851 N.E.2d 1102
Mass. App. Ct.
2006
Kantrowitz, J.

A jury сonvicted the defendant of operating a motor vehicle while under the influence of intoxicating liquor (OUI), G. L. c. 90, § 24(1); negligent operation of a motor *50vehicle so as to endanger, G. L. c. 90, § 24(2); and being a person under twenty-one years of age in possession of alcohol, G. L. c. 138, § 34C.1 Subsequently, the trial judge entered a finding of guilt as to the second offense portion of the OUI charge.

On appeal, the defendant claims (1) insufficient proof of operation; (2) improper closing argument; (3) failure to instruct on the possession оf alcohol charge; and (4) failure to conduct a trial or a change of plea colloquy on the second offense portion of the OUI charge after defense counsel purported to stipulate that the defendant had a prior OUI conviction and thus waived his client’s right to trial on the issue. We affirm in part and reverse in part.

Facts. On a rainy October 28, 2003, at approximately 11:00 p.m., Steven Sherman, a resident of Cumberland Avenue in North Attleboro, was awakened from sleep and looked outside a window of his home. What he saw is in dispute. What is not in dispute is that he called 911 and police Officer Joshua McMahon quickly responded to a residential property at 277 Cumberland Avenue, where he observed a tan Mercury Marquis automobile on the front lawn. Tire marks indicated that the car had been driven from Cumberland Avenue onto the lawn, about ten feet from the street, over a stone wall where the vehicle was lodged. The car, registered to the defendant, was still warm to the touch, indicating that it had been recently driven.

The controversy arises from Shеrman’s testimony, which conflicted with what he allegedly told Officer McMahon. Sherman testified that he saw two vehicles in front of his house. One of the vehicles was on his neighbor’s lawn across the street, and the other was parked on the street. Two persons were standing neаr the white-colored vehicle on the street, while a *51third person was looking around the vehicle on the neighbor’s front lawn. Sherman did not recognize any of the three people, all of whom left the scene in the white car.

In contrast, Officer McMahon testified that Sherman told him the following: that he (Sherman) came outside and saw a vehicle across the street on the lawn; that Sherman observed a young man whom he believed to be another neighbor, the defendant, get out of the driver’s seat of the car on the lawn; that shortly thereafter, a white car came along; and that the defendant entered the white car and it drove off.2

It was not disputed that while the officer was speaking with Sherman, the defendant walked from another yard and up the street toward the area of the accident. The defendant told Officer McMahon ‍‌​‌​​​‌‌​​​‌​​​​‌‌​​‌‌‌​​​​‌​‌‌‌‌‌​​​​​‌​​​​‌​‌‌‍that he came to get his car and that he did not know what had happened; he further said that he had been picked up by a white car that night, not on Cumberland Avenue, but in South Attleboro.

While he was speaking with the defendant, Officеr McMahon observed that the defendant’s speech was slurred, his eyes were bloodshot, and a strong odor of alcohol emanated from him. The defendant confirmed that he had been drinking; had on his person a set of car keys to the vehicle located on the front lawn; and agreed to take a series of field sobriety tests, which he failed, resulting in his arrest. An inventory search of the car revealed a half-empty bottle of whiskey on the front seat and several empty beer bottles on the back seat and the rear floor. When asked, the defendant told the officer that he was twenty years old.

Needless to say, of significance at trial, Sherman was unable to identify any of the three people he saw that evening and denied that he had recognized anyone.3

Operation. The defendant contends that the evidence presented at trial, even when viewed in the light most favorable to the Commonwealth, see Commonwealth v. Platt, 440 Mass. *52396, 400 (2003), did not establish that he operated the motor vehicle in question.4

