3 Pa. Super. 161 | Pa. Super. Ct. | 1896
Opinion by
(after stating the facts as above) :
The sentence was imposed under section 102 of the act of March 31, 1860, which provides that: “If any person shall rob another, or shall steal any property from the person of another, or shall assault any person with intent to rob him, or shall, by menace or by force, demand any property of another, with intent to steal the same, such person shall be guilty of felony, and, being convicted thereof, shall be sentenced to pay a fine not exceeding one thousand dollars, and to undergo an imprisonment, by separate or solitary confinement, not exceeding five years.”
The leading objactions to the proceedings are: (1) That the
The indictment, though not framed with the technical accuracy required under the common law, sets out, in substance, a larceny from the person. It contains all the necessary averments of simple larceny, to which is added that the property was stolen “from the person of the said S. S. Gibble, contrary to the act of assembly in such case made and provided.” The only statute relating to larceny from the person is the section already quoted; it provides for the punishment of robbery and of other offenses, all of which are akin to robbery, and contain some, though not all of its essential common law elements. But these offenses are plainly distinguished from one another in terms and subject-matter, and it is designed by the statute to meet and punish criminality under the differing conditions of each.
Robbery is defined to be “ the felonious and forcible taking, from the person of another, of goods or money to any value, by violence or putting him in fear: ” 4 Bl. Com. 242. It will be seen from this definition that the crime pf robbery, at common law, is larceny from the person accompanied by violence or putting in fear; and an indictment for robbery must allege the forcible taking from the person, by violence or by putting in fear, in addition to the averments necessary in a count for larceny. The felonious taking of property from the person of another without violence or putting him in fear is larceny under the statute, not robbery; when not taken from the person it is larceny at common law; and if the other elements of robbery are not proven the defendant may be convicted of this constituent offense upon an indictment charging both based on the same act: Com. v. Shutte, 130 Pa. 272. See also Com. v. Boyer, 1 Binn. 201; Com. v. Snelling, 4 Binn. 379.
This indictment does not charge a robbery in terms or by description. It is not alleged that the property was taken “ forcibly and against the will” of the prosecutor or “by violence ” or “ by putting him in fear,” — averments common and necessary in indictments for robbery; nor is the word “rob ” or any equiv
To the professional mind this would be a new and extended application of the words “ with force and arms.” It is at variance with precedent and legal history. Before the statute 37 Henry VIII. ch. 8, the words “ with force and arms ” and also other words declaring the manner of the force and arms; that is to say: “ with force and arms (to wit) with clubs, knives, bows and arrows,” were employed and regarded as indispensable in indictments and informations in all cases involving force or trespass; and their absence was deemed a fatal defect. By that statute, however, the necessity for those terms was dispensed with in England; and they were never held to be necessary here: Roberts’ Digest, 334; Com. v. Martin, 2 Pa. 244. Their continued use in indictments for over three hundred and fifty years after it was declared by statute that they were unnecessary illustrates the lasting influence of precedent with careful pleaders. But these words have not been regarded as descriptive of any of the essentials of crimes, and it is said by Mr. Bishop in his work on Directions and Forms, that there is no American case in which the use of these words in an indictment is held necessary. That they have not been regarded as describing the force necessary to be averred in indictments for robbery is shown by the fact that they are to be found in those indictments where the element of force is also specifically set out with the other essentials of the crime: Com. v. Boyer, 1 Binney, 201; Acker v. Com., 94 Pa. 284. There is no necessity or warrant for the revival of that phrase, or for clothing it with greater legal effect than it possessed before the enactment declaring it useless.
The distinction between robbery and larceny from the person is an important one, and should not be lost sight of because they are included with other allied offenses in the 102d section of the penal code. Robbery is of a more serious and aggravated character, involving the person as well as the property; and is triable exclusively in the court of oyer and terminer. If in its perpetration murder is committed, it fixes the grade of that
The argument that the verdict is for simple larceny requires but brief notice. Larceny from the person is now a well understood statutory offense, and it is to be found on the statute books of many sister states. It consists in the felonious taking of property from the person of another, without violence or putting him in fear. It is a less aggravated form of larceny than robbery, and the statute against it aims at the protection of the person (as well as the property) from interference, though without force. As has been said the third count of the indictment charges this offense, and we are clearly of the opinion that the 102d section of the criminal code sufficiently designates it as a distinct crime, and prescribes the penalty to be imposed for its commission.
The verdict as recorded is : “We find the defendants guilty of larceny in the third count of the indictment, and not guilty as to the other counts.” It is contended that this is not the verdict actually rendered by the jury. The jury wrote out and handed to the court the following as their verdict: “We find John Mills and John Adams guilty of larceny in the Bd indictment.” Whereupon it was molded and recorded by the court, as above given. It is evident that the jury meant “ count ” instead of “indictment,” and it was the duty of the court to so mold the verdict as to correctly express their finding. If the jury had desired to find the defendants guilty of simple larceny, they could have done so under the first count. Designating the third count as they did, plainly indicated their intention to convict the defendants of larceny from the person. The writing prepared in the jury room and presented to the court forms no part of the record; the finding delivered by the jury in open court decides the issue, and what is recorded by the court is
Nothing has been shown calling for a modification of the sentences,, and, finding no error in the proceedings the assignments are overruled and the judgments affirmed.