COMMONWEALTH of Pennsylvania, Appellee v. Steven McCRAE, Appellant.
unknown
Supreme Court of Pennsylvania.
Decided Sept. 29, 2003.
832 A.2d 1026
Submitted April 2, 2002.
Hugh J. Burns, Philadelphia, Amy Zapp, Harrisburg, for the Com. of PA, Appellee.
Before: CAPPY, C.J., and CASTILLE, NIGRO, NEWMAN, SAYLOR, EAKIN and LAMB, JJ.
OPINION
JUSTICE CASTILLE.
On November 27, 2000, following a jury trial, appellant was convicted of two counts of first-degree murder,1 one count of possession of an instrument of crime (PIC),2 and one count of criminal conspiracy.3 At the penalty phase, the jury found
Although appellant does not specifically challenge the sufficiency of the evidence underlying his convictions for first-degree murder, we begin, as we do in all death penalty direct appeals, by independently reviewing the evidence to ensure that it is sufficient to support the first-degree murder convictions. Commonwealth v. Zettlemoyer, 500 Pa. 16, 454 A.2d 937, 942 n. 3 (1982), cert. denied, 461 U.S. 970, 103 S.Ct. 2444, 77 L.Ed.2d 1327 (1983), reh. denied, 463 U.S. 1236, 104 S.Ct. 31, 77 L.Ed.2d 1452 (1983). When reviewing the sufficiency of the evidence, this Court must determine whether the evidence at trial, and all reasonable inferences deducible therefrom, viewed in the light most favorable to the Commonwealth as verdict winner, are sufficient to establish all elements of the offense beyond a reasonable doubt. Commonwealth v. Bridges, 563 Pa. 1, 757 A.2d 859, 864 (2000). A person is guilty of first-degree murder where the Commonwealth proves that (1) a human being was unlawfully killed; (2) the person accused is responsible for the killing; and (3) the accused acted with specific intent to kill.
The evidence adduced at trial established that at approximately 10:30 p.m. on August 13, 1998, Kendrick Haskell and John Ford parked their car across the street from a group of people sitting on the steps of a Chinese food restaurant located at the corner of Germantown Avenue and Tioga Street in Philadelphia. The group of people included appellant and his co-defendant, Richard Mitchell, as well as Braheem (also known as Brahma) Jackson, Donta Dawson, Kattery Franklin, and a woman identified only as Michelle. After parking, Haskell exited the car and walked toward the restaurant while Ford remained in the car. As Haskell walked toward the restaurant, he bumped into appellant‘s aunt, Kattery Franklin. Haskell then entered the restaurant and placed his order. After Haskell exited the restaurant, appellant‘s group of friends exchanged words with Haskell. An argument ensued and, ultimately, a physical altercation broke out between Haskell and appellant. A few minutes into the altercation, Dawson stepped in and began fighting with Haskell as well. Then, while Dawson and Haskell fought, appellant stepped back and asked Mitchell for Mitchell‘s gun, a .32 caliber revolver. Mitchell handed appellant his gun, whereupon appellant shot Haskell twice in the chest and once in the head. Appellant then turned around and shot Ford once in the head as he stood by the passenger side of the parked car. Both Haskell and Ford died as a result of their gunshot wounds.
Multiple witnesses testified at appellant‘s trial that they saw appellant, or someone resembling appellant, commit the murders. Harold James, who recognized appellant from the neighborhood, positively identified appellant as the shooter of both men. N.T. 11/16/00, at 217-230; 11/17/00, at 10-67. Two other eyewitnesses, Father Angelo Hernandez and Celeste Cline, could not positively identify appellant as the shooter, but did state that they saw an African American male wearing
Appellant, for his part, admitted at trial that he shot Haskell, but denied killing Ford. N.T. 11/20/00, at 194-199. Appellant testified that he and Haskell “got into a fight” after Haskell insulted appellant and appellant‘s aunt. Id. at 192. Appellant claimed that Braheem Jackson, not co-defendant Mitchell, passed a gun to him as they fought. Id. at 196. He further testified that the confrontation culminated less than a minute later when appellant fired three shots at Haskell. Id. at 197. Then, according to appellant, he passed the gun back to Jackson and walked away from the scene. Id. at 198-201.
