405 Pa. 23 | Pa. | 1961
Lead Opinion
Opinion by
Gaetano Sabelli, the owner of a grocery store in Philadelphia, was shot and killed by the defendant, McCoy, during the course of his armed robbery on the premises on July 1, 1957. McCoy was indicted for murder for the felonious killing and was tried under the so-called “Split-Verdict Act” of December 1, 1959, P. L. 1621, amending Section 701 of The Penal Code of June 24, 1939, P. L. 872, 18 PS §4701 (Pocket Part).
That the appellant is guilty of murder in the first' degree, is conceded and no trial error on the question
The “Split-Verdict Act” provides in material part as follows: “In the trial of an indictment for murder, the court shall inform the jury that if they find the defendant guilty of murder in the first degree, it will be their further duty to fix the penalty therefor, after hearing such additional evidence as may be submitted upon that question. Whenever the jury shall agree upon a verdict of murder of the first degree, they shall immediately return and render the same, which shall be recorded, and shall not thereafter be subject to reconsideration by the jury, or any member thereof. After such verdict is recorded and before the jury is permitted to separate, the court shall proceed to receive such additional evidence not previously received in the trial as may be relevant and admissible upon the question of the penalty to be imposed upon the defendant, and shall permit such argument by counsel, and deliver such charge thereon as may be just and proper in the circumstances. The jury shall then retire and consider the penalty to he imposed and render such verdict respecting it as they shall agree upon.”
. The 'Commonwealth’s evidence on the question of penalty included a reading of three bills of indictment based on an armed robbery committed on. June 15,1950, to all of which indictments the defendant had pleaded guilty. This evidence was followed by the oral testimony of the victim of the prior and unassociated robbery wMch had taken place in an Army-Navy store
Following enactment of the Act of March 15, 1911, P. L. 20, 119 PS §711 (dealing with admissibility of evidence at criminal trials), but prior to enactment of the Act of May 14, 1925, P. L. 759 (placing upon the jury the duty of fixing the penalty between death and life imprisonment upon a conviction of first degree murder), the Commonwealth was precluded from introducing in a criminal trial evidence of the defendant’s prior convictions of dissociated crimes. Until the passage of the Act of 1925, supra, a conviction of first degree murder had automatically carried with it the death penalty. In interpreting the Act of 1925, this court announced in Commonwealth v. Parker, 294 Pa. 144, 143 Atl. 904 (1928), that evidence of convictions of prior crimes should be admitted at the trial of capital cases as an aid to the jury, should it find the defendant guilty of murder in the first degree, in fixing the penalty to be imposed upon him as between death and life imprisonment, subject, however, to the precaution that the jury be expressly instructed not to consider the evidence on penalty (i.e., prior unrelated convictions) unless and until the defendant was found guilty of first degree murder. Although the ruling has been severely criticized from time to time by members of the bench, the bar, law reviews and text writers on the ground that it is impossible by a mere cautionary
To overcome the objections to the Parker rule, the legislature, in 1959, passed the “Split-Ver diet Act”, so called. The purpose of the Act is to insure that the defendant in a murder case will be tried on the issue of his guilt or innocence of the crime charged, free from any possible prejudicial effect which might arise from the introduction in evidence of his past unrelated criminal record. This was to be achieved by postponing the introduction of such record in evidence until after the jury has determined, in case it did so, that he is guilty of murder in the first degree. That is what the Act of 1959 was intended to effect and that is what it has accomplished.
The prosecuting attorney contends, however, that the Act was also intended to enlarge the rules of evidence on the question of penalty in murder cases, where the defendant is found guilty of murder in the first degree, and cites numerous cases of this court wherein it has been said that the jury, in such instances, is entitled to receive evidence concerning “what manner of man” the defendant is in order to better determine whether he should be sentenced to a term of life imprisonment or should suffer the death penalty. The phrase, “what manner of man”, which appears to have been first employed in like context in Commonwealth v. Dague, 302 Pa. 13, 14, 152 Atl. 839 (1930), was a mere figure of speech used to connote succinctly what the evidentiary rule of the Parker case embraced. The expression was never intended to expand the decision in the Parker case with respect to the range of evidence admissible on the question of penalty in first degree murder cases.
Even if there were any doubt that tbe legislature did not intend to enlarge tbe scope of tbe evidence admissible on the question of penalty, tbe resolution of such doubt would necessarily result in tbe rejection of tbe district attorney’s contention. A statute must be construed in such manner, if possible, as to bring it in harmony with constitutional requirements: Commonwealth ex rel. Dermendzin v. Myers, 397 Pa. 607, 614, 156 A. 2d 804 (1959); Parente Appeal, 390 Pa. 249, 253, 135 A. 2d 62 (1957); Tremont Township School District v. Western Anthracite Coal Co., 364 Pa. 591, 596, 73 A. 2d 670 (1950). In tbe present instance, that can be done only by construing tbe Act of 1959 as not intended to change tbe character of evidence admissible
The prior law in relevant connection has in no way been changed by the statute. All that can now be shown on the question of the penalty to be imposed upon an adjudicated first degree murderer, concerning his past criminal tendencies, is his prior convietions, confessions or admissions. In Commonwealth v. John Jones, 355 Pa. 594, 597, 50 A. 2d 342 (1947), we recognized with approval that “The appellate courts of this Commonwealth have strictly limited the application of this rule of evidence to certain cases involving either prior convictions or admissions by accused of the actual commission of other crimes and any attempt to extend this principle to include testimony of mere arrests is without foundation in either law or reason.” In Commonwealth v. Turner, 371 Pa. 417, 435, 88 A. 2d 915 (1952), Mr. Justice Chidsey, speaking for the court, said, “We think it unwise to alter the rule laid down in Commonwealth v. John Jones, supra, that strictly limits evidence of other crimes on the question of penalty to prior convictions, confessions or admissions.” Nor do we have any intention to depart therefrom.
