COMMONWEALTH оf Pennsylvania v. Michael KENNEDY, Philadelphia Department of Human Services, Children and Youth Division, Appellant.
Superior Court of Pennsylvania.
604 A.2d 1036
Argued Dec. 18, 1990. Filed Feb. 20, 1992. Petition for Allowance of Appeal March 23, 1992.
Before CIRILLO, President Judge, and CAVANAUGH, WIEAND, OLSZEWSKI, DEL SOLE, POPOVICH, JOHNSON, HUDOCK and FORD ELLIOTT, JJ. FORD ELLIOTT, Judge:
Since we find no merit to appellant‘s arguments, we affirm the judgment of the trial court.
Deborah Fleisher, Asst. Dist. Atty., Philadelphia, for Com., appellee.
FORD ELLIOTT, Judge:
Michael Kennedy appeals from the judgment of sentence entered in the Court of Common Pleas of Philadelphia County following his conviction for involuntary deviate sexual intercourse, corruption of minors, and indecent assault. See
Prior to appellant‘s trial, defense counsel attempted to discover the victim‘s file in the possession of Child Protective Services (“CPS“), a division of the Philadelphia Department of Human Services (“DHS“) 1, and also sought to review the contents of the child‘s record of counseling sessions with a licensed psychotherapist. The pre-trial motions judge, the Honorable Joseph T. Murphy, denied defense counsel‘s request and held that pursuant to our decisiоn in Commonwealth v. Kyle, 367 Pa.Super. 484, 533 A.2d 120 (1987), the psychologist-client privilege was absolute, thereby prohibiting review of the psychotherapist‘s records by the trial court itself. Subsequently, however, Judge Murphy did conduct an in camera review of all of
Following a jury conviction, timely post-verdict motions were filed and denied and thereafter the trial court imposed sentence. Subsequently, appellant filed an appeal to this court. We sua sponte certified this appeal for en banc review in order to address appellant‘s contention that his state constitutional rights of confrontation of witnesses and compulsory process, which are guaranteed in
PART I
WHETHER AN ACCUSED‘S STATE CONSTITUTIONAL RIGHTS OF CONFRONTATION AND COMPULSORY PROCESS ARE IMPLICATED WHEN DEFENSE COUNSEL IS DENIED TOTAL ACCESS TO DHS RECORDS COMPILED PURSUANT TO CHILD PROTECTIVE SERVICE LAW
When faced with an issue raising both constitutional and nonconstitutional questions, we must make a determi
The stated purpose of the CPSL is found at
§ 2202. Findings and purpose
Abused children are in urgent need of an effective child protective service to prevent them from suffering further injury and impairment. It is the purpose of this act to encourage more complete reporting of suspected child abuse and to establish in each county a child protective service capable of investigating such reports swiftly and competently, providing protection for children from further abuse and providing rehabilitative services for children and parents involved so as to ensure the child‘s well-being and to preserve and stabilize family life wherever appropriate. However, nothing in this act shall be construed to restrict the generally recognized existing rights of parents to use reasonable supervision and control when raising their children.
The policy underlying this fundamental purpose is to allow for the reporting and investigating of allegations of child abuse and misuse. There is little question that a determination of “abuse founded” or “abuse indicated” may form the basis for a criminal prosecution for child sexual abuse, and therefore there can be little disagreement that
Pennsylvania‘s CPSL addresses child abuse committed by parents or paramours of a parent; the hope was that county agencies could work with the victim, perpetrator and other family members toward the goal of maintaining the family while eradicating the abuse. Consequently, the law included stringent safeguards to ensure confidentiality of the information contained in the child abuse registry. However, demands made on the legislature during the past several years have resulted in the creation of exceptions to confidentiality provisions.
Beaty & Wooley, Child Molester Need Not Apply: A History of Pennsylvania‘s Child Protective Services Law and Legislative Efforts to Prevent the Hiring of Abusers by Child Care Agencies, 89 Dick.L.Rev. 669, 669-670 (1985).