This evidence, and all reasonable inferences deductible therefrom, when viewed in the light most favorable to the Commonwealth as verdict winner, overwhelmingly supports appellant‘s first-degree murder convictions. The victims, Haskell and Ford, were unlawfully killed, as there is nothing on this record to support that the use of deadly force against them was legally justified. The eyewitness testimony, and appellant‘s own partial admission, identified appellant as the shooter and supports the conclusion that appellant was the person who deliberately shot both men. The evidence that appellant, while in the midst of a fistfight with Haskell, asked Mitchell for his gun establishes that the killings were deliberate. Finally, the fact that appellant shot the victims in vital parts of their bodies warranted the jury finding of a specific
Appellant was tried jointly with co-defendant Richard Mitchell. Both of appellant‘s claims of error relate to the trial court‘s admission of the testimony of eyewitness Braheem Jackson at the preliminary hearing of co-defendant Mitchell. At Mitchell‘s preliminary hearing on October 1, 1998, Jackson testified, among other things, that he saw Mitchell hand appellant the gun which appellant then used to shoot Haskell and Ford. Appellant, who was not arrested until January 12, 1999, was not present at Mitchell‘s preliminary hearing. Appellant‘s preliminary hearing was held on February 9, 1999, and Jackson did not testify at this hearing.
On the second day of jury selection, the Commonwealth apprised the trial court that Jackson had become unavailable and sought to introduce his prior testimony at Mitchell‘s preliminary hearing into evidence against Mitchell. Upon hearing testimony regarding the circumstances of Jackson‘s prior testimony and his absence from trial, the trial court determined that Jackson was unavailable and that Mitchell had had a full and fair opportunity to cross-examine Jackson at his preliminary hearing. Accordingly, the trial court ruled that Jackson‘s preliminary hearing testimony was admissible against Mitchell pursuant to the former testimony exception to the hearsay rule. The trial court further ordered that the testimony be redacted to eliminate any specific reference to appellant and noted that it would instruct the jury that the testimony was to be considered as evidence against Mitchell only. The Commonwealth thereafter redacted Jackson‘s testimony omitting certain irrelevant portions of it and, in addition, replacing all specific references to appellant by name with the neutral term, “this guy.”
The next day, appellant objected to the Commonwealth‘s proposed redaction of Jackson‘s prior testimony. The trial court conducted a line-by-line examination of the testimony out of the presence of the jury, admitting some portions, and
In this case I have made a determination that Brahma Jackson, a Commonwealth witness is not available to testify at this hearing, this trial. As a result, I am going to permit the prior recorded testimony of Brahma Jackson that was given at a preliminary hearing of the defendant Richard Mitchell on October 1, 1998 to be admitted into evidence for your consideration.
Now, this prior recorded testimony will be admitted at trial as evidence in the case of Commonwealth versus Richard Mitchell only and is to be considered by you solely as evidence being offered in the case of Commonwealth versus Richard Mitchell.
This prior recorded testimony is not admissible in the case of Commonwealth versus Steven McCrae and is not under any circumstances to be considered as evidence in his case by this jury during your deliberations.
This is because the defendant Steven McCrae was not present during the hearing that took place on October 1, 1998 when the witness Brahma Jackson testified, and as such, the defendant Steven McCrae did not have the opportunity to cross-examine Brahma Jackson concerning his testimony.
So to repeat, the prior recorded testimony of Brahma Jackson is admissible as evidence in the case of Common-
wealth versus Richard Mitchell only. It is not to be considered by this jury in the case of Commonwealth versus Steven McCrae.
Id. at 236-239.6 The prosecutor who had represented the Commonwealth at Mitchell‘s preliminary hearing then read Jackson‘s testimony, as redacted by the trial court, into the record. Id. at 236-279. Without further objection to the admission of the testimony or to the trial judge‘s cautionary charges, the court adjourned for the day. The next day of trial, appellant moved for a mistrial “based on the admission of the redacted notes of testimony.” N.T. 11/20/00, at 2. The motion was denied. Id.
