Commonwealth v. Reyes

38 Mass. App. Ct. 483 | Mass. App. Ct. | 1995

Greenberg, J.

As a result of a search of an apartment, the police seized 125 grams of cocaine, and the defendant was convicted at a jury-waived trial of trafficking under G. L. c. 94C, § 32E(6). The primary ground of appeal is that the search warrant issued upon an affidavit which failed to articulate probable cause. There is a secondary point involving the suppression of a confession.

Captain Paquette of the Holyoke police, on November 24, 1991, received a telephone call from a first-time unidentified informer. This person was later described by Sergeant Harold M. Valentine, in an affidavit submitted in support of a search warrant, as a “cooperating member of the community.”¹ The caller related that a large quantity of cocaine could be found inside a second-floor apartment located at 5 Grant Street, Holyoke. According to the informant, two days before the call, on November 22, two Colombians arrived at the locus in a white Blazer motor vehicle with a New York registration plate. The car was parked at the rear of the apartment building. The informant stated that he had seen the cocaine, approximately two to three kilograms, in the second-floor apartment. He had also learned that someone would be leaving that day (November 24) for New York in the white Blazer with a large sum of cash derived from the sale of cocaine.

On the strength of this information, the police sent an officer to 5 Grant Street who confirmed that a vehicle matching the informant’s description, registered to Jose Rodriquez of the Bronx, New York, was parked at the rear of the apartment building. A record check indicated that Rodriquez had a criminal record in New York but that his record did not include drug offenses.

From an unnamed member of the “Dominican-Hispanic community,” the police learned that the same motor vehicle was used to transport large quantities of cocaine to Holyoke for sale. Valentine also had “personal knowledge” derived from “information received in the past” that the operator of that vehicle (presumably Jose Rodriquez) had been involved in a large-scale crack cocaine operation at another location in Holyoke. That “information received in the past” was not attributed to any particular source.

From municipal records, Valentine learned that the “renter” of the suspect apartment was the defendant, who was a resident alien from the Dominican Republic. Again, from unnamed sources, Valentine stated that he had “received information in the past” that the defendant was a large distributor of cocaine. This conclusion was supported by Valentine’s observation of the defendant on an unspecified date in the past year in another part of Holyoke receiving money from a drug sale.² Veiled references, apparently developed from “a participant” in that transaction, confirmed Valentine’s conclusion that the defendant was a large-scale drug dealer.

Valentine also related in his affidavit that more than three months earlier, a different Holyoke officer arrested another Dominican male (Diego Mejia) for possession of a large quantity of crack cocaine. The other officer “developed information” that this individual was involved in the distribution of cocaine with Jose Rodriquez, the owner of the white Blazer. Subsequent to Mejia’s arrest, Valentine saw the defendant Reyes attempt to retrieve Mejia’s automobile from the police.

In sum, the search warrant issued was based upon information received from unnamed sources; Valentine’s personal knowledge of the defendant including a prior drug arrest; confirmation that the white Blazer was parked near the defendant’s apartment; and the defendant’s attempt to retrieve another alleged drug dealer’s car from the police.

1. Sufficiency of the affidavit. Where, as here, the determination of probable cause is based on statements made to the police by a confidential informant, the affidavit must contain “adequate evidence of the informant’s veracity and of the basis of the informant’s knowledge.” Commonwealth v. Richardson, 37 Mass. App. Ct. 482, 485 (1994). See Commonwealth v. Upton, 394 Mass. 363, 374-377 (1985). First-hand knowledge of information obtained through personal observation, as demonstrated by the initial informant in this case, satisfies the basis of knowledge prong of the two-part test. See Commonwealth v. Desper, 419 Mass. 163, 166 (1994). The problem here is with the veracity prong as it is evident that the information in the affidavit comes from a first-time informant with no track record in the past. See Commonwealth v. Rojas, 403 Mass. 483, 486 (1988); Commonwealth v. Parapar, 404 Mass. 319, 322 (1989). While conceding that the affidavit does not establish the general veracity of this initial informant, the government argues that the specific reliability of the informant’s tip is sufficiently enhanced by other factors to cure the veracity defect. See Commonwealth v. Parapar, supra at 322.

Even though the initial informant did supply some detail in his description of the criminal activity alleged, that tip is not enough, by itself, to satisfy the veracity prong. See Commonwealth v. Rojas, supra at 487 (recognizing that specificity of detail can contribute to reliability but noting that other indicia of reliability are usually present).

Independent police corroboration of a detailed tip from a confidential informant may compensate for deficiencies in the veracity prong. Commonwealth v. Brown, 31 Mass. App. Ct. 574, 576 (1991). In the instant case, however, the corroboration did not go beyond reciting such readily available information as the description of an automobile (the Blazer) parked near the apartment, and ascertaining that it was registered to Jose Rodriquez, a New York resident with a criminal record (which did not include any drug offenses). Compare Commonwealth v. Desper, 419 Mass. at 167-168. Nor did the police undertake any investigation or surveillance, make a controlled purchase, or engage in any related activity that might have cured the deficiency. See Commonwealth v. Kaufman, 381 Mass. 301, 303-304 (1980). Contrast Commonwealth v. Parapar, supra at 323.

We disagree with the government’s analysis that the details furnished by the initial informant were corroborated by information given by the other informers. These other informants were also untested. In addition, there is nothing in the affidavit as to when or how the other informants received their information. See Commonwealth v. Desper, 419 Mass. at 167. They satisfy neither the veracity nor the basis of knowledge prong of the test, and the general sort of information provided did not rise “above the level of a casual rumor or a mere reflection of the reputation of the supposed actor.” Commonwealth v. Kaufman, supra at 303.

