211 N.E.2d 658 | Mass. | 1965
COMMONWEALTH
vs.
ANGELO ROSSETTI (and a companion case).
Supreme Judicial Court of Massachusetts, Suffolk.
Present: SPALDING, WHITTEMORE, CUTTER, KIRK, SPIEGEL, & REARDON, JJ.
Joseph J. Balliro for the defendants.
Jack I. Zalkind, Assistant District Attorney (Robert Snider, Legal Assistant to the District Attorney, with him), for the Commonwealth.
CUTTER, J.
On July 31, 1964, a Boston police captain made written applications for two warrants to search premises at 37-41 Rutland Street, Boston. The information furnished in the application for one warrant to search for gaming implements (G.L.c. 271, § 23, as amended through *628 St. 1953, c. 319, § 30)[1] and the facts stated in the application for the other warrant (G.L.c. 276, § 2B, inserted by St. 1964, c. 557, § 3)[2] are set out in the margin.
After obtaining these warrants, the captain and other officers "went to ... 37-41 Rutland Street. These premises consisted of the offices of a newspaper ... company ... owned and operated by ... Shibley [a defendant in the companion case]. Two officers went to ... [No.] 41. The remaining officers, including [the] [c]aptain ..., went to ... [No.] 37. As the two officers approached the door numbered 41, they observed through an open window a man sitting at a table with a telephone in his hand..., Without announcing their authority or purpose the two officers, using a [b]attering [r]am, forced the door and entered the premises."
The defendant Rossetti, "who was sitting at the table, turned and faced the police officers.... [O]n the table at which he was sitting, were seven telephones and numerous sheets of paper." Writings on the papers indicated racing results, wagers on horse races, and lottery bets. "Rossetti was ordered away from the table; and the telephones ... were monitored for in-coming phone calls," which revealed inquiries concerning racing results.
"Shibley ... identified himself as the owner and operator of the ... [c]ompany, and indicated that he was in control of the premises. The police officers seized ... various articles and papers," which are "the subject matters of ... [m]otion[s] to [s]uppress," mentioned below.
*629 In the Municipal Court, Rossetti was convicted of transmitting racing information during the running of a race, knowing that it was to be used for unlawful gaming. He appealed to the Superior Court. On October 9, 1964, Rossetti and Shibley were indicted for conspiracy to transmit such information in furtherance of unlawful gaming. Rossetti and Shibley then each filed in each case a motion to suppress the evidence seized and for its return on the ground that it was taken "without a valid search warrant."
The captain testified, at the hearing on the motions to suppress that, prior to entering the premises, he knew that Rossetti had a criminal record as a bookmaker and for violations of the Federal tax stamp wagering law; that he "had been under rendition proceedings from ... Florida in connection with a racing wire service"; and that he "had been named in a Crime Commission [r]eport ... [as important] in race wire dissemination."
A "police officer ... [who] forced the door ... testified ... that his decision [not] to ... announce his presence, purpose, or authority was based upon his desire to prevent any attempt to destroy evidence. In fact, there were no circumstances to indicate that an attempt was made to destroy evidence."
Each motion was denied. The trial judge then, under G.L.c. 278, § 30A, made an interlocutory report of two questions of law, viz. (1) "[w]hether ... the search and seizure ... was legal," and (2) whether G.L.c. 271, § 31A (inserted by St. 1964, c. 330) is[3] "[c]onstitutional."
1. The defendants contend that the applications did not set forth facts adequate to show reasonable grounds for a search and that consequently the warrants were improperly *630 issued. They also assert that, because of the invalidity of the warrants, the evidence obtained by their use was illegally seized, and thus must be suppressed.
In only a few Massachusetts cases decided since Mapp v. Ohio, 367 U.S. 643, 655-660, has this court considered whether a warrant was improperly issued and whether evidence procured by its use was illegally obtained. In Commonwealth v. Lepore, ante, 121, 122-123, it was held that adequate grounds for issuing a search warrant had been presented to the judge who issued it. There had been a more complete statement to the judge than appears in the present cases. In Commonwealth v. Lillis, ante, 422, 423-424, we held adequate very full recitals of underlying facts, concerning (a) identifications of the suspects, (b) three bullets recovered near places where identified suspects had been, and (c) ballistic tests of these bullets.[4] We have recently held in Commonwealth v. Dias, ante, 583, 584, following decisions of the Supreme Court of the United States mentioned below, that an application is inadequate if based merely upon the affiant's belief, without statement of the facts supporting that belief. See Commonwealth v. Laudate, 345 Mass. 169, 171. See also Commonwealth v. Jacobs, 346 Mass. 300, 303, 307-308.