Appellant first claims that Jackson‘s preliminary hearing testimony was so unreliable that its admission violated the hearsay rule and his right of confrontation under the Pennsyl-
This claim first fails for the fundamental reason that Jackson‘s preliminary hearing testimony was not admitted against appellant. As we have described, Jackson‘s preliminary hearing testimony was introduced solely against Mitchell. All specific references to appellant in the testimony were replaced with the neutral phrase, “this guy.” In addition, the trial court twice issued comprehensive instructions to the jury that Jackson‘s testimony was to be considered in deciding the Commonwealth‘s prosecution of Mitchell only, and not as evidence against appellant. It is an “almost invariable assumption of the law that jurors follow their instructions.” Richardson v. Marsh, 481 U.S. 200, 206, 107 S.Ct. 1702, 95 L.Ed.2d 176 (1987). See also Commonwealth v. Bridges, 563 Pa. 1, 757 A.2d 859, 883 (2000) (“[A] jury is presumed to have followed the instructions of the trial court.“).
Pennsylvania has long permitted the limited admission of evidence only as to one party or for one purpose. See
Moreover, even if it is assumed that appellant may vicariously litigate an evidentiary claim belonging to Mitchell because of the prospect of spillover prejudice, appellant has not shown that the evidence was improperly admitted against Mitchell. The admissibility of evidence is a matter addressed to the discretion of the trial court and the trial court‘s ruling may be reversed only upon a showing that the court abused its discretion. Commonwealth v. Richter, 551 Pa. 507, 711 A.2d 464, 466 (1998). Hearsay is a statement, other than one made by the declarant while testifying at the trial or hearing, offered in evidence to prove the truth of the matter asserted.
Under both the Pennsylvania and United States Constitutions, a criminal defendant has a right to confront and cross-examine the witnesses against him. Commonwealth v. Bazemore, 531 Pa. 582, 614 A.2d 684, 685 (1992) (citing Commonwealth v. McGrogan, 523 Pa. 614, 568 A.2d 924, 927 (1990)). It is well-established, however, that the introduction of an unavailable witness‘s prior recorded testimony from a preliminary hearing is admissible at trial and will not offend the right of confrontation, provided the defendant had counsel and a full opportunity to cross-examine that witness at the hearing. Commonwealth v. Paddy, 569 Pa. 47, 800 A.2d 294, 312-13 (2002); Commonwealth v. Chmiel, 558 Pa. 478, 738 A.2d 406, 417-18 (1999), cert. denied, 528 U.S. 1131, 120 S.Ct. 970, 145 L.Ed.2d 841 (2000); Commonwealth v. Rizzo, 556 Pa. 10, 726 A.2d 378, 380 n. 2 (1999); Bazemore, 614 A.2d at 687; Commonwealth v. Chestnut, 511 Pa. 169, 512 A.2d 603, 605 (1986); Commonwealth v. Duncan, 473 Pa. 62, 373 A.2d 1051, 1054 (1977); Commonwealth v. Johnson, 758 A.2d 166, 169 (Pa.Super.2000). The trial court found that Mitchell had an adequate opportunity to cross-examine Jackson at his preliminary hearing.
Appellant has not shown that Jackson‘s preliminary hearing testimony was improperly admitted against Mitchell. Appellant‘s complaint that this evidence lacked sufficient indicia of reliability misses the mark. For purposes of the hearsay rule, inquiry into the reliability of the statement is not necessary where, as here, the statement in question falls squarely within a well-established hearsay exception. Because statements within established hearsay exceptions possess the imprimatur of “longstanding judicial and legislative experience,” their reliability is presumed. Idaho v. Wright, 497 U.S. 805, 817, 110 S.Ct. 3139, 111 L.Ed.2d 638 (1990). Similarly, although a statement admissible under an exception to the hearsay rule may nonetheless be inadmissible under the state and federal confrontation clauses if it does not bear “adequate indicia of reliability[,] ... reliability can be inferred without more in a case where the evidence falls within a firmly rooted hearsay exception.” Id. at 815, 110 S.Ct. 3139. Alleged prior inconsistencies—such as appellant identifies—are classic points affecting evidentiary weight and not admissibility. The weight to be accorded the testimony, of course, is for the jury.