Pursuant to
(h) When a report of suspected child abuse is determined by the appropriate child protective service to be a founded report or an indicated report, the information concerning such report of suspected child abuse shall be expunged forthwith from the pending complaint file and an appropriate entry shall be made in the Statewide central register. Notice of such determination must be given to the subjects of the report other than the abused child along with an explanation of the implications of such a finding. Notice given to subjects of the report shаll include notice that their ability to obtain employment in a child care facility or program may be adversely affected by entry of the report in the Statewide central register. The notice shall also inform the subject of the report of his right, at any time, to request the secretary to amend, seal or expunge information contained in the Statewide central register and his right to a hearing if the request is denied. When a report of suspected child abuse is determined by
the appropriate child protective service to be an unfounded report, the information concerning such report of suspected child abuse shall be expunged from the pending complaint file within 12 months of the date the report was received by the department and no information other than that authorized by subsection (k), which shall not include any identifying information on any subject of such report, shall be retained by the department.
DHS, while conceding that
Subsection (i) reads as follows:
(i) The Statewide central register shall include and shall be limited tо the following information: the names, social security numbers, age and sex of the subjects of the reports; the date or dates and the nature and extent of the alleged instances of suspected child abuse; the home addresses of subjects of the report; the county in which the suspected abuse occurred; family composition; the name and relationship to the abused child of the person or persons responsible for causing the abuse; the source of the report; services planned or provided; whether the report is a founded report, an indicated report; and the progress of any legal proceedings brought on the basis of the report of suspected child abuse.
DHS contends, and the Commonwealth concurs, that other information of a therapeutic or rehabilitative nature may also be contained in the files and should not be subject to review as beyond the purview of
DHS argues that these other types of information contained in the record are protected from disclosure by DHS regulations or other statutory privileges; specifically, information regarding Family Service Plans, records of service activity or psychological and psychiatric reports concerning the child, parent or caretakers. It is important at this juncture to state that DHS‘s argument seems to imply that there is one master file which would contain not only the reports and investigation regarding the alleged abuse contemplated by CPSL but would also contain all other contact the agency may have with the child or family before or after the investigation of the abuse. What is of concern to this court is how the agency can make such an
Additionally, with regard to any psychological or psychiatric reports, if such reports form the basis for initiating the investigation of abuse or if such reports are a part of the investigation which led to a determination of abuse as founded, then such reports would not be subject to any
Having determined that appellant is entitled under the clear language of
Pursuant to
It has long been the law in this Commonwealth that a defendant who seeks to discover the name of a prosecution confidential informant must make a good faith showing that the informant‘s testimony would be beneficial to his defense. As set out by this court in Commonwealth v. Delligatti, 371 Pa.Super. 315, 324, 538 A.2d 34, 39 (1988), allocatur denied, 520 Pa. 595, 552 A.2d 250 (1988):
[i]n Commonwealth v. Carter, 427 Pa. 53, 233 A.2d 284 (1967) our Supreme Court recognized a qualified privilege with respeсt to the disclosure of confidential informants. This privilege allows the Commonwealth ‘to refrain from disclosing the identity of an informer’ and ‘limits the prosecution‘s duty to make available to the defense the names and whereabouts of all material eyewitnesses.’ Id., 427 Pa. at [REDACTED], 233 A.2d at 285. Before disclosure of an informant‘s identity is required, the proponent for disclosure must make more than a mere assertion that the identity of an informant might be helpful to the defense. Although exact predictions of what the informant might say cannot be expected, a reasonable possibility that the informant could give testimony that would tend to exonerate the defendant must be suggested. Commonwealth v. Fleck, 324 Pa.Super. 227, 471 A.2d 547, 550 (1984). Of fundamental concern in these matters is fairness. ‘The problem is one that calls for balancing the public interest in protecting the flow of information against the individual‘s right to prepare his defense.’ Commonwealth v. Speaks, 351 Pa.Super. 149, 505 A.2d 310, 315 (1986), quoting Roviaro v. United States, 353 U.S. 53, 60-62, 77 S.Ct. 623, 627-28, 1 L.Ed.2d 639 (1957).