Proof of operation of a motor vehicle may “rest entirely on circumstantial evidence.” Commonwealth v. Cromwell, 56 Mass. App. Ct. 436, 438 (2002), quoting from Commonwealth v. Woods, 414 Mass. 343, 354, cert. denied, 510 U.S. 815 (1993). Here, the relevant circumstantial evidence of the defendant’s operation reveals that (1) when the police arrived, the car’s engine was still warm, showing that it had been recently driven, see Commonwealth v. Cromwell, 56 Mass. App. Ct. at 439; (2) he was the registered owner of the сar, lived in the neighborhood, and appeared at the scene shortly after the police arrived, acknowledging that he came to pick up his car, see ibid., citing Commonwealth v. Deramo, 436 Mass. 40, 43 (2002) (with regard to reasonable suspicion standard for investigative stops, “courts have held that thе police may, in the absence of any contrary evidence, reasonably conclude that a vehicle is likely being driven by its registered owner”); (3) he had keys to the car in his possession; (4) he appeared intoxicated and confirmed that he had been drinking, and a half-empty bottle of whiskey and several empty beer bottles were found in the car; (5) he agreed to and complied with field sobriety tests administered by the police officer, see Commonwealth v. Cromwell, supra; Commonwealth v. O’Connor, 420 Mass. 630, 632 (1995) (“finder of fact could infer operation from the facts and circumstances surrounding the accident and from the defendant’s cooperation ‍‌​‌​​​‌‌​​​‌​​​​‌‌​​‌‌‌​​​​‌​‌‌‌‌‌​​​​​‌​​​​‌​‌‌‍with the field sobriety tests”); (6) there was no evidence tending to indicate that someone other than the defendant was operating the car, see Commonwealth v. Cromwell, supra; citing Commonwealth v. Adams, 421 Mass. 289, 291-292 (1995); and (7) he indicated that he had gotten into а white car in South Attleboro, in apparent contradiction to Sherman’s testimony that he saw three people drive off in a white car on Cumberland Avenue.

Viewed as a whole, this evidence reasonably supports an *53inference that the defendant was the operator of the crashed car. “That the case аgainst [the defendant] was ‘circumstantial’ in some sense of that dubious term does not suggest that the proof was insufficient.” Commonwealth v. Best, 381 Mass. 472, 483 (1980). “While it is not necessary to prove that the defendant had the exclusive opportunity to commit the crime[], . . . and while the inferences need not be inеscapable or necessary, . . . yet the evidence must be such as to convince a jury beyond a reasonable doubt that the defendant, and no one else, committed the offence[] charged.” Commonwealth v. Shea, 324 Mass. 710, 713 (1949). Here, the evidence was sufficient to allow “any rational trier of fact [to find] the essential elements of the crime beyond a reasonable doubt.” Commonwealth v. Platt, 440 Mass, at 400, quoting from Commonwealth v. Cordle, 412 Mass. 172, 175 (1992). See Commonwealth v. Latimore, 378 Mass. 671, 676-677 (1979).

Closing argument. The defendant next asserts that the prosecutor engaged in improper closing argument by suggesting to the jury that they should use substantively, instead of for impeachment purposes only, Sherman’s statement to the police officer that he saw the defendant get out of the driver’s seat of the crashed car.5 The Commonwealth counters that the argument was proper in that it only served to undermine Sherman’s credibility, not encourage impermissible use of the officer’s testimony as proof of operation.

Even if we were to agree with the defendant, any error would be harmless in light of the numerous instructions provided to the jury. In his preliminary comments, the judge informed the jury that opening, as well as closing, statements by the attorneys were not evidence. After Officer McMahon testified that Sherman had informed him at the scene that Sherman had observed the defendant get out of the car, the judge gave the *54jury a limiting instruction.6 Later, in his final instructions, the judge again repeated the limitation, as well as other instructions, focusing the jury on how it was to reаch its verdict.7 Juries are presumed to follow the ‍‌​‌​​​‌‌​​​‌​​​​‌‌​​‌‌‌​​​​‌​‌‌‌‌‌​​​​​‌​​​​‌​‌‌‍instructions given them. See Commonwealth v. Watkins, 425 Mass. 830, 840 (1997).8

Regardless, after the trial, the Supreme Judicial Court released Commonwealth v. Cong Duc Le, 444 Mass. 431 (2005), which now allows “substantive use of pretrial identification evidence, even if the witness testifies that he or she did not make such an identification.” Id. at 432, overruling Commonwealth v. Daye, 393 Mass. 55, 60-63 (1984). We perceive no difficulty applying the rule of Cong Due Le retroactively to the facts of this case. See Commonwealth v. Cong Duc Le, supra at 442.

Failure to instruct on minor in possession of alcohol count.9 The defendant further claims error in that the judge did not instruct the jury with regard to the charge of being a person under twenty-one years of age in рossession of alcohol. The judge, indeed, entirely omitted instructing the jury on this crime, an oversight not brought to his attention by either the prosecutor or defense counsel.

While an omission of an element of a crime does not require *55automatic reversal, Commonwealth v. Redmond, 53 Mass. App. Ct. 1, 7 (2001), we believe that, in the facts and circumstances of this case, reversal is nonetheless requirеd under a substantial risk of a miscarriage of justice standard. While terms such as possession, alcohol, and under twenty-one years of age may seem self-evident, the alcohol here was, at best, constructively possessed, a more complex concеpt10 of which the jury were also not instructed. Also, while Commonwealth v. Redmond, supra at 6, speaks about the absence of an “essential” element, here we have the absence of all elements of an entire crime. See Commonwealth v. Key, 381 Mass. 19, 27 (1980); Commonwealth v. Mills, 436 Mass. 387, 398 (2002).

