491 A.2d 848 | Pa. Super. Ct. | 1985
This is an appeal from the judgment of sentence for arson and conspiracy. For the reasons stated herein, we vacate the conspiracy conviction but otherwise affirm.
On June 7, 1978, appellant’s cottage on Chapman Lake was damaged by fire. Appellant collected approximately $21,000 from his insurance company for the fire damage. Evidence introduced at trial showed that appellant and some friends decided to set fire to the cottage in order to collect the insurance. While appellant and several men waited on the porch, one of the men set a fire under the kitchen stairs.
Following the jury trial which ended September 2, 1981, appellant was found guilty of arson and conspiracy to commit arson. Post-trial motions were timely filed and denied. On November 11, 1983, appellant was sentenced to a term of six months-to-two years imprisonment on the arson charge; the conspiracy charge was deemed to have merged. This appeal followed.
Appellant contends first that the trial court should have quashed the conspiracy charge because the statute of limitations had expired. Under 42 Pa.C.S.A. § 5552(a), in effect at the time appellant was charged, conspiracy carries a two-year statute of limitations. See Commonwealth v. Askin, 502 Pa. 575, 467 A.2d 820, 821 (1983). The lower court erroneously relied upon this Court’s decision in Commonwealth v. Askin, 306 Pa.Superior Ct. 529, 452 A.2d 851 (1982), which the Supreme Court reversed on appeal. Here, because appellant was not charged with the conspiracy until March 10, 1981, the conspiracy conviction should be vacated.
Appellant contends next that the trial court erred in admitting a co-conspirator’s statement where said co-conspirator did not testify, thereby denying appellant the right to confront witnesses against him. He specifically alleges that the court, in allowing George Cornell to testify regarding conversations between Cornell and Richard Young, erroneously admitted the statements made by Young during these conversations. We find no merit in this allegation. In Commonwealth v. Stoltzfus, 462 Pa. 43, 337 A.2d 873 (1975), our Supreme Court held that conversations between co-conspirators during the conspiracy are an exception to the hearsay rule and are therefore admissible even though the co-conspirator whose declaration is testified to is not on trial and a conspiracy is not charged. Id., 462 Pa. at 58-59, 337 A.2d at 880-881. In Dutton v. Evans, 400 U.S. 74, 91
The hearsay rule does not prevent a witness from testifying as to what he has heard, it is rather a restriction on the proof of fact through extrajudicial statements. From the viewpoint of the Confrontation Clause, a witness under oath, subject to cross-examination, and whose demeanor can be observed by the trier of fact, is a reliable informant not only as to what he has seen but also as to what he has heard.
Id. at 88, 91 S.Ct. at 219. Here, Cornell was testifying on the stand under oath and was subject to cross-examination. The lower court apparently found his testimony reliable. Additionally, like in Dutton, there were sufficient indicia of reliability in the instant case: Young’s statements implicating appellant were spontaneous, against his penal interest to make them, and corroborated by other testimony presented by the Commonwealth. See N.7 August 31, 1981 at 73-80. Therefore, we find no reversible error in the admission of Young’s statements during the conversations.
Appellant also contends that the evidence introduced at trial was insufficient to sustain his conviction for arson. In order to convict a person of committing arson, the State must show beyond a reasonable doubt: (1) a fire, (2) of incendiary origin, and (3) defendant was the guilty party. Commonwealth v. Dolan, 287 Pa.Superior Ct. 202, 429 A.2d 1171 (1981). Here, appellant questions the proof that the fire was incendiary and that he was the guilty party. We note that a fire investigator testified that the fire was incendiary, and that sufficient evidence was adduced to show that appellant aided and abetted the man who actually set the fire. See Commonwealth v. Everett, 297 Pa.Superior Ct. 320, 443 A.2d 1142 (1982) (a person aiding and abetting the perpetrator of a crime is equally criminally liable). See also 18 Pa.C.S.A. § 306. Therefore, viewing the evidence in the light most favorable to the Commonwealth, see Commonwealth v. Taraschi, 327 Pa. Superior Ct. 179, 184-186, 475 A.2d 744, 747 (1984), we find
Appellant next contends that the trial court erred in allowing a witness to testify when that witness had been charged with perjury in another county. 42 Pa.C.S.A. § 5912 states that a witness who has been convicted of perjury is incompetent to testify for any purpose. In Commonwealth v. Myers, 485 Pa. 519, 403 A.2d 85 (1979), our Supreme Court found that a witness who had been tried and found guilty but not yet sentenced for perjury was incompetent to testify. There, the prosecution had delayed the sentencing in order that the witness might be competent to testify. Here, however, the witness in question has not yet been tried or convicted, and there is no evidence of prosecutorial misconduct. Thus, we find no error.
Appellant also contends that the lower court erred in charging the jury that they could find appellant guilty of arson if they found that he had aided and abetted the person setting the fire, when appellant was never indicted for aiding and abetting. We disagree. In Commonwealth v. Brown, 302 Pa.Superior Ct. 391, 448 A.2d 1097 (1982), this Court found that the Commonwealth could use an accomplice liability theory at trial without indicting the defendant as an accomplice if the Commonwealth disclosed that it was going to proceed on that theory before trial, and that theory was in conformity with the bill of information. Appellant does not allege that he was surprised by the accomplice theory, and, in fact, the record contains several references to the accomplice theory in pre-trial proceedings.
Appellant contends finally that he was denied effective assistance of trial counsel. In order to find counsel ineffective, we must first find that the issue underlying the charge of ineffectiveness possesses arguable merit; counsel cannot be found ineffective for failing to assert a meritless claim. Commonwealth v. Evans, 489 Pa. 85, 91 and n. 6, 413 A.2d 1025, 1028 and n. 6 (1980). See also Commonwealth ex rel. Washington v. Maroney, 427 Pa.
But even where the language of the district attorney is intemperate, uncalled for and improper, a new trial is not necessarily required____ The language must be such that its “unavoidable effect would be to prejudice the jury, forming in their minds fixed bias and hostility toward the defendant, so that they could not weigh the evidence and render a true verdict.” ... The effect of such remarks depends upon the atmosphere of the trial, ..., and the proper action to be taken is within the discretion of the trial court.
Commonwealth v. Stoltzfus, 462 Pa. 43, 61, 337 A.2d 873, 882 (1975). With regard to the second and fourth allegations, we find that counsel’s conduct falls within the realm of trial strategy and does not constitute an abuse of discretion. “Trial counsel inherently have broad discretion to determine the course of defense tactics employed.” Commonwealth v. Mizell, 493 Pa. 161, 164, 425 A.2d 424, 426 (1981). We need not decide the third allegation because we have vacated appellant’s conspiracy conviction. Therefore,
Accordingly, we affirm the judgment of sentence for arson but vacate the conspiracy conviction.
Affirmed in part; vacated in part.