See also Commonwealth v. Miller, 513 Pa. 118, 518 A.2d 1187 (1986); Commonwealth v. Herron, 475 Pa. 461, 380 A.2d 1228 (1977). “Furthermore, a defendant may not
In the instant case, the only basis under CPSL for withholding the information regarding the identity of the reporter of the abuse or one participating in the investigation is whether there is a finding that such release will be detrimental to the safety of such person. See
PART II
WHETHER AN ACCUSED‘S STATE CONSTITUTIONAL RIGHTS OF CONFRONTATION AND COMPULSORY PROCESS ARE VIOLATED BY DENIAL OF ACCESS TO ABSOLUTELY PRIVILEGED PSYCHOTHERAPEUTIC FILES NOT IN THE POSSESSION OF THE PROSECUTION
The question of whether appellant‘s state constitutional rights of confrontation and compulsory process were violated by the denial of access to psychotherapy records requires a very different analysis. In this instance, such reports are not a part of the investigatory files of a Commonwealth agency, are not in the possession of the prosecution, and,
Appellant would argue that under the authority of Commonwealth v. Lloyd, supra, this statutory privilege cannot withstand constitutional challenge. This expansive interpretation of confrontation and compulsory process rights is advocated without even the slightest showing that information in the files would be helpful to the defense. Applying Lloyd, as appellant advocates, would allow a defendant access to privileged records of any victim or witness in any criminal case. Arguably, it would also entitle the defendant to peruse the entire contents of the Commonwealth‘s file. This absurd result was not the intention of our supreme court.
In Lloyd, our supreme court held as follows:
We now hold under the confrontation clause of the Pennsylvania Constitution, that the appellant in the instant action was denied his right to confrontation when his attorney was denied access to the contents of the victim‘s psychotherapeutic records. In addition we hold that the right to inspect these records is also mandated by the compulsory process clause of the Pennsylvania Constitution.
Lloyd, 523 Pa. at 431, 567 A.2d at 1359. It is undisputed that at the time of the Lloyd decision, the records of a psychotherapist and/or psychiatrist were not privileged. The import of the Lloyd holding is that under the constitution of this Commonwealth, an accused‘s rights of confrontation and compulsory process attach pre-trial and, therefore, the defendant Lloyd was entitled to subpoena the non-
The recent supreme court case Commonwealth v. Wilson/Aultman, 529 Pa. 268, 602 A.2d 1290, (1992),13 has eroded the precedential value of the cases relied upon by appellant: Lloyd, supra, and In the Matter of Pittsburgh Action Against Rape (PAAR), 494 Pa. 15, 428 A.2d 126 (1981). In Wilson/Aultman, the supreme court considered the scope and constitutionality of the privilege found at
The defendants in Wilson/Aultman cited Lloyd, supra, to support the claim that their state constitutional rights had been violated by the denial of their request for a pre-trial inspection of the rape counselor‘s records. The court,
The Court voted, however, that the Lloyd case, unlike the Ritchie case, did not involve a statutory privilege. Rather, the Court in Lloyd was concerned with a common law privilege which could not defeat a defendant‘s constitutional rights. Implicit in the distinction drawn by the Lloyd court is the recognition that the existence of a statutory privilege is an indication that the legislature acknowledges the significance of a particular interest and has chosen to protect that interest.... As previously noted, the statutory privilege instantly at issue [
42 Pa.C.S. § 5945.1 ] provides even greater protection than did the statute asserted in the Ritchie case. Therefore, an objection based on the protections afforded by the state constitution must also fail.
Wilson/Aultman, 529 Pa. at 281-282, 602 A.2d at 1297-98.
Appellant, likewise, relies on PAAR, as authority for the proposition that any statutory privilege must yield to the confrontation and compulsory process clauses of the Pennsylvania constitution. The court in PAAR recognized only a qualified privilege of confidentiality for rapе crisis counselor records, and therefore balanced this qualified privilege against defendant‘s constitutional rights and established an in camera review procedure. It was in response to the supreme court‘s decision in PAAR that the Legislature enacted the absolute privilege for communications between clients and rape crisis counselors at
Examining the Legislature‘s intent in the enactment of
It is without question that the privilege would exist if the victims had sought private psychotherapeutic treatment. The legislature has recognized that communications between a licensed psychologist and a patient are confidential.