Appellant next argues that a series of comments by the prosecutor, which went uncorrected by the trial court, effectively undid the redaction made to Jackson‘s preliminary hearing testimony and thereby violated his confrontation rights under Bruton v. United States, 391 U.S. 123, 88 S.Ct. 1620, 20 L.Ed.2d 476 (1968), and its progeny. Specifically, appellant claims that on ten separate occasions during the prosecutor‘s opening and closing arguments, he “pierced the veil created by the redactions and told the jury that [appellant] was, in fact, ‘this guy‘” referred to in Jackson‘s redacted testimony. Brief of Appellant at 30-31. For example, appellant cites a portion of the opening argument in which the prosecutor stated that appellant armed himself with a gun that was given to him by Richard Mitchell:
... Steven McCrae turned to Richard Mitchell and said, “give me your gun.” ... Mitchell immediately gave it to him and ... Steven McCrae armed himself with a gun that was given him by Richard Mitchell. McCrae then shot Kendrick Haskell in the chest.
... N.T. 11/16/00, at 91. Appellant identifies other statements in the prosecutor‘s closing argument, including remarks in which the prosecutor first characterized and then commented upon the credibility of appellant‘s testimony, testimony which identified the absent Jackson and not co-defendant Mitchell as the man who provided the gun:
The guy who was a member of our group, our friend, our gang, who hung on our corner, who grew up with us, who saw us every day, who known [sic] us for the last ten years, who should have known better than to give the police that statement and give us up ...
* * *
But it was payback time for Braheem Jackson and the best way to pay him back would be to come in there on the day they arrest you and say I shot the first guy but I have an explanation for that and ... well, first of all, it was Braheem that handed me the gun ...
* * *
... after I shot the first guy I gave [the gun] to Braheem so I guess Braheem must have turned around and shot John Ford.
N.T. 11/21/00, at 124-26.
The remaining contested statements occurred during a part of the prosecutor‘s closing argument in which he made clear that he was specifically addressing the evidence against co-defendant Mitchell, and not appellant. Id. at 152-190. The prosecutor began by stating, “Let me talk about Richard Mitchell now....” Id. at 152. The Commonwealth‘s case against co-defendant Mitchell was premised upon his supplying the murder weapon. Part of Mitchell‘s defense was appellant‘s own trial testimony that it was Jackson, not Mitchell, who provided the murder weapon. In arguing the case
Appellant failed to raise and preserve this claim in the trial court. Appellant lodged no objection whatsoever to the prosecutor‘s opening argument. Following the prosecutor‘s closing argument, appellant objected that the prosecutor mistakenly stated during his summation that the jury had heard a 911 emergency telephone call made by an eyewitness to the murder. In addition, appellant objected to the prosecutor reading Jackson‘s redacted testimony during his closing argument. See id. at 194-96.7 Appellant never alleged in the trial court, as he does now, that the prosecutor‘s statements in his opening and closing arguments effectively undid the redaction of Jackson‘s testimony in contravention of the Bruton rule.
Because appellant failed to raise his Bruton claim in the trial court, the issue would ordinarily be deemed waived on appeal. See
“In Bruton, however, the [United States] Supreme Court recognized a narrow exception to the general rule that cautionary instructions are sufficient to eradicate any potential prejudice in joint trials.” Travers, 768 A.2d at 847. In Bruton, the trial court had admitted into evidence at a joint trial the confession of Bruton‘s non-testifying co-defendant, which actually named and incriminated Bruton in the crime on trial. The trial court instructed the jury that the confession “if used, can only be used against [Bruton‘s co-defendant],” and could not be considered as evidence against Bruton. Bruton, 391 U.S. at 126 n. 2, 88 S.Ct. 1620. The Supreme Court acknowledged that, as a general matter, the presumption in the law is that the jury will follow the court‘s instruction. The Court reasoned, however, that, in some contexts, “the risk that the jury will not, or cannot, follow the judge‘s instructions is so great, and the consequences of such a failure so substantial for the defendant, that the practical and human limitations on the jury system cannot be ignored.” Id. The Court continued that:
Such a context is presented here, where the powerfully incriminating extrajudicial statements of a codefendant who stands accused side-by-side with the defendant, are deliberately spread before the jury in a joint trial. Not only are the incriminations devastating to the defendant but their credibility is inevitably suspect, a fact recognized when accomplices do take the stand and the jury is instructed to weigh their testimony carefully given the recognized motivation to shift blame onto others. The unreliability of such evidence is intolerably compounded when the alleged accomplice, as here, does not testify and cannot be tested by cross-examination. It was against such threats to a fair trial that the Confrontation Clause was directed.
