366 N.E.2d 1241 | Mass. | 1977
COMMONWEALTH
vs.
ALAN J. MONICO.
Supreme Judicial Court of Massachusetts, Middlesex.
Present: HENNESSEY, C.J., QUIRICO BRAUCHER, KAPLAN, & LIACOS, JJ.
Arnold R. Rosenfeld for the defendant.
Sheila Ryan, Legal Assistant to the District Attorney, for the Commonwealth.
LIACOS, J.
The defendant is appealing pursuant to G.L.c. 278, §§ 33A-33G, his conviction by a jury in the Superior Court on a complaint charging him with assault and battery on a police officer. G.L.c. 265, § 13D. After the jury's verdict[1] he was sentenced to a term of ninety days in a house of correction, with the sentence suspended. We transferred the case here from the Appeals Court on our own motion.
The only issue raised by the defendant concerns the propriety of the trial judge's instructions in defining the circumstances in which the action of the defendant in ostensible defense of another might serve as a justification for the offense and thus relieve the defendant of criminal liability. The defendant argues that the charge was in error; the Commonwealth argues to the contrary and states that, in any event, the defendant was not entitled to such a charge on the state of the evidence.
Although a defendant is not entitled to a charge on a hypothesis which is not supported by the evidence, Commonwealth v. Costa, 360 Mass. 177, 184 (1971), it is also true that, if any view of the evidence would provide support for an affirmative defense, a defendant is entitled to such an instruction. Commonwealth v. Vanderpool, 367 Mass. 743, 745-746 (1975). See Commonwealth v. Martin, *300 369 Mass. 640 (1976). As such we recount the evidence drawing the inferences most favorable to the defendant. Commonwealth v. Vanderpool, supra.
The incident culminating in the defendant's arrest began as the defendant and his girl friend, Karen Kenney, entered the defendant's apartment in the New Town-court housing project in Cambridge. As they entered the courtyard on the evening in question, they were the object of stones thrown by a young child. Nothing further ensued until the couple emerged from the defendant's apartment fifteen to twenty minutes later, at which point the defendant saw the child and unsuccessfully chased after him in apparent retaliation for the earlier incident. Thereafter, the defendant and Kenney entered the defendant's car and saw a group of five men approach the car from the rear. The defendant got out of the car, and then engaged in some minor fisticuffs with a member of the group, whereupon a police officer who happened to be at the scene attempted unsuccessfully to intervene. While the officer was making this attempt, the defendant's assailant obtained a large club, resembling a baseball bat, and tried to attack the defendant with it. This prompted the defendant to get a metal pipe out of the back seat of his car (he apparently kept it there for protection). From this point on the testimony is in conflict.
According to the victim of the assault, Officer George Walker, when he and his partner arrived at the scene in response to a call from the first officer, the defendant moved from the scene of the original confrontation and while waving the pipe over his head proceeded toward the officers. The defendant claimed to have kept the pipe at his side, but all the witnesses agree that he did resist police efforts to take the pipe away and that he was eventually subdued by a group of officers who proceeded to take the pipe away from him.
The defendant was not under arrest at this point. The police, apparently concentrating on defusing what they viewed as a potentially violent, racially-mixed crowd which had gathered to view the incident, did not, so the record *301 would indicate, use any substantial degree of force to restrain the defendant further.
Soon after being disarmed, the defendant claimed he heard his girl friend scream, then looked up and saw Officer Walker with his hands "dug in" on the girl's shoulders and heard him tell her to "[s]crew." On cross-examination the defendant amplified on this and said that Walker gave Kenney a forceful "thrust." Kenney corroborated this view, although she, in conflict with Walker's testimony, did not admit rushing toward the officers.[2] A further witness for the defense stated that the extent of physical contact between Officer Walker and the girl was a strong "push." Officer Walker did not admit to either shoving Kenney or uttering the expletive, but did admit that he positioned his body and arms in such a way so as to restrain Kenney from reaching the defendant but not to exert any force on her. At any rate, on seeing this incident, the defendant managed to escape police restraint, rushed toward Walker and came into physical contact with him in a manner which the defendant does not contest as sufficient to constitute an assault and battery.
This is the sum of the evidence presented at trial. In preparation for the judge's charge the defendant requested an instruction, taken virtually verbatim from Commonwealth v. Martin, supra. The request was refused by the judge, and the refusal was excepted to. After the jury began their deliberations they returned to ask the judge whether mitigating circumstances could be taken into account in reaching their verdict. The judge responded, in part by charging the jury on self-defense, as well as on the defense of others, as a justification for assault but did so by limiting the latter defense to those persons related to the defendant by consanguinity or affinity.[3] Again the *302 defendant duly excepted. The jury returned to their deliberations and after a further return to indicate a perceived inability to reach a verdict they reached agreement on the verdict of guilty.