In addition thereto, the evidence at the trial on the question of the defendant’s guilt or innocence of Sabelli’s murder discloses a heinous and cold-blooded killing by the defendant of a man who had, as McCoy himself admitted, been a good friend to him and very nice to him as an employer. As testified to by the two close-up witnesses at the scene of the crime, both employees of the store, viz., Marie Lawson, the bookkeeper, and Grace Capasso, typist-clerk, Sabelli, who had just entered the store from the rear, seeing what was going on, had raised his hands in surrender, inquiring “What is this, a holdup?” when McCoy, without provocation of any kind, aimed his gun at 'Sabelli’s face and shot him at a range of about 18 inches, killing him “without a chance,” as the eyewitnesses testified. It would require a stretch of the imagination beyond all reason to say that the testimony of the victim of the prior unassociated robbery played any essential part in the fixing of the penalty by a jury which had just heard all of the Commonwealth’s evidence against the defend
The appellant’s remaining assignment that the trial judge erred in instructing the jury to consider the possibility of the defendant’s rehabilitation is unmeritorious. The matter complained of came at a time when the court was actually instructing the jury in a manner favorable to the defendant, that the jury was told to consider the possibility of his rehabilitation. The appellant now assigns this as error on the attenuated theory that the instruction “could only suggest to the jury that if life imprisonment were the punishment, the defendant might be returned to society before the expiration of his natural life.” The contention is as fanciful as it is specious.
Both of the appellant’s assignments of error are, therefore, overruled. So much suffices for the disposition of this appeal.
In regard to the procedure to be pursued at a hearing under the “Split-Verdict Act”, there appears to exist among trial judges and counsel a misconception which has been indicated not only by the records in the instant case and in Commonwealth v. Butler, 105 Pa. 36, but also by several trials below, whereof we have been informed, but which have not come before us on appeal.
The mistaken procedural situation, thus developing, bids to grow worse rapidly, with the result that, before long, if the threatened procedural errors be not corrected, the “Split-Verdict Act” will soon become a classic illustration of the sage observation that “Striving to better, oft we mar what’s well.” Witness what the district attorney advances in his brief for the Common
Accordingly, to the end that a uniform procedure under the “Split-Verdict Act” for the State as a whole may be brought about, we deem it advisable to set down, herein, briefly and as clearly as possible, rules which we unanimously approve and which should henceforth guide a trial court and counsel at a hearing on the question of penalty to be imposed on a jury’s verdict of guilty of murder in the first degree.
The hearing on the question of penalty should be entered upon immediately following the recording of the jury’s verdict, which has found the defendant guilty of murder in the first degree. Any relaxation in the immediacy of the required hearing on the penalty must necessarily rest in an exercise of sound discretion, in the circumstances, by the trial judge. Nor should such
The trial judge should, in as few words as possible, inform the jury at the hearing on the penalty that it is now their duty to fix the defendant’s penalty for his guilt of murder in the first degree, and that additional evidence will be presented to aid them in the discharge of that duty. No comment should be made by the court with respect to the evidence to be received; nor should such additional evidence be more than records of prior convictions, confessions and admissions of the defendant as hereinbefore indicated. The only evidence ad- , duceable by the defendant would be such as might im-1 peach the records introduced against him, and such 1 other evidence as is directly, and not collaterally, rele- f vant to the issue of penalty and is not repetitious of ' any evidence that appeared of record in the trial of the issue of guilt.
After such additional evidence has been received, the court shall, in the words of the Act, permit such argument by counsel and deliver such charge as may be just and proper in the circumstances. The argument of counsel shall, subject always to the discretion of the court, be limited to the relevant and admissible evidence that has been adduced on the question of penalty.
The judgment of sentence is affirmed.
The appellant had been previously tried for the same crime before the passage of the “Split-Verdict Act”,-on 'which occasion-the jury found him guilty of murder in the first degree and fixed the penalty at death. On appeal to this court from' the -judgment of sentence, he was granted a new trial on -the grounds that the instructions to the jury were prejudicial and that the trial judge had taken an unduly active part in the trial of the case. See Commonwealth v. McCoy, 401 Pa. 100, 162 A. 2d 636 (1960).
Dissenting Opinion
Dissenting Opinion by
While I do agree with the procedures clarified and set forth in the opinion of the majority as a guide for
It requires no “stretch” of my “imagination” whatsoever to say that the testimony of the victim of the prior unassociated robbery played an essential part in the fixing of the penalty by the jury in the present case. Such testimony is so foreign to my concept of due process and fair play that I cannot gloss over it by dismissing it with the questionable phrase “harmless error.” In fact, the whole proceeding indulged in by the Commonwealth in the fixing of the penalty under the “Split-Verdict Act” was erroneous and deprived the defendant of the proper hearing to which he was entitled. Under the circumstances I would treat the errors as if the jury had not been able to arrive at a decision as to the penalty, and would impose life imprisonment as provided for in the Act.
Mr. Justice Bok joins in this dissent.