42 Pa.C.S. § 5944 . See supra note 3. This statutory privilege has been interpreted as being absolute and has not been outweighed by a defendant‘s due process rights. See Commonwealth v. Kyle, 367 Pa.Super. 484, 533 A.2d 120 (1987), appeal denied 518 Pa. 617, 541 A.2d 744 (1988).
Wilson/Aultman, 529 Pa. at 276, 602 A.2d at 1295.
Contrary to appellant‘s assertions, the only authority directly on point as to the issue to be decided today is this court‘s decision in Commonwealth v. Kyle, supra.15 In Kyle, this court was called upon to decide whether an absolute privilege of confidentiality can be subject to balancing against a defendant‘s right of confrontation. We held that such a balancing would, in effect, destroy the right which the privilege sought to protect. In Kyle, the privilege under consideration,
Having reviewed the language of the statutory privilege enacted by our legislature and having given consideration to the public policies underlying the absolute privilege as well as the relevant cases in this and other jurisdictions, we find that the interests protected by the privilege are substantial. We are, of course, cognizant of the heavy weight afforded to appellant‘s interest in disclosure of the victim‘s file. Nonetheless, in weighing the public interests protected by shielding the file with those advanced by disclosure, we conclude that the balance tips in favor of non-disclosure. Nor do we believe that our decision today will unduly infringe on the rights of the accused. First, we note that as a matter of constitutional law, our courts have upheld testimonial privileges which bar a criminal defendant from obtaining or using confidential communications. See Washington v. Texas, 388 U.S. 14, 23 n. 21, 87 S.Ct. 1920, 1925 n. 21, 18 L.Ed.2d 1019 (1967); Commonwealth v. Sims, 513 Pa. 366, 521 A.2d 391, 395 (1987). Here, the privilege only limits access to state-
ments made during the course of treatment by the psychologist. It does not foreclose all lines of defense questioning. Likewise, the privilege does not unfairly place the defense in a disadvantageous position; like the defense, the prosecution does not have access to the confidential file and, thus, cannot use the information to make its case.
Kyle, 367 Pa. Super. at 501, 533 A.2d at 129.
Instantly, the records requested by appellant are not in the possession of the prosecution. They are, therefore, presumably treatment and therapy records. The compelling interest in allowing this rehabilitative process to occur in private is not to build a case for the prosecution, but rather to deal with the trauma of the assault and begin the healing process.
Accordingly, we find the trial court‘s in camera review of these records also constituted error. In Kyle the defendant argued that without even an in camera inspection of the files by the court, it could not be determined whether any statements made by the victim would be helpful to the defense. This court rejected this argument in the following manner.
Finally, appellant argues that without even an in camera inspection of the file by the court, it cannot be determined whether any statements made by the victim would be helpful to the defense. We decline to compromise what we have determined is an absolute privilege from disclosure. As we noted above, the purpose of the psychologist-client privilege is to aid in the effective treatment of the client by encouraging the patient to disclose information fully and freely without fear of public disclosurе. We deem this purpose and the underlying considerations to be of paramount concern. Subjecting the confidential file to in camera review by the trial court (as well as the appellate courts and staff members) would jeopardize the treatment process and undermine the public interests supporting the privilege. Simply stated, an absolute priv
ilege of this type and in these circumstances requires absolute confidentiality.
Kyle, 367 Pa. Super. at 504, 533 A.2d at 131.
In Commonwealth v. Moore, 526 Pa. 152, 584 A.2d 936 (1991), the supreme court had another opportunity to opine on the subject of privileged records. In that case, the Commonwealth sought disclosure of a defendant‘s health records within the control of the Allegheny County Health Department so as to ascertain if the defendant was infected with gonorrhea at the time of the alleged rape of the minor complainant who also was diagnosed as suffering from gonorrhea. This court had reversed a trial court ruling and remanded for the entry of an order directing the Health Department to produce the medical records. The supreme court reversed this court and determined that we had misconstrued the Disease Prevention and Control Law and overstated the authority of courts of common pleas to direct disclosure of records, the confidentiality of which is protected by statute. “It should be readily apparent that the general powers of courts do not include the power to order disclosure of materials that the legislature has explicitly directed be kept confidential.” Moore at 159, 584 A.2d at 940. This preclusion would appear to have equal application to the statutorily protected records of a victim.
