42 Mass. App. Ct. 67 | Mass. App. Ct. | 1997
Lead Opinion
On August 21, 1993, officers of the Lawrence
Convicted of trafficking in more than 100 grams of heroin and more than fourteen grams of cocaine, the defendant appeals, claiming error: (1) in the denial of his motion to suppress the evidence seized in the apartment on the ground that the search warrant was issued without probable cause; (2) in the failure of the judge, in light of the suspect nature of the affidavit accompanying the search warrant, to give a Franks
Prior to trial, the defendant filed a motion to suppress the evidence seized from the apartment on the ground that the affidavit in support of the warrant did not establish probable cause. After the motion was denied, the defendant filed another motion to suppress on the basis of Franks v. Delaware, 438 U.S. 154 (1978), and accompanied the motion with an affidavit of counsel asserting that, as a result of pretrial discovery,
The defendant argues that the motion required the judge to conduct a Franks hearing or at a minimum an in camera Am-ral hearing. Before considering the defendant’s Franks argument and whether he may now raise it, we turn to the face of the affidavit because if, as the defendant contends, the affidavit is insufficient on its face to establish probable cause, the judge was in error in denying the defendant’s first motion to suppress.
1. Probable cause to conduct a search. Dated August 20, 1993, the affidavit in support of the search warrant for ISO-152 Spruce Street recounted Laird’s experience with drug offenders, listed the occasions — of which more later — when a confidential informant referred to as Cl 10 had assisted him, and other officers, in obtaining arrests and contraband, and related information obtained from an unidentified “citizen,” set forth in part in the margin, which led Laird to call Cl 10 on August 20 with the request that he come to the station.
Cl 10 returned to Laird’s unmarked car with a plastic bag given him by Luis, which Laird, on a field test, determined to contain crack cocaine. Laird and Cl 10 followed the Honda to 150-152 Spruce Street where Laird saw a male leave the car and enter the house.
To demonstrate the reliability of Cl 10, whom Laird had known for approximately four months, Laird listed seven instances, set out in the margin,
In order to satisfy art. 14 of the Massachusetts Declaration of Rights when there is reliance on a confidential informant to support a search warrant, the Commonwealth must, under Commonwealth v. Upton, 394 Mass. 363, 374-375 (1985), satisfy the two-pronged test of Aguilar v. Texas, 378 U.S. 108 (1964), and Spinelli v. United States, 393 U.S. 410 (1969); the affiant must apprise the magistrate of “(1) some of the underlying circumstances from which the informant concluded that contraband was where he claimed it was (the basis of knowledge test), and (2) some of the underlying circumstances from which the affiant concluded that the informant was credible or the information reliable (the veracity test).” Commonwealth v. Warren, 418 Mass. 86, 88 (1994). On the face of the affidavit, Cl 10 was reliable as he had provided accurate information as to arrests and seizures. See Commonwealth v. Perez-Baez, 410 Mass. 43, 45-46 (1991). The veracity prong was thus satisfied.
2. Right to an Amral or Franks hearing. As indicated earlier, the defendant’s motion to suppress on the basis of Franks v. Delaware, 438 U.S. 154, was never acted upon. Although immediately prior to trial, defense counsel — the same counsel who had filed the Franks motion and had executed the accompanying affidavit — asked the judge to act upon several motions, including a motion to suppress statements made by the defendant, he never requested action on the Franks motion. In these circumstances, we conclude that the defendant has in effect waived this issue by failing to call to the judge’s attention the lack of a ruling on the motion. “If a motion is not acted upon a litigant had better renew it. He may not lull the judge into thinking that it has been
Moreover, there was here no substantial risk of a miscarriage of justice. In Franks, the Supreme Court held that where a defendant “makes a substantial preliminary showing that a false statement knowingly and intentionally, or with reckless disregard for the truth, was included by the affiant in the warrant affidavit, and if the allegedly false statement is necessary to the finding of probable cause, the Fourth Amendment requires that a hearing be held at the defendant’s request.” 438 U.S. at 155-156. Recognizing that in some instances a defendant may have difficulty in making the Franks threshold showing, the Supreme Judicial Court in Commonwealth v. Amral, 407 Mass. 511, 520 (1990), held that where a defendant “by affidavit asserts facts which cast a reasonable doubt on the veracity of material representations made by the affi-ant concerning a confidential informant,” the judge should hold a hearing to enable him or her “through interrogating the affiant, and, if necessary, the informant to determine whether there is a substantial preliminary showing that the affiant has made false statements intentionally or recklessly.” Id. at 522-523. Where the affiant has been merely negligent, however, there is no requirement for a Franks or an Amral hearing. See Commonwealth v. Nine Hundred & Ninety-two Dollars, 383 Mass. 764, 771, 772 (1981).
We turn to the defendant’s claims of material misrepresentation. Laird’s affidavit in this case, as we have discussed, see note 7, supra, listed seven instances showing the reliability of the confidential informant Cl 10. The defendant, however, by attaching to counsel’s affidavits other affidavits filed by Laird, has shown that Laird attributed the same information to another informant, Cl 9. The discrepancies in Laird’s affidavits are set out in the margin.
