84 Pa. Super. 473 | Pa. Super. Ct. | 1924
Argued December 8, 1924. The indictment charged appellant, (a corporation) and several natural persons, with the unlawful manufacture and possession of intoxicating liquors. Appellant's business was the manufacture of cereal beverage, for which it held a permit from the federal government. In manufacturing such beverage the process first requires the making of beer or other alcoholic malt or brewed liquor and then the elimination of the unlawful excess alcohol by boiling until it contains less than one-half of one per cent alcohol by volume. Under the express terms of the Act of March 27, 1923, P.L. 34, it is not unlawful for such liquor to contain more than one-half of one per cent of alcohol, during the process of manufacture only; but if it is drawn off from the manufacturing vats into barrels or other receptacles intended for storage, sale or delivery, while still containing any *475 of such excess alcohol, it constitutes an unlawful manufacture and possession.
The evidence established that on August 13, 1923, at about six o'clock in the evening the State Police found employees of the defendant corporation loading onto freight cars at Aliquippa for transportation to Pittsburgh 391 barrels of liquor which on examination proved to contain from 3 1/2% to 6% of alcohol by volume. Under the 4th and 13th sections of the Act of 1923, supra, this made out a prima facie case of unlawful manufacture and possession sufficient to take the case to the jury and support a conviction.
The defense was that in drawing off and loading this beer its employee in charge of the work, Wolfgang Haupt, made an unintentional mistake, by filling the barrels from Vat 10, which contained beverage in process of manufacture, instead of from Vat 9, which contained lawful cereal beverage ready for shipment.
The learned trial judge directed the jury to consider this evidence in connection with some suspicious and apparently incriminating circumstances not necessary to be referred to at length, for the purpose of determining in the first instance whether or not the beer had been drawn off from the storage tank and put in the barrels by mistake; but later instructed them, in effect, that as regards the corporation defendant it made no difference whether the beer was knowingly taken from the storage tanks or was done by mistake, ignorantly, by some employee of the company. If this is a correct statement of the law the appeal must fall.
Ordinarily intent is a necessary ingredient of a criminal offense, but there are well recognized exceptions to this rule, as respects acts made criminal by statute. The subject is treated in Greenleaf on Evidence (Vol. 3, sec. 21) as follows: "Ignorance or mistake of fact may in some cases be admitted as an excuse; as where a man intending to do a lawful act, does that which is unlawful. ...... This rule would seem to hold good in all *476
cases when the act, if done knowingly, would be malum in se. But where a statute commands that an act be done or omitted, which, in the absence of such statute, might have been done or omitted without culpability, ignorance of the fact or state of things contemplated by the statute, it seems, will not excuse its violation. Thus, for example, where the law enacts the forfeiture of a ship having smuggled goods on board, and such goods are secreted on board by some of the crew, the owner and officers being alike innocently ignorant of the fact, yet the forfeiture is incurred, notwithstanding their ignorance. Such is also the case in regard to many other fiscal, police and other laws and regulations, for the mere violation of which, irrespective of the motives or knowledge of the party, certain penalties are enacted; for the law, in these cases, seems to bind the party to know the facts and to obey the law at his peril." Thus, under section 17 of the Act of May 13, 1887, P.L. 108, forbidding the furnishing of intoxicating liquors to minors, and persons of known intemperate habits, it was not a valid defense to a prosecution for selling liquor to a minor that the defendant or his employee did not know that the buyer was a minor: In re Carlson's License,
The Act of March 27, 1923, supra, is an exercise of the police power of the Commonwealth. It was enacted in enforcement of the Eighteenth Amendment of the federal Constitution and its purpose was the absolute prohibition of the manufacture, sale, etc., of intoxicating liquors for beverage purposes. While the act contains certain exceptions from its general provisions, these exceptions must not be construed in such a manner as to defeat its primary aim and purpose. Persons who embark on a business which forms an exception to the main purpose of the act know that their actions are rigidly circumscribed and that any failure to comply with the strict provisions permitting them thus to act constitutes a violation of the statute. The act is general, the *479
exception special, and nothing done contrary to the general prohibition of the statute is excused unless it is warranted by a strict compliance with the terms of the exception. It applies to one's employees acting in the course of their employment, no less than to one's own actions. "When the agent ...... is set to do the very thing which, and which only, the principal's business contemplates ...... the principal must be chargeable with the agent's violation of legal restriction on that business": Carroll v. State,
Now in this case, the defendant, being a corporation, must necessarily act through agents or employees. It can personally neither do nor supervise anything. It must, therefore, assume responsibility for the acts of its representatives within the scope of their employment. Haupt, the employee responsible for the drawing and loading of this beer was defendant's agent in charge of the storage room and charged with the duty of drawing the beverage from the proper vat. The drawing and loading of the beer seized in this case was directly within the line of his duties. If he negligently drew beer from a vat which it was not lawful to do, why is not the defendant responsible for the illegal action? There is nothing in the statute to imply that the forbidden act of manufacture and possession in such circumstances must be done knowingly or wilfully. Surely if a brew master should make a mistake and fail to boil the beer long enough to reduce the alcohol to the limit fixed by law, no one would contend that the corporation could defend by pleading such mistake. Otherwise the act would become a dead letter. The brew master is bound to reduce the alcohol to the lawful limit and the corporation is responsible for him to see that he does it. So the storage foreman having custody of a dozen vats containing beer in various stages of manufacture is bound to draw from the vat containing legal cereal beverage and the corporation is responsible for him to see that he does it. That is its business, for which it is incorporated and for which *480 it holds the government's special permit. This is not the case of a carrier or other person innocently transporting intoxicating liquors without any knowledge of, or special duty of finding out, the illegal character of the thing transported; or of a person innocently uttering counterfeit money, which has lawfully come into his possession, without any knowledge of its spurious character. This act was done by the man chosen by the defendant corporation to perform this very duty, with full knowledge of the responsibility resting upon him and his employer to see that it was done pursuant to law; who was bound at the peril of his employer, no less than his own, to see that all the requirements of the law were complied with before the product was barreled and shipped.
Our conclusion is that a mistake or omission, even though an innocent one, made in the line of his employment by an employee charged with the doing of something required to be done in order to render that lawful which otherwise, by a police regulation, would be unlawful, entails upon his employer responsibility for the illegal act resulting therefrom and subjects it to the penalty provided for such illegal act, unless the statute in terms limits it to wilful and intentional violation.
This disposes of the first three assignments of error. The fourth complains that the sentence is excessive. It does not exceed the penalty fixed by law. Ordinarily the imposition of sentence is for the court below, within the limits authorized by law, subject to review in case of abuse of discretion. We are not convinced that the court's discretion was abused in this case. The judgment is affirmed. *481