Therefore, on the issue of whether appellant‘s state constitutional rights are violated by denial of access to statutorily protected psychotherapeutic records, we hold that this issue is controlled by this court‘s decision in Commonwealth v. Kyle and relief is denied on that basis.
Based on the foregoing, appellant‘s judgment of sentence is vacated and the case remanded for a new trial. Upon written request, appellant is to be provided access to the information contained in the CPSL file pursuant to
CIRILLO, President Judge, files a concurring opinion in which CAVANAUGH, J., joins.
JOHNSON, J., files a concurring and dissenting opinion.
CIRILLO, President Judge, concurring:
I join in the majority‘s finding that Kennedy is entitled to all information in the CPS file relative to the investigation, and I join in its decision to vacate the judgment of sentence in this case and to remand for a new trial. I write separately, however, to add that although the majority recognizes that “there can be little disagreement that information contained in [the CPS] files is of critical importance to the accused,” its analysis may preclude Kennedy, the subject of a report, from accessing information from the file which may prove most critical to his defense.
As the majority states, a subject may receive all the information in the file except “[t]he release of data that would identify the person who made a report of suspected child abuse or the person who cooperated in a subsequent investigation...”
I acknowledge my colleague‘s accurate interpretation of the statute, as well as the law of this state as recently defined in the plurality decision of Commonwealth v. Wilson, 529 Pa. 268, 602 A.2d 1290 (1992). I cannot agree,
It is precisely because crimes of this nature are particularly heinous and violent, and because we mete out such severe punishment to those convicted of these crimes, that we must be even more vigilant in preserving the rights of the accused. Passion too easily allows us pause in our observance of the rights of the accused. “The requirement of ‘due process’ is not a fair weather or timid assurance. It must be respected in periods of calm and in times of trouble[.]” Joint Anti-Fascist Refugee Committee v. McGrath, 341 U.S. 123, 162, 71 S.Ct. 624, 643, 95 L.Ed. 817 (1951) (Frankfurter, J., concurring). The concept of procedural due process, though enduring and adaptable to changes in jurisprudential values, cannot be altered to accommodate the crime victim or to prevent the disintegration of the counseling relationship. The ease of accusation and the difficulty of defense in sexual abuse cases heightens our responsibility to abide by this concept and afford the accused fundamental fairness in the context of his defense against criminal charges.
In Wilson, supra, our supreme court held that confidential communications between a sexual assault counselor and a victim are absolutely privileged under
I would find that the state‘s compelling interest in the confidentiality of the counseling relationship must yield to the greater interest in promoting and protecting the defendant‘s constitutional rights. See Commonwealth v. Carillion, 380 Pa.Super. 458, 474, 552 A.2d 279, 287 (1988) (Cirillo, P.J., concurring). I am in agreement with Justice Zappala‘s dissenting view in Wilson. I, too,
am gravely concerned that we have lost all sense of what our constitutional rights guarantee ... I am sympathetic to the physical and emotional trauma suffered by a rape victim, but I am not willing to sacrifice the guarantees of our Constitution to assuage the harm.... The Constitution of this Commonwealth is the absolute—a legislative enactment of a statutory privilege is not.
Wilson, 529 Pa. at 284–286, 602 A.2d at 1299–1300 (Zappala, J., dissenting).
CAVANAUGH, J., joins.
JOHNSON, Judge, concurring and dissenting.
I join all of Part II of the Opinion of my distinguished colleague, the Honorable Kate Ford Elliott, which finds no constitutional deprivation to a criminal defendant who is denied access to psychotherapeutic files not in the possession of the prosecution. I am unable to join Part I of that Opinion because I am not satisfied that Michael Kennedy is a “subject of the report” as that term is intended to be understood in the Child Protective Services Law, now
I agree with the majority that constitutional issues are to be avoided whenever possible; nevertheless, because I am unable to find the language of the Child Protective Services Law dispositive as to the first issue on this appeal, I would reach the constitutional question upon which the first issue is based.