The Commonwealth, apparently recognizing the error of the charge under Martin, has made various attempts to distinguish that case by arguing that it is limited (1) to prison situations, and (2) to situations involving threats of great bodily harm. However, the express language of Martin that the justification for defense of a third party does not stop at the prison gates indicates that Martin is not limited in the first respect. See United States v. Grimes, 413 F.2d 1376 (7th Cir.1969). In terms of the underlying policy justifying the defense which is to discourage calculated indifference to the plight of another, see Commonwealth v. Martin, supra; Comments to § 3.05 of the Model Penal Code in Tentative Draft No. 8, 31 (1958); Note, 75 Colum. L. Rev. 914 (1975), the distinction as to the nature of the threatened injury is not tenable. Rather, it is the familiar principle that the reasonableness of the force used in defense must be commensurate with the harm threatened which governs. Commonwealth v. Bush, 112 Mass. 280 (1873).
The same underlying policies which indicate why the Commonwealth's narrow reading of Martin is not supportable do indicate, however, that there is merit to its final argument that the defendant was not entitled to any instruction on the issue at all. Thus, the instructions given, *303 plainly erroneous under our law, were harmless error.
The Martin defense is, as noted, predicated on the social desirability of encouraging people to go to the aid of third parties who are in danger of harm as the result of the unlawful actions of others. At the same time, consistent with the purpose of minimizing the effects of unlawful violent acts, the defense of others does not authorize resort to punitive force. Its applicability is conditioned on the "immediacy of the need to resort to force." Note, 75 Colum. L. Rev. 914, at 931 (1975).[4] As is the case in the area of self-defense, there must be a threat of harm to the person being protected before its invocation as a defense in a criminal case is justified. Commonwealth v. Kendrick, 351 Mass. 203 (1966).
In this case, drawing every inference favorable to the defendant, we do not believe that the state of the evidence justified the defendant's reliance on the Martin defense. At best the jury could have concluded that the defendant looked up and saw Officer Walker with his hands on Kenney uttering an expletive at the same time. More likely, the evidence would suggest that Walker gave Kenney a hard push. While we do not in any way praise or condemn Walker's actions, we cannot conclude on this record that there was further contact between Walker and Kenney or that at the time Monico engaged in contact with Officer Walker any threat of harm was presented to Kenney. If anything, the harm had already taken place and the defendant's actions cannot be viewed as a defense so much as a punitive use of force. This, of course, is unlike Martin where the evidence could support the conclusion that the defendant intervened at a time when the harm was still occurring. Neither Martin nor the Model Penal Code was meant to sanction the use of punitive or merely retaliatory *304 force and, on the state of the evidence, the defendant was not justifiably entitled to claim the Martin defense. See People v. Booher, 18 Cal. App. 3d 331 (1971).
While the Commonwealth has the burden of proving that the defendant did not act in a valid defense of others, the defendant has the burden of producing sufficient evidence to raise the issue. Commonwealth v. Rodriguez, 370 Mass. 684 (1976). The defendant has not met this burden. It therefore follows that any error in the instructions was harmless beyond a reasonable doubt and that the conviction must be affirmed.
Judgment affirmed.
NOTES
[1] The jury acquitted the defendant on a charge of carrying a dangerous weapon while committing a breach of the peace.
[2] The defendant also admitted that he did not see Kenney rush at Officer Walker. In the view we take this factor is of no import.
[3] "Now, that applies to you and to certain persons who are related to you either by consanguinity or affinity. In other words, the same thing. If one of your children is cornered, you may come to his or her aid. If your wife is cornered, you may come to her aid. But that same privilege would not apply to a brother. It might apply to a parent. It definitely applies to children and spouse. But it would not even apply to a brother or sister unless the amount of force being exerted on that person is so great that not only is the person cornered, but the force being used is so severe as to almost constitute deadly force, then you might come to the aid even of a stranger. But under ordinary circumstances, self-defense is only available to a person who is being assaulted and who is cornered and has no avenue of escape or to either his son or daughter or his wife if any of them are in the same situation. But it is not available to a person for the protection of a friend or any other relative unless the force being used on that friend or relative or even a stranger is so severe as to almost constitute deadly force being used upon him."
[4] This policy is consistent with that underlying § 3.05 of the Model Penal Code. Other States have conditioned the applicability of the defense where it is necessary to repel "imminent use of unlawful force." Note, 75 Colum. L. Rev. 914, at 931 & n. 61 (1975). In the view we take of this case we have no occasion to decide whether that test is also applicable in Massachusetts.