80 Pa. Commw. 519 | Pa. Commw. Ct. | 1984
Opinion by
In this case, the Pennsylvania Department of Transportation, Bureau ¡of Traffic Safety (Bureau), urges us to reverse an order of the Court of Common Pleas of Allegheny County ¡restoring- the driver’s license of Sara Marie Liberati, the appellee herein. The Bureau had recalled Mrs. Liberati’s ¡license, after concluding that ,she .suffered from a visual condition which was incompatible with the .safe operation of a motor vehicle. . .
Mrs. Liberati first received a driver’s license about 1965, when she was sixteen years old. ¡Six years later, iri 1971, ¡she developed an eye ¡condition that diminished her central visual acuity. Acting on a doctor’s advice, she ceased driving for several years; however, .she continued to renew her driver’s license. Liberati ¡subsequently became aware of bioptie telescopic lenses, which, it seems, had been developed by a Dr. William Feinbloom, a New York optometrist. These lenses were said to have been designed to aid people suffering from poor visual acuity.
Mrs. Liberati contacted Dr. Feinbloom, .and went to New York to be fitted for a pair of his bioptie tele
On December 10, 1979, the Bureau sent Mrs. Liberati a notice stating that her driver’s license was being recalled. The Bureau advised Libenati that her visual condition, as indicated by the visual-examination report, .did not meet the Bureau’s standards of visual efficiency and was not compatible with the safe driving of a vehicle.
The Bureau’s recall decision was made pursuant to a regulation formerly referred to as 67 Pa. .Code §157.3, which set forth the visual standards for driving. For example, subsection (b) of the regulation provided that: “A person with less visual acuity than 20/40 combined vision shall wear lenses correcting his/her vision to 20/40 or better while driving.” Of particular significance to the instant case was 67 Pa. Code §157.3(e), which stated that: “Correction through the use of telescopic lenses is not acceptable for purposes of meeting acuity requirements(Emphasis added). All of the above provisions are now found under 67 Pa. Code §83.3.
In response to the Bureau’s recall notice, Mrs. Liberata took an appeal to the Court of Common Pleas
In her case .before the trial court, Mrs. Liherati presented .several witnesses who vouched for her practical ability to drive safely while wearing her telescopic lenses. She also presented Drs. Freeman and Feinbloom as expert witnesses. Dr. Freeman reaffirmed his previous opinion that Liherati, by virtue of the visual correction achieved with her telescopic lenses, was able to safely operate a motor vehicle. Dr. Feinbloom described the nature of telescopic lenses, and how they can improve a person’s visual efficiency as to permit the safe operation of a motor vehicle. The Bureau presented expert witnesses of its own, who contradicted Liherati’s evidence as to the efficacy of the lenses.
On May 24, 1982, the trial court issued an order sustaining Liberati’s appeal, and directing the Bureau to restore her driver’s license. In so ordering, the .court concluded that the regulatory prohibition against the use of telescopic lenses violated .Section 504 of the federal Rehabilitation Act of 1973 (Rehabilitation Act), 29 U.S.O. §794. The court did not address Liberati’s constitutional claims.
Before considering the issues presented by the instant appeal, we shall first identify the legal sources of the prohibition against telescopic lenses. Section
The MAB’s reason for rejecting telescopic lenses as 'an acceptable vision-correction device was described to the trial court by two Commonwealth witnesses, Dr. Robert A. Winstanley and Dr. Arthur H. Keeney. Both of these witnesses are experts in the field of ophthmology, and were previous members of the MAB.
Dr. Winstanley had been the MAB’s ophthalmologist member when that body took a position against the use of telescopic lenses. According to Winstanley’s testimony, the primary reason for the rejection of telescopic lenses was the fact that they create a relatively large scotoma or “blind spot” around the central field of vision during their use, and that such renders the device unsafe for use while driving. Dr. Keeney stated that telescopic lenses had ■also been discussed and considered during his membership on the MAB, and that they were found to present serious visual disadvantages which make them unsuitable for safe driving. In addition to describing
As noted, the trial court determined that the regulatory prohibition against telescopic lenses violates Section 504 of the Rehabilitation Act. Section 504 provides in part as follows:
No otherwise qualified handicapped individual . . . , shall, solely by reason of his handicap, be excluded from the participation in, be denied the benefits of, or be subjected to discrimination under any program or activity receiving Federal financial assistance....
