Ky. Ct. App. | 1902

Opinion op the court by

JUDGE HOBSON —

Reversing.

Appellee was indicted in the Daviess circuit court for malfeasance in office. The court sustained a demurrer to-the .indictment and the Commonwealth has appealed.

It was charged in the indictment that appellee, while Commonwealth’s attorney for the Sixth judicial district, corruptly entered into an arrangement with William Powell and Forrest Hiter, who were indicted in the Daviess circuit court for the offense of suffering1, gaming on their premises, by which they paid him $50, and he, in consideration of that sum, agreed to dismiss and did dismiss the indictment against them. The ground upon which the demurrer was sustained is that under the Constitution a Commonwealth’s attorney can not be indicted for malfeasance in office until impeachment and conviction thereon. 'Section 68 of the Constitution is -as follows: “The governor and all civil officers shall be liable to impeachment for any misdemeanors in office; but judgment in such cases shall not extend further than removal from office ■and disqualification to hold any office of honor, trust or profit under this Commonwealth; but the party convicted shall nevertheless be subject and liable to indictment, trial and punishment by law.” It is said that by the terms of the Constitution the only person who is subject and liable to indictment, trial, and punishment by law is the party convicted. If this is true, the higher officers of the State can only be punished for misfeasance in office after impeachment. The purpose of the impeachment proceeding is to remove the delinquent from office, and it can not be believed that the framers of the Constitution seriously contemplated that those whose duty it is to enforce the laws of the State might defy them with immunity from punishment until they were removed from office. Other offenders against the criminal law have no such immunity. By section 3749, Kentucky Statutes, any officer of the State who is in a state of intoxication while in the discharge of his official duties, or is disqualified to discharge them by the use of spirituous, vinous, or malt liquors, shall be fined not less than $100 nor more than $1,000. By section 1360 it is provided that if a Commonwealth’s attorney receives or agrees to receive any money or other thing from any p,erson prosecuted for or supposed to be guilty of violating any of the penal laws, in consideration that he is not to prosecute such offender, or to dismiss an indictment, he shall be fined not less than the amount imposed upon the offense compounded, or imprisoned ninety days, or both. By section 1366 provision is made for the punishment of legislative and executive officers guilty of bribery. By section 1371 any judge of a court shall be fined not less than $100 nor more than $1,000 if he refuses to give place to a special judge, or if he uses or borrows any money under the control of the court of which he is judge or of any officer of the court. There are a number of other statutory provisions which were in force many years before the adoption of the present Constitution. Section Ü8, above quoted, is taken verbatim from article 5, sec. 3, of the previous Constitution, and was copied in that instrument from the Constitution adopted in 1799, which, also took it from the first Constitution of the State, adopted in 1792. It is therefore clear that the provision has never been understood to protect State officers from criminal punishment until impeachment and removal from office. Com. v. Thomas, 9 Ky. Law Rep., 289. Nor does the language of the provision require any such construction. The subject of the section is .impeachment and removal from-officé. It has always been provided in the Constitution of the State that one could not be twice put in jeopardy for the same offense. So, after providing in section 68 for impeachment of these officers, to prevent the impeachment proceedings from protecting the offender from criminal punishment, the concluding words were added: “But the party cqnvicted shall nevertheless be subject and liable to indictment, trial and punishment by law.” The word “nevertheless,” being equivalent to “notwithstanding,” .was inserted in the section to show that the meaning! of this clause is that notwithstanding the impeachment proceedings, the party convicted should be liable to indictment and punishment by law. The Commonwealth’s attorney is the representative of the State in all criminal prosecutions in his district. To a large extent, he holds in his hands the administration of the criminal laws. If he may compound crime, allow the thief and murderer to go unpunished, then the administration of justice may be stifled until the Legislature meets in its biennial session of 60 days. The tardy remedy by impeachment is wholly inadequate. It has .always been the policy of the law to deal summarily with .such offenses, and we see nothing in the Constitution in conflict with this wise policy.

It is suggested that section 227 of the Constitution by implication sustains this conclusion. That section is as follows: “Judges of the county court, justices of the peace, sheriffs, coroners, surveyors, jailors, assessors, county attorneys and constables shall be subject to indictment :or prosecution for misfeasance or malfeasance in office, or willful neglect in discharge of official duties', in such mode as may be prescribed by law; and' upon conviction, his office shall become vacant, but such officer shall have the right of appeal to the court of appeals.” The purpose of this section was not to provide that only the officers named should be subject to indictment for misfeasance oir malfeasance in office, but to provide another and speedier way of removing from office these county officers, and to avoid as to them the necessity of. impeachment proceedings. It can not be held that, if a constable or sheriff is guilty of corruption in office, he may be indicted and punished; but that if the circuit judge or Commonwealth’s attorney assist him in the commission of the offense, he may not be punished until impeachment. For these reasons, we are of opinion that there is nothing in the Constitution to invalidate the indictment.