The Supreme Court of the United States has held that the Fourth Amendment's "proscriptions [against unreasonable searches and seizures] are enforced against the States through the Fourteenth Amendment" and that "the standard of reasonableness is the same under the Fourth and Fourteenth Amendments." See Ker v. California, 374 U.S. 23, 33. Although the Ker case did not involve a *631 search under a warrant, the decision has made it necessary for the State courts, in the adjudication of criminal cases, to apply the "fundamental criteria" of the Fourth Amendment in determining whether particular searches and seizures are reasonable.
In Aguilar v. Texas, 378 U.S. 108, the Supreme Court reviewed a State search warrant issued upon an application stating merely that the applicants "have received reliable information from a credible person and do believe that ... narcotics ... are being kept at the ... described premises for the purpose of sale and use contrary to ... law." The court held (at pp. 115-116) "that the search warrant should not have been issued because the affidavit did not provide a sufficient basis for a finding of probable cause and that the evidence obtained as a result of the search warrant was inadmissible."
In reaching this conclusion, the opinion said (at pp. 113-114), "Here the `mere conclusion' that [the] petitioner possessed narcotics was not even that of the affiant himself; it was that of an unidentified informant. The affidavit ... not only `contains no affirmative allegation that the affiant spoke with personal knowledge of the matters contained therein,' it does not even contain an `affirmative allegation' that the affiant's unidentified source `spoke with personal knowledge.' For all that appears, the source here merely suspected, believed or concluded that there were narcotics in [the] petitioner's possession. The magistrate here certainly could not `judge for himself the persuasiveness of the facts relied on ... to show probable cause.' He necessarily accepted `without question' the informant's `suspicion,' `belief,' or `mere conclusion.' Although an affidavit may be based on hearsay ... and need not reflect ... direct personal observations of the affiant ... the magistrate must be informed of some of the underlying circumstances from which the informant concluded that the narcotics were where he claimed they were, and ... from which the officer concluded that the informant, whose identity need not be disclosed ... was `credible' or his information `reliable.'"
*632 On the other hand, in United States v. Ventresca, 380 U.S. 102, 109-112, the court sustained[5] the propriety of a warrant issued upon a careful application and affidavit set out in full (at pp. 112-116). The affidavit described surveillance of various persons and the premises searched over a period of nine or more days and various incidents observed suggesting criminal conduct. The affidavit was stated to be based on observation of the affiant and reports made to him by other Internal Revenue Service investigators. See Giordenello v. United States, 357 U.S. 480, 486. Cf. Chin Kay v. United States, 311 F.2d 317, 320-322 (9th Cir.).
The foregoing decisions establish the necessity of including in the application for a warrant the underlying facts which show probable cause, and not simply general conclusions inferred from those facts. Each of the applications before us (fns. 1, 2) reveals that it is based in major part upon a hearsay report from an F.B.I. agent. Even if the reference to that agency might be sufficient to establish the reliability of the informant, the applications contain no indication of the basis (a) of the F.B.I. agent's knowledge of the facts reported by him, or (b) of his conclusion that racing information was being transmitted, or (c) of the applicant's knowledge of the then current activities of Rossetti and his employee. There is no description of any surveillance of Rossetti or his associates by the applicant or others. The applications do not place before the issuing magistrate basic facts sufficient to permit him to determine for himself whether probable cause existed.
A majority of the court are of opinion that the applications, *633 although somewhat more informative than those in the Aguilar case, do not meet the standards laid down by the Supreme Court of the United States.[6] This is so even if (as reviewing courts should do where there has been police effort, in good faith, to comply with procedural requirements) we disregard insubstantial errors and make every reasonable allowance for the difficulties and pressures under which law enforcement officers must work. See the Ker case, 374 U.S. 23, 33-34, and the Ventresca case, 380 U.S. 102, 109 (fn. 5).