We consider the foregoing facts insufficient to require an Amral hearing. Although the trial judge, had the motion been presented to her, could have, in her discretion, granted one, Laird’s affidavits are insufficient to cast reasonable doubt on the existence of Cl 10 or on the veracity of other material representations contained in the Spruce Street affidavit. True, they raise questions as to the accuracy of two of the credits given to Cl 10. Nevertheless, a review of all the affidavits suggests that the error as to Lowell and Water Street arrests was due to carelessness and was at most negligent. Both Cl 10 and Cl 9 acted together in three instances (Capricornio Restaurant, Andover, and Osgood Streets) and thus Laird could easily have thought that both were involved also in the Lowell and Water Street incidents. That the misstatement was not intentional may be inferred from the fact that the Lowell and Water Streets arrests and seizures were unnecessary to prove Cl 10’s reliability in view of the many other listed occasions in which he had been of help. Moreover,
3. Denial of motion to suppress statements. Immediately prior to trial, the trial judge held a hearing on this motion. She found that the defendant was given his Miranda rights and also found that he had “sufficient command of English to understand his rights and to waive them.” The judge made comprehensive findings to support her conclusion básed on the evidence at the hearing, which showed that the defendant had understood the rights and also that he had known Laird before and had had conversations in English with him.
4. Sufficiency of the evidence. The defendant points out that the drugs found in the ceiling were revealed to the detectives only after they had told him he was in serious trouble and only after his conversation in Spanish with the codefendant. Also, the drugs were found in the ceiling, not in the comer to which the defendant had pointed, but at the opposite end of the rear bedroom. These facts, the defendant argues, equally sustain two inconsistent propositions, namely, that he did not have knowledge of the location of the dmgs and was first told of their existence by the codefendant, or that he knew of their location. In view of the evidence that the defendant was observed sealing bags of drugs — activities consistent only with their distribution — the jury were entitled to conclude that he was in constructive possession of the dmgs hidden in the ceiling to which he had pointed. While the suggestion that he first learned of those dmgs in his conversation with the codefendant, a disclosure which would have been to her serious disadvantage, is a possible one, the record as a whole supports a conclusion that the defendant was in constructive possession of those dmgs and hence was guilty beyond a reasonable doubt. See Commonwealth v. Carmenatty, 37 Mass. App. Ct. 908, 910-911 (1994).
Judgments affirmed.
The other occupant was a woman who was charged as a codefendant. She was acquitted after a joint trial with the defendant.
Franks v. Delaware, 438 U.S. 154 (1978).
Commonwealth v. Amral, 407 Mass. 511 (1990).
The Commonwealth does not claim, and the record does not indicate, that the defendant had these materials before filing his first motion to suppress. See Mass.R.Crim.P. 13(a)(2), 378 Mass. 871 (1979).
The docket shows that the matter was continued. There are no further entries regarding the motion.
On August 6, 1993, the “citizen,” about whom Laird provided no information, informed him that large amounts of cocaine were being distributed from the first floor of 150-152 Spruce Street, that the main dealer was a Dominican male named Juan, that Juan worked with another Dominican named Luis, that the citizen had been in the apartment two days earlier and had seen a large amount of cocaine, that the drugs were kept in the bathroom, that the front door was barricaded, and that the password was “sent by Arismendi.” On August 12, the citizen called Laird and gave him the telephone number of Juan’s apartment.
Laird alleged that Cl 10 provided information leading to arrests and seizure of contraband at the following locations: (1) Capricornio Restaurant; (2) 85 Andover Street; (3) 98 Osgood Street; (4) 383 Lowell Street; (5) 311 Water Street; (6) 124 Vz Franklin Street; as well as at (7) one unnamed location.
While the' citizen personally saw the drugs, the defendant correctly points out that the citizen’s observation took place sixteen days prior to Laird’s affidavit of August 20. Since drugs “are a readily disposable commodity,” Commonwealth v. Zayas, 6 Mass. App. Ct. 931 (1978), the informant’s information must be closely related to the time of the issuance of the warrant so as to justify a finding of probable cause at that time. Commonwealth v. Atchue, 393 Mass. 343, 349 (1984).
That Laird did not see which apartment the seller entered is not crucial, see Commonwealth v. Warren, 418 Mass, at 90, nor is the fact that Laird did not state that he again searched Cl 10 immediately before the buy. See Commonwealth v. Desper, 419 Mass. 163, 170 (1994). The defendant does not contend otherwise.
(a) In the supporting affidavits for two searches, at Andover Street and a related search at Osgood Street (#2 and #3 in note 7, supra), two informants, Cl 9 and Cl 10, were alleged to have each made a controlled buy and given information. Their reliability was indicated by both being
(b) The Lowell Street affidavit, (#4 in note 7) relies only on Cl 9 (who made a buy) and credits only him for the arrests and seizures at the Capri-cornio Restaurant, Andover Street, and Osgood Street.
(c) Similarly the Water Street affidavit (#5 in note 7) relies again only upon Cl 9 (also a buy) and .credits him with the arrests and seizures at the restaurant, and at Andover, Osgood, and Lowell Streets.
(d) The Franklin St. affidavit (#6 in note 7), which documents a buy by Cl 10, credits him with the restaurant, Andover, Osgood, Lowell, and Water Streets arrests and seizures, although in the Lowell and Water Streets affidavits only Cl 9, and not Cl 10 had been mentioned.
(e) Cl 10 is also credited with all seven arrests and seizures (stated in note 7, supra), as well as the arrest and seizure at Spruce Street in two Laird affidavits filed subsequent to the Spruce Street affidavit in support of search warrants for 9 Granite Street and 85 Bradford Street.
The length of time Laird knew each of the informants as listed in the affidavits was consistent throughout and corresponded with the dates of the affidavits.
Concurrence Opinion
(concurring). I concur, albeit reluctantly. It seems to me that if a picture painted by affidavits is cloudy, it is the responsibility of the motion judge — not this court — to puzzle out the situation. If Commonwealth v. Amral, 407 Mass. 511 (1990), stands for anything, it is a red flag for lower court judges at least to make a minimal exploratory inquiry.
Although I think the judge here should have conducted an Amral hearing, I concur because, apart from the probable waiver of such a hearing, as the majority points out, “there was here no substantial risk of a miscarriage of justice.”