Failure to hold plea colloquy. The Commonwealth correctly concedes that it was error for the judge not to hold a trial or a сhange of plea colloquy on the second offense portion of the OUI charge, after defense counsel purported to stipulate that the current charge was a second offense. See G. L. c. 278, § 11 A; Commonwealth v. Chaplin, 50 Mass. App. Ct. 365, 367 (2000) (“[wjhile surely the defendant may waive a jury trial on а prior offense, there are certain procedures ‍‌​‌​​​‌‌​​​‌​​​​‌‌​​‌‌‌​​​​‌​‌‌‌‌‌​​​​​‌​​​​‌​‌‌‍that should accompany such a waiver, including an informed colloquy between the judge and the defendant”).

As such, we vacate that portion of the judgment regarding the commission of a second offense of operating under the influence of alcohol. See id. at 368.

Conclusion. The judgment of conviction of negligent operation of a motor vehicle is affirmed. The judgment of conviction of being a person under twenty-one years of age in possession of alcohol is vacated. So much of the judgment of conviction of operating under the influence as states the defendant was found guilty of a second offense is vacated, and the sentence on that count of the complaint is vacated. Lastly, the order placing on file the charge of operation after license suspension is reversed. The case is remanded for further proceedings consistent with this opinion.

So ordered.

Notes

The jury found the defendant not guilty of leaving the scene after causing property damage. At a later date, before a different judge, other charges pending against the defendant were filed without a change of plea (operating an uninsured vehicle, G. L. c. 90, § 34J; operating after license suspension for operating under the influence, operating with a suspended registration, both pursuant G. L. c. 90, § 23; and a marked lanes violation, G. L. c. 89, § 4A). Because a charge of operating a motor vehicle after license suspension for operating under the influence cannot be placed on file, see G. L. c. 90, § 23, second par., we remand for proper disposition of the charge.

The judge instructed thе jury, at this point and in his final jury instructions, that the officer’s testimony was for impeachment purposes only.

Sherman acknowledged that he knew the defendant as a neighbor and had spoken with the defendant’s mother about the case prior to testifying at trial.

Operation of a motor vehicle is an element of both operating a motor vehicle while under the influence of intoxicating liquor and negligent operation of a motor vehicle so as to endanger. See G. L. c. 90, § 24; Model Jury Instructions for Use in the District Court, Instructions 5.10 & 5.15 (1997).

The defendant challenges, among others, the following statements made by the prosecutor in his closing argument: “I would suggest to you that Mr. Sherman may not be the most credible witness, and I would suggest to you that the officer is. And you heard from the officer that on the night in question, Mr. Sherman did identify the defendant as the person .... You[] heard from the officer that Mr. Sherman, on that night, did state to him that the defendant was driving the car. I would suggest to you, as well, that the officer, based on his testimony, the defendant was driving on a public way.” Defense counsel objected to the argument at trial on the same basis noted above.

“Ladies and Gentlemen, that answer to that question is being offered at this particular time, not necessarily for the truth of what it is that [Officer McMahon is] saying; it’s being offered to impeach the testimony of the prior witness [Mr. Sherman].”

In his final instructions, thе judge again told the jury that “the evidence in this case consists of the testimony of the witnesses as you recall it.” He went on to say that “[s]ome things that occurred during a trial are not evidence, and you may not consider ‍‌​‌​​​‌‌​​​‌​​​​‌‌​​‌‌‌​​​​‌​‌‌‌‌‌​​​​​‌​​​​‌​‌‌‍them as evidence in deciding the facts of this case .... Opening statements, closing arguments of the attorneys are not a substitute for the evidence. They’re only intended to assist you in understanding the evidence and contentions of the parties.”

In light of the judge’s instructions to the jury, we also deem meritless the defendant’s other аllegations of prosecutorial impropriety in the closing argument.

The judge placed on file the defendant’s conviction of being a person under twenty-one years of age in possession of alcohol. The record does not reveal the defеndant’s affirmative assent to the filing, or even that an opportunity to object was afforded by the judge and declined by the defendant. As the Commonwealth correctly concedes in its brief, the conviction is properly before us for review. See Commonwealth v. Delgado, 367 Mass. 432, 438 (1975); Commonwealth v. Paniaqua, 413 Mass. 796, 797 n.1 (1992); Commonwealth v. Grace, 43 Mass. App. Ct. 905, 907 (1997).

See, for example, the instructions on constructive possession discussed in Commonwealth v. Sann Than, 442 Mass. 748, 752-755 (2004).