Id. at 135-36, 88 S.Ct. 1620. Accordingly, the Court held that the admission of the powerfully incriminating statement by the non-testifying co-defendant violated Bruton‘s right of confrontation under the Sixth Amendment of the United States Constitution, notwithstanding the jury charge.
Following Bruton, the Supreme Court approved redaction and a limiting instruction as a means of eliminating possible prejudice arising from the admission of a co-defendant‘s confession at a joint trial in Richardson v. Marsh, 481 U.S. 200, 107 S.Ct. 1702, 95 L.Ed.2d 176 (1987) (no Bruton violation where co-defendant‘s confession was redacted to remove all reference to defendant and jury was instructed to consider confession as evidence against co-defendant only). See also Gray v. Maryland, 523 U.S. 185, 192, 118 S.Ct. 1151, 140 L.Ed.2d 294 (1998) (“Unless the prosecutor wishes to hold separate trials or to use separate juries or to abandon use of the confession, he must redact the confession to reduce significantly or to eliminate the special prejudice that the Bruton Court found.“). This Court has also endorsed the practice. See Commonwealth v. Johnson, 474 Pa. 410, 378 A.2d 859, 860 (1977) (“The basic theory of redaction seems sound. If a confession can be edited so that it retains its narrative integrity and yet in no way refers to defendant, then use of it does not violate the principles of Bruton.“).
Bruton applies, however, only in the context that gave rise to the decision, i.e., the introduction of a powerfully incriminating statement made by a non-testifying co-defendant at a joint trial. See Richardson, 481 U.S. at 207, 107 S.Ct. 1702 (Bruton applies to statements that expressly implicate defendant and are therefore powerfully incriminating); Commonwealth v. Gribble, 550 Pa. 62, 703 A.2d 426, 437 (1997) (“When the non-testifying co-defendant‘s statement does not inculpate the other defendant, there is no violation of the right of confrontation.“). Bruton is inapplicable to statements made by an individual other than a non-testifying co-defendant at a joint trial of co-defendants. See Commonwealth v. Robins, 571 Pa. 248, 812 A.2d 514, 521 (2002) (opinion announcing judgment of court); United States v. Artis, 917 F.Supp. 347, 349 (E.D.Pa.1996) (Bruton does not apply to incriminating statement by co-defendant‘s wife because she was not defendant at joint trial).
Here, appellant asserts that the trial court erred because the prosecutor‘s comments during his opening and closing statements undid the redaction of Jackson‘s preliminary hearing testimony in violation of Bruton. Appellant‘s claim, however, pivots on the faulty presumption that the Bruton rule applies to Jackson‘s testimony. It does not. The statement here was not made by co-defendant Mitchell. Moreover, Jackson was never charged in relation to the criminal incident, let alone tried jointly with appellant. It is the particularly “devastating” prejudicial effect and inherent “unreliability” of a directly incriminating statement made by a non-testifying co-defendant that powered Bruton‘s exception to the general rule that cautionary charges are enough to avoid spillover prejudice in joint trials. 391 U.S. at 136, 88 S.Ct. 1620. These concerns are simply not present in the instant context involving the statement of a non-party eyewitness to the crime.