2. The Commonwealth contends that the search and seizure were incidental to an arrest (see United States v. Rabinowitz, 339 U.S. 56, 60; Abel v. United States, 362 U.S. 217, 234-238) for a felony,[7] for which arrest without a warrant was authorized if the arresting officer had reasonable cause to believe that the person arrested had committed a felony. See Commonwealth v. Holmes, 344 Mass. 524, 525. In considering whether probable cause existed, we may take into account the facts shown by the record to have been known to the arresting captain when the search warrants were served in addition to those stated in the applications for the warrants. These additional facts amount to little more than knowledge that Rossetti had a criminal record and a reputation of being involved in gaming activities. These facts may be significant in connection with other basic facts but, standing alone, are of slight importance in establishing probable cause. As to the officers' observations of Rossetti before they entered to search the premises, *634 the record shows merely that the police observed a man sitting at a table holding a telephone.
In the aggregate, all the circumstances set out in the report do not amount to probable cause for arrest, nor do they show that the officers knew basic facts sufficient to permit them reasonably to conclude that Rossetti was or had been violating G.L.c. 271, § 31A, on some specific occasion or occasions. Indeed, the record suggests, not that the search was incident to a lawful arrest, but rather that the arrest was incident to a search under invalid warrants. See Johnson v. United States, 333 U.S. 10, 15-17. Cf. United States v. Harris, 321 F.2d 739, 741-742 (6th Cir.).[8]
3. There is no occasion for us to consider whether there was an illegal search for the additional reason, urged by the defendants, that entrance to the searched premises was made by force without prior announcement of the existence of the warrants and of the purpose of the search. See Ker v. California, 374 U.S. 23, 37-41, 44-46, 47.[9] See also Miller v. United States, 357 U.S. 301, 306-310; Masiello v. United States, 304 F.2d 399, 401 (Ct. App. D.C.). As to the significance of the fear of destruction of evidence as justifying omission of any warning before a forcible entry, see People v. Maddox, 46 Cal.2d 301, 304-307; Blakey, The Rule of Announcement and Unlawful Entry, 112 U. of Pa. L. Rev. 499.
4. Rossetti has been indicted for conspiracy with Shibley to transmit racing information unlawfully. The record warrants the conclusion that Shibley owned the searched premises. There is no suggestion that Rossetti was a trespasser *635 on the premises when the search was made. On the contrary, the most reasonable inference is that he was there as Shibley's agent or as a joint venturer with Shibley. Accordingly, he had sufficient standing, at least because claiming through Shibley and in Shibley's interest, to invoke the protection of the Fourth Amendment against an unlawful search of Shibley's premises. Jones v. United States, 362 U.S. 257, 261-267. See Ker v. California, 374 U.S. 23, 34. See also People v. Martin, 45 Cal.2d 755, 760-761.
5. At the arguments, counsel for the defendants in effect waived any contention that G.L.c. 271, § 31A (fn. 3), is invalid because of the exemption from its penal provisions of newspapers and other news media. The concession by counsel was proper. The exemption of the ordinary transmission of news for general public consumption from these penal provisions is a reasonable legislative classification of substantially differing types of communication and conduct. If applied in this case, § 31A would not deny to defendants the equal protection of the law. Lindsley v. Natural Carbonic Gas Co. 220 U.S. 61, 78-79. Ferguson v. Skrupa, 372 U.S. 726, 732-733. See Telephone News Sys. Inc. v. Illinois Bell Tel. Co. 220 F. Supp. 621, 638-640 (N.D. Ill.), affd. 376 U.S. 782; United States v. Borgese, 235 F. Supp. 286, 295-296 (S.D.N.Y.). See also Kelly v. Illinois Bell Tel. Co. 325 F.2d 148, 151-153 (7th Cir.); Parkes v. Judge of Recorder's Court, 236 Mich. 460, 467-469, where a somewhat similar statute containing no exemption of news media was held invalid largely because of the absence of such an exemption.
6. The questions raised by the report are to be answered: First, upon the reported facts the search in these cases was based upon improperly issued warrants and was illegal. Second, General Laws c. 271, § 31A, if applied to communications of the type indicated by the present record as having been made by the defendants, would not deny to persons in the defendants' position the equal protection of the laws.
So ordered.