The trial court found that Mrs. Liberati is 'an “otherwise qualified handicapped individual” within the meaning of Section 504 of the Rehabilitation Act. In that regard, the court reasoned that Liberati, despite her vision impairment, could meet all driving requirements by 'the use of the telescopic lenses. The court also found that the .scotoma or blind spot, described by Drs. Winstanley and Keeney, would not render Liberati unable to drive safely; and that the other problems imputed by those witnesses to telescopic lenses could be compensated for by shifting head-movements or by training. In .sum, the court decided that the ban against telescopic lenses constituted unlawful discrimination against a handicapped person insofar as Mrs. Liberati is concerned.
It is undisputed that Mrs. Liberati, because of her serious vision impairment, is a handicapped person within the meaning of Section 504 of the Rehabilitation Act. However, for a handicapped person to successfully invoke the anti-discrimination mandate of
The activity in which Mrs. Liberati seeks to participate, and from which she has been excluded, is the driving of an automobile on the public highways. There can be no doubt that her vision, without the aid of an efficacious corrective device, would make it highly dangerous for her to drive a motor vehicle. Therefore, if she is to be deemed “otherwise qualified” to drive a vehicle, the vision-correcting device upon which she relies must be one that is compatible with driving safety. Thus, the crucial factual question overhanging this case is whether telescopic lenses, as a vision-aiding device, meet that requirement.
Pursuant to its grant of legislative power, the MAB determined that telescopic lenses produce particular effects which make them unsafe for use in the driving of a motor vehicle. That conclusion, as the record of this ease indicates, was not based on mere assumption, but reflected the studied judgment of experts in the fields of ophthalmology and optometry. Merely becauce there is other expert opinion to the contrary does not negate the validity of the MAB’s conclusion about telescopic lenses.
In the instant case, the trial court rejected the MAB’s determinations regarding telescopic lenses; and did so based on the contrary opinions of Mrs. Liberati’s witnesses. For the trial court to render such a decision amounted, in our view, to the court improperly assuming .a specialized fact-finding func
Because we have decided against Mrs. Libiemti’s claim under the Rehabilitation Act, it becomes necessary for us to decide the constitutional challenges she raised below but which were not reached by 'the trial court. As noted, she asserted in the proceedings below that the prohibition against telescopic lenses violates the equal protection and due process pro,visions of both the federal and state constitutions. In her equal-protection challenge, Liberati seems to argue that the regulatory proscription of telescopic lenses results in the unequal treatment of certain handicapped people, and represents a constitutionally invalid legislative classification. .This challenge must fail.
Under equal-protection principles, legislative differentiations based on physical disability are not “suspect classifications.” Frontiero v. Richardson, 411 U.S. 677, 686 (1973); Strathie, 547 F. Supp. at 1378. Therefore, the regulation here in issue cannot be held to violate the equal protection clause of the federal constitution if any state of facts reasonably may be conceived to justify the regulation. Richardson v. Belcher, 404 U.S. 78 (1971); Dandridge v. Williams, 397 U.S. 471 (1970). Under our state constitution,
In her -other constitutional argument, Mrs. Libenati asserts that 67 Pa. Code §157.3(e) created ,an “irrebuttable presumption” that a person cannot drive safely with telescopic lenses, and that the regulatory ban thus violates constitutional due process. Given what we have 'already said about the rational basis for the regulation, the due process challenge is without merit. See Malmed v. Thornburgh, 621 F.2d 565 (3d Cir. 1980).
For the reasons set forth in this opinion, the order of the -court belo-w must be reversed.
Order
And Now, the 29th day of February, 1984, the order of the Court of Common Pleas of Allegheny County dated May 24,1982, at No. SA 28 of I960, is hereby reversed.