The first-hand information of the affiant is similarly unavailing. Even if an inference of wrongdoing was warranted because the defendant came to the police station to obtain Mejia’s vehicle after the latter’s arrest on cocaine distribution charges, the information was stale. See Commonwealth v. Zayas, 6 Mass. App. Ct. 931 (1978). That event preceded the making of the affidavit by three months. The defendant’s prior arrest on (presumably) a cocaine distribution charge within the past year is somewhat corroborative in that it shows “conduct from which the inference may be drawn that the defendant was not averse” to commit a crime similar to the one for which he is under investigation. Commonwealth v. Melendez, 407 Mass. 53, 58-59 (1990), quoting from Commonwealth v. Germain, 396 Mass. 413, 418 n.7 (1985). We are given few details, however, concerning the circumstances of the arrest, whether any contraband was seized at the time of the arrest, the precise nature of the charges, or the outcome of the arrest. See Commonwealth v. Desper, 419 Mass. at 167. Although the defendant’s prior drug arrest is entitled to some weight in a probable cause determination, in these circumstances it is insufficient to salvage an otherwise inadequate affidavit.

Accordingly, the defendant’s motion to suppress the proceeds of the search should have been allowed.

2. Suppression of the confession. It is unnecessary to consider in detail whether the defendant’s confession (obtained at the police station after his arrest) should be suppressed. “The ‘fruit of the poisonous tree’ doctrine, which forbids putting illegally seized evidence to any use, applies to verbal statements as well as to tangible evidence.” Commonwealth v. Conway, 2 Mass. App. Ct. 547, 553 (1974), citing Wong Sun v. United States, 371 U.S. 471, 485 (1963). Given the temporal circumstances of the arrest and confession, and the lack of an intervening event which could separate the occurrences, it is plain that the defendant’s statements resulted from the illegal search of the apartment and his subsequent arrest. Commonwealth v. O’Connor, 21 Mass. App. Ct. 404, 406 (1986). The statement must be suppressed.

Judgment reversed.

Verdict set aside.

Appendix.

“On 11-24-91 Captain Paquette of the Uniform Division received a phone call from a Cooperating Member of the Community who told him that there was a large quan[t]ity of Cocaine at 5 Grant in a second floor apartment. The Cl further told Captain Paquette that two Col[o]mbians operating a white blazer, New York Registration E6J964, had arrived in Holyoke on 11-22-91 and that this motor vehicle is parked in the rear of 5 Grant Street. The Cl also told Captain Paquette that they had brought approximately two to three Kilo-Grams which the Cl had seen in the 5 Grant Street, second floor apartment. The Cl stated that the white blazer would be leaving on 11-24-91 with $300,000 to $400,00 which was made from the sale of Cocaine.

“On 11-24-91 Officer J. Whalen went to 5 Grant Street where he found a white blazer, New York Reg. E6J964, parked in the rear. A check with the New York Registry of Motor Vehicles indicates that his vehicle is register []ed to Jose A. Rodriquez, Dob 10-23-64, 2053 McGrawn Ave. IF, Bronx New York. A fu[r]ther check with NCIC indicates that Jose A. Rodriquez has a Criminal record in the State of New York for Carrying a loaded weapon, impersonating a Police Officer, and assault to cause physical harm.

“Myself and Sgt. Dinapoli have personal knowledge of the above listed motor vehicle having received information in the past concerning the operator of that motor vehicle being involved at 289 Walnut Street in a large scale Crack Cocaine and Cocaine operation. We also had information from a member of the Dominican-Hispanic community that this motor vehicle made numerous trips to New York to pick up large quantities of Cocaine to be delivered in Holyoke area for sale.

“A check with Official City of Holyoke records the renter of 5 Grant Street, second floor is Ovidio Blanco Reyes. I have personal knowledge that Ovidio Blanco Reyes is from the Dominican Republic and is a resident alien. I also have received information in the past that Ovidio Blanco Reyes is a large distributor of Cocaine and Crack Cocaine. I have conducted an investigation into the distribution of Cocaine in the 650 South East Area this year and observed drug sales being made and the money passed to Ovidio Blanco Reyes and Daniel Garcia in a late model Caprice Classic which was register[]ed to Ovidio Blanco Reyes. At the time of this arrest Mr. Reyes stated that he lived at 289 Walnut Street. Subsequent to this arrest information was developed from a participant that Mr. Reyes was a large scale Cocaine distributor, and that he used several different apartments in the City to move the Cocaine around to a safe house location.

“On 8-16-91 Sgt. Dinapoli arrested a Dominican male, Diego Mejia of no known address, with 80 vials of Crack Cocaine in his possession. Sgt. Dinapoli developed information that Mr. Mejia was involved in the distribution of the Crack Cocaine with Jose Rodriquez who he knew operated the White Blazer, New York Registration E6J964. Subsequent to this arrest I was in the Holyoke Police Department when Mr. Reyes came in to try and secure the release of the motor vehicle Mr. Mejia was operating at the time of his arrest for the Crack Cocaine.

“Based on information received from the Cooperating Member of the Community, my personal knowledge of Ovidio Blanco Reyes, information received by Sgt. Dinapoli concerning the White Blazer and the arrest of Mr. Mejia, information that Mr. Reyes does live at 5 Grant Street, second floor, arrest of Ovidio Blanco Reyes I believe that there is a large quan[t]ity of Cocaine being kept for distribution at 5 Grant Street, second floor.”

1 The affidavit is reproduced in its entirety in an appendix to this opinion.

2 Although the affidavit is somewhat unclear on this point, it may be safely assumed that the defendant was arrested as a result of this transaction.