NOTES
[1] In the application for this warrant, the captain wrote, "An FBI agent has informed me that one Munge Rossetti (Angelo M.) is receiving unauthorized race result information at 37-41 Rutland Street, Boston, said information being obtained by an electronic device at Wonderland Dog Track and thence transmitted to bookmakers in Greater Boston. Further, that a former employee of Rossetti's who was engaged in the transmission of race results is again actively engaged in the transmission of race results with Rossetti. Further, Rossetti has been convicted of federal and state gaming offenses and bookmaking and it is believed that he, with others unknown at this time, are engaged in the activity of accepting bets on horse and dog races."
[2] The captain said in applying for the second warrant, "I have information, based upon the following: That an FBI agent has informed me ... [then followed essentially the balance of the first two sentences of the first application for warrant quoted above (fn. 1). Only its last sentence was omitted.]."
[3] Section 31A reads, "Whoever transmits the results of a race, or information as to the progress of a race during the running thereof, in a racing meeting as defined in ... [G.L.c. 128A, § 1] to another knowing that such results or information is to be used or intended to be used for unlawful purposes or in furtherance of unlawful gambling, shall be punished by a fine of not more than five thousand dollars or by imprisonment in a jail... for not more than two and one half years or in the state prison for not more than five years, or by both such fine and imprisonment. This section shall not be construed as prohibiting a newspaper from printing such results for publication as news, or a television or radio station from telecasting or broadcasting such results or information as news."
[4] We there said, "While a warrant may issue only upon a finding of `probable cause' this ... means less evidence than would justify a finding of guilt and the finding may rest upon evidence, such as hearsay, not legally competent in a criminal trial, but there must be some support for the affiant's belief in the credibility of the informant and the reliability of the information." We also said, "It is unnecessary to determine how far information had by the judge who granted the warrant, as shown at the hearing on the motion to suppress, but not shown by the warrant, the application, and the affidavit, may be considered in determining the validity of the warrant." The present record does not indicate that more than the contents of the written application were submitted to the judge.
[5] We recognize that, in the Ventresca case (pp. 108-109), the court said that "affidavits for search warrants ... must be tested and interpreted ... in a commonsense and realistic fashion," and that the interpretation of affidavits should not be "hypertechnical." The court, however, repeated essentially the requirements of the Aguilar case, and said, "Recital of some ... underlying circumstances ... is essential if the magistrate is ... not [to] serve merely as a rubber stamp for the police." The opinion pointed out (p. 109) that "doubtful ... cases in this area should be largely determined by the preference to be accorded to warrants" for it recognized (p. 108) that the courts should not "discourage police officers from submitting their evidence to a judicial officer before acting."
[6] It is significant that the Massachusetts Legislature has recently required that applications for search warrants be more informative than under the earlier practice. See G.L.c. 276, §§ 1, 2, 2A, 2B, as amended or inserted by St. 1964, c. 557, §§ 1-3. Section 2B requires that an "affidavit shall contain the facts, information, and circumstances upon which ... [the applicant] relies to establish sufficient grounds for the issuance of the warrant." Similarly informative applications are appropriate under G.L.c. 271, § 23, as amended through St. 1953, c. 319, § 30, notwithstanding the absence of § 23 from the list of statutes referred to in c. 276, § 2C (as inserted by St. 1964, c. 557, § 3) under which the procedure for the issuance of warrants is to follow that laid down by §§ 2, 2A, and 2B.
[7] The offence created by G.L.c. 271, § 31A (see fn. 3), may be punished by imprisonment in the State prison for not more than five years, and thus is a felony. See G.L.c. 274, § 1.
[8] We recognize, of course, that G.L.c. 271, § 23, as amended, provides for a warrant which authorizes a search of premises used for gaming and also (if gaming apparatus is found) the arrest of persons operating the premises or found there as participating in any form of gaming. See Commonwealth v. McDermott, 347 Mass. 246, 249. The warrants before us, however, were issued on an application insufficient to justify a search warrant and equally insufficient to justify a warrant for an arrest.
[9] The Massachusetts cases which mention the problem may have had no occasion to decide the precise issue. See Banks v. Farwell, 21 Pick. 156, 159-160; Barnard v. Bartlett, 10 Cush. 501, 503; Jacobs v. Measures, 13 Gray, 74, 75; McLennon v. Richardson, 15 Gray, 74, 77; Commonwealth v. Reynolds, 120 Mass. 190, 196; Commonwealth v. Phelps, 209 Mass. 396, 407-408.