Sections 1360, 1366, Kentucky Statutes, provide: “It shall not be lawful for any commonwealth’s' attorney or attorney prosecuting for the Commonwealth to receive or agree to receive, directly or indirectly, any money or other thing from any other person or from any person prosecuted for or supposed to be guilty of violating any of the penal laws, in consideration not to prosecute such offender or not to prosecute him for more than one violation of any penal law or in any other way to waive or fail to make a prosecution under any penal law or to dismiss an indictment or enter a nolle .prosequi, so as to enable the offender to escape or avoid the full penalty of the law. And if a Commonwealth’s attorney or an attorney prosecuting for the Commonwealth shall violate any of the provisions of this section, he shall be fined not less than the amount imposed upon the offense compounded or agreed, or imprisoned ninety days, or both.” Section 1360. “If a member of the General Assembly, or if any executive or municipal officer, shall take or agree to take any bribe to do or omit to do any act in his official capacity, he shall forfeit his office and be fined in a sum not less than two hundred nor more than one thousand dollars, and moreover, be disqualified from holding any office of trust or profit, and from the right of suffrage, for ten years.” Section 1366. This section is pursuant to section 150 of the Constitution: “All persons shall be excluded from office who have been, or shall hereafter be, convicted of a felony, or of such high misdemeanor as may ■be prescribed by law, 'but such disability may be removed by pardon of the governor.” The indictment is for the common-law offense of malfeasance in office, but the facts charged are those which may be punished under sections 1360 and 1366. The question, therefore, arises, can the defendant be proceeded against for the common-law offense, when, by statute, a different penalty has been imposed for the acts constituting it? In 1 Bish. Cr. Proc., sec. 599, the rule is thus stated: “If a statute makes an offense of what was such at common law, the punishment may be statutory or not, at the pleader’s option.” In his work on Statutory Crimes (section 164), the same learned author says: “It is everyday practice in criminal courts to proceed against a defendant either under the statute or at the common law as the prosecuting power elects. Even where an indictment is meant to be drawn on a statute, if it proves defective as such, yet is good at common law, it stands; the court rejecting the concluding words, ‘against the .form of the statute,’ as surplusage.”

In State v. Wilkinson, 2 Vt., 480; 21 Am. Dec., 565, which was a common-law indictment for obstructing a highway, where a statute had provided a penalty for the offense, the court, upholding the indictment, said: “If the locus in quo is a highway, it is a right of franchise belonging to the people, and an indictment will lie for any obstruction of it. It is a clear principle of the common law ■that every unauthorized obstruction of a highway is an indictable offense. In the case of Rex v. Russell, 6 East, 427, which was an indictment for a nuisance in a public street and highway by obstructing the same, the court said that the .primary Object of the street was for the free passage of the public, and anything which impeded that free passage without necessity was a nuisance. The provision in the statute which imposes a fine not exceeding seven dollars for placing any obstruction in the highway, to be recovered by a complaint made to a justice.of the peace, if applicable to this case, is merely cumulative, and does not take away the remedy by indictment at common law. It is true, as was resolved in Castle’s case, Cro. Jac., 644, that when a statute appoints a penalty for the doing of anything which was no offense before, and appoints how it shall be recovered, it shall be punished by that means, and not by indictment; but it is otherwise if the doing of the thing was an offense at common law, and punishable before the making of the statute. The rule of distinction is very fully and; clearly stated in the case of Rex v. Robinson, 2 Burrows, 799. It is there laid down by Lord Mansfield that, where a statute creates a new offense by prohibiting and making unlawful anything which was lawful before, and appoints a specific remedy against such new offense by a particular sanction and particular method of proceeding, that particular method of proceeding must be pursued, and no other; but where the offense was antecedently punishable by a common-law proceeding, there either method may be pursued, and the prosecutor is at liberty to proceed either by indictment at common law or in the method prescribed by the statute, because there the sanction is cumulative^ and does not exclude the common-law punishment.” On this point the authorities seem uniform. (Section 1127, Kentucky Statutes, provides: “Offenses are either felonies or misdemeanors. Such offenses as are punishable with death or confinement in the penitentiary are felonies. All other offenses, whether at common law or made so by statute, are misdemeanors. ... A common-law offense for which punishment is prescribed shall be punished only in the mode so prescribed.” We therefore conclude that, although the defendant may, at the option of the Commonwealth, be indicted for the common-law offense or under, section 1866, yet. as every fact stated in the indictment is included in the statutory offense, the punishment is limited to the mode prescribed in section 1366. Where' the common-law offense, embraces elements not contained in the statute, or vice versa, the rule is different. Thus a charge of nuisance may embrace more than a charge of obstructing a highway, although committed by such an obstruction.

Judgment reversed, and cause remanded, with directions to overrule the demurrer to .the indictment, and for further proceedings consistent with this opinion.

Whole court, except Chief Justice Guffy, sitting.