Because Bruton is inapplicable to Jackson‘s statement, there was no requirement, at least under Bruton, to redact it. This was one of the “many circumstances” in which an instruction to the jury to consider this evidence only against the
Although Bruton is inapplicable, we note that a defendant‘s right of confrontation may nonetheless be implicated where the prior testimony of an unavailable witness is introduced against a co-defendant at a joint trial, if the defendant did not have the opportunity to cross-examine that witness. See generally 5 WIGMORE ON EVIDENCE § 1398 (Chadbourn rev. 1974 & Supp. 2002). For example, in Commonwealth v. LaRosa, 533 Pa. 479, 626 A.2d 103 (1993), this Court determined that, under the circumstances of that case, the judge‘s instructions were insufficient to protect the defendant‘s confrontation rights where the prosecution introduced against a co-defendant the preliminary hearing testimony of an unavailable witness. Id. at 108. Because the unavailable witness‘s prior testimony was actually exculpatory of the co-defendant and extremely inculpatory of the defendant, this Court concluded that, in light of the other evidence, the only logical explanation for the jury‘s verdict convicting the defendant of third degree murder and the co-defendant of only voluntary manslaughter was that the jury disregarded the court‘s limiting instruction regarding the prior testimony. Id. The LaRosa Court noted that the trial court had failed to repeat its limiting instruction when the jury asked to have the prior testimony read back to it during deliberations, thus increasing the risk that the jury improperly considered the prior testimony.
Here, by contrast, a disregard of the court‘s repeated instructions is not the only logical explanation for the jury‘s verdict. Although Braheem Jackson‘s prior testimony provided crucial evidence linking Mitchell to the crime, it was insignificant to the case against appellant. In fact, except for the question of who passed the murder weapon to appellant, Jackson‘s testimony was entirely consistent with appellant‘s own testimony that he shot Haskell, but did not shoot Ford. Moreover, unlike LaRosa, the trial court here redacted Jackson‘s prior testimony so that any references to appellant were replaced with the neutral term, “this guy,” and the judge twice thoroughly instructed the jury that the testimony was admissible against Mitchell only. In any event, we do not read LaRosa as inconsistent with the usual presumption that a jury will follow a judge‘s limiting instructions. Thus, we are satisfied that the judge‘s limiting instructions in the case sub judice were sufficient to protect appellant‘s confrontation rights, notwithstanding the allegedly prejudicial but unobjected to comments of the prosecutor.9
In addition, we find any error in the prosecutor‘s comments to be harmless. See Commonwealth v. Stallworth, 566 Pa. 349, 781 A.2d 110, 120 (2001); Commonwealth v. Samuels, 566 Pa. 109, 778 A.2d 638, 641 (2001). The prosecutor‘s references to Jackson‘s prior testimony were de minimus, since overwhelming independent evidence existed to prove that appellant shot Haskell first and then Ford. As detailed above, multiple witnesses to the crime testified that they saw appellant, or someone who looked like appellant, shoot two people. Appellant himself admitted that he shot Haskell three times. Except as to the identity of the person who gave the murder weapon to appellant—an issue primarily in the case against Mitchell—Jackson‘s prior testimony was
Finally, this Court must conduct a statutory review of the death sentences. Pursuant to
(i) the sentence of death was the product of passion, prejudice, or any other arbitrary factor; or (ii) the evidence fails to support the findings of at least one aggravating circumstance specified in subsection (d).
Id. After careful review of the record below, we conclude that the sentence imposed was not the product of passion, prejudice or any other arbitrary factor. We also conclude that the evidence was sufficient to establish the aggravating circumstance found by the jury: that appellant was convicted of another murder committed either before or at the time of the offense at issue. Since the jury found that that aggravating factor outweighed the two mitigating factors, it was statutorily required to impose the sentences of death.
Accordingly, we affirm the verdict and sentences of death imposed upon appellant by the Court of Common Pleas of Philadelphia County.10
Justice SAYLOR files a concurring opinion in which Chief Justice CAPPY and Justice NIGRO join.
Respectfully, I take issue with the majority‘s assertion that it is not clear that challenged commentary by the district attorney during his closing speech concerning the preliminary hearing testimony of Braheem Jackson was improper. See Majority Opinion at 1039 n. 9. Certainly a prosecutor is not always bound to ignore contextual implications of an out-of-court statement arising in light of other trial evidence, see generally Richardson v. Marsh, 481 U.S. 200, 208, 107 S.Ct. 1702, 1708, 95 L.Ed.2d 176 (1987), and therefore, in this case for example, to disavow that the evidence demonstrated that Appellant was the person to whom Jackson was referring in accusatory references couched (before the jury) in terms of “this guy.” A prosecutor may not, however, after a trial court has assiduously redacted accusatory references, directly attribute the accusation to the redacted witness statement. Yet this is precisely what occurred here, when the district attorney, in various permutations during his closing argument, indicated that “Braheem Jackson said, Richard Mitchell had a gun, he gave it to McCrae.” N.T., Nov. 21, 2000, at 177; see also id. at 125, 156, 163-64. Whether this breach was intentional or not, it violated both the letter and the spirit of the trial court‘s directive and therefore should be recognized as improper. This is particularly the case where admission of Jackson‘s preliminary hearing testimony containing the statements was secured, inter alia, on the district attorney‘s representation to the trial court that “I submit to the Court that the redactions that I have undertaken in this case are sufficient to protect the defendant[, i.e., Appellant].” N.T., Nov. 17, 2000, at 180.
While the above reference to Jackson‘s testimony occurred during summation of the Commonwealth‘s case against Appellant‘s co-defendant, it should be noted that the district attorney also disregarded the trial court‘s instructions to the effect that Jackson‘s testimony was not to be used against Appellant in his summation of the Commonwealth‘s evidence against
turned and asked for a gun, a lethal weapon, the one weapon in this country responsible for probably killing more people than any other, a weapon which he even himself admitted he knows is capable, oh, yes, quite capable of killing.
He asked for a loaded operable gun....
N.T., Nov. 21, 2000, at 147. Since the only evidence of record suggesting that Appellant affirmatively asked for a firearm just before the killings derived from Jackson‘s preliminary hearing testimony, see N.T., Nov. 17, 2000, at 244-267, this line of argumentation had no place in the district attorney‘s closing vis-à-vis Appellant, in light of the trial court‘s repeated instructions.
On the broader legal points involved, while I agree with the majority that the United States Supreme Court‘s specific holding in Bruton v. United States, 391 U.S. 123, 88 S.Ct. 1620, 20 L.Ed.2d 476 (1968), is not controlling here, I would not apply as categorical an approach to the Sixth Amendment principles underlying Bruton as the majority seems to apply. In particular, I would not exclude the possibility that such principles might render cautionary instructions insufficient to prevent the possibility of spillover prejudice in some larger set of circumstances analogous to, but not overlapping with, those before the United States Supreme Court in Bruton.
Concerning the disposition of this case, ultimately I agree with majority that the district attorney‘s transgressions of trial court directives do not entitle Appellant to a new trial, as the general incriminatory aspect of Jackson‘s preliminary hearing testimony was cumulative of the overwhelming evidence demonstrating Appellant‘s participation in the killings. It is a closer case, in my view, with respect to the district attorney‘s argument related to Jackson‘s reference to Appel-
Chief Justice CAPPY and Justice NIGRO join this concurring opinion.
Notes
Now, in this case, members of the jury, the Commonwealth introduced the preliminary hearing testimony of the witness Braheem Jackson ...
* * *
This prior recorded testimony is admissible only in the case of the defendant who was present at that prior hearing. In this case it was Mr. Mitchell who was present represented by an attorney and who had the opportunity to cross-examine the witness when he testified.
* * *
The prior recorded testimony of Mr. Jackson was admitted as evidence in the case of Commonwealth versus Richard Mitchell only and is to be considered by you solely as evidence being offered in the case of Commonwealth versus Richard Mitchell.
The prior recorded testimony is not at all admissible in the case of Commonwealth versus Steven McCrae and is not to be considered as evidence in his case by you in your deliberations. This is because Mr. McCrae was not present during the hearing that took place on October 1, 1998 wherein the witness Braheem Jackson testified and as such, Mr. McCrae did not have any opportunity to cross-examine this witness concerning his testimony.
To repeat the prior recorded testimony of Braheem Jackson is admissible as evidence only in the case of Commonwealth versus Richard Mitchell. It is to be considered by you only in deciding the case of Commonwealth versus Richard Mitchell. It is not to be considered by you in deciding the case of Commonwealth versus Steven McCrae.
N.T. 11/21/00, at 211-214.