In the case before us, the child victim is under the legal custody of her grandmother, by order of court. Kennedy is the child‘s stepfather. I do not understand how the defendant, Kennedy, can qualify as a “subject of the report” since he is neither a parent, guardian or “other responsible person.” His status as stepfather does not bring him within the intended statutory meaning of a “responsible person.” My understanding of the statute in question does not entitle Kennedy to obtain a copy of the victim‘s file in the possession of the Department of Human Services (DHS). Therefore, I am unable to join the majority‘s decision to grant to Kennedy a new trial.
The majority states that Section 15(b) of the original Child Protective Services Law (CPSL), “allows almost complete
Section 15. Confidentiality of Records.—
....
(b) At any time, a subject of a report may receive, upon written request, a copy of all information except that prohibited from being disclosed by subsection (c), contained in the Statewide central register or in any report filed pursuant tо section 6.
The present CPSL has carried this subsection forward in the following form:
§ 6340. Release of information in confidential reports
(a) General rule.—....
(b) Release of information to subject child.—At any time and upon written request, a subject of a report may receive a copy of all information, except that prohibited from being disclosed by subsection (c), contained in the Statewide central register or in any report filed pursuant to section 6313 (relating to reporting procedure).
This does not constitute any change in legislative intent or purpose. The majority fastens on Section 14(h) of the Act,
The confusion, if any, arises from the use of the word “responsible” in two different ways within the Act. For example, in Section 6, subsection (c), the word is first used to describe the person who is “responsible for [the abused child‘s] care.” Later in the same subsection, the word is used to describe the person “responsible for causing the suspected abuse.” This may, on occasion, be one and the same person, where the parent or guardian to whom the child‘s care is entrusted violates his responsibility and abuses the child.
That the Legislature knowingly employed the term “responsible” in different contexts within the Act is evident. As re-enacted through Act 206 of 1990, the reporting procedure has now been more clearly outlined, with different pieces of information for inclusion in the report assigned different numbered subparagraphs. Thus, Section 6313(c), which replaces
§ 6313. Reporting procedure
....
(c) Written reports.—Written reports from persons required to report under section 6311 shall be made to the appropriate child protective service in a manner and on forms the department prescribes by regulation. The written reports shall include the following information if available:
(1) The names and addresses of the child and the parents or other person responsible for the care of the child if known.
....
(5) The name of the person or persons responsible for causing the suspected abuse, if known (emphasis added).
Under the present statute, there can be no doubt that “the person responsible for the care of the child,” as referred to in
Pursuant to
As originally enacted, Section 3 defined the term “subject of the report,” and in my opinion, this definition limited the scope of the term to two people: the abused child and a person legally responsible for the care of that child, if named in the report. I find the legislature‘s selection of syntax significant; the “subject of the report” includes the child and a “parent, guardian or other responsible person.” The latter three persons are identified disjunctively. To infer that the term “responsible person” refers to the abuser would mean that the second element of the definition is either the parent, the guardian, or the abuser. This illogical result is necessary to the result reached by the majority. Rather, I conclude instead that the legislature intended to make an exhaustive reference to the person(s) who could be responsible for the care of the child. Accordingly, the abuser is not included within the term “subject of the rеport” merely by virtue of his or her status as the abuser.
Subsequent amendments to the Act, in my judgment, have fortified this conclusion. For example, in 1982, the legislature removed the word “legally” from between the words “person” and “responsible” in defining “subject of the report” in former
“Subject of the report” means any child reported to the central register of child abuse and a parent, guardian or other person responsible also named in the report.
Act of June 10, 1982, P.L. 460, No. 136, § 3. The Legislature might have amended the statute so as to eliminate the possible suggestion that the term “legally responsible” was intended to mean “responsible for the abuse.”
In its most recent codification, the definition of “subject of the report” appears as follows:
“Subject of the Report.” Any child reported to the central register of child abuse and a parent, guardian or other responsible person also named in the report.
Kennedy does not make an independent analysis as to the meaning to be given to the term “subject of the report“. This is understandable; the issue for which en banc review was granted was the constitutional question involved. Thus, the entire focus of his argument is on constitutional deprivation.
In summary, I am unable to subscribe to the majority‘s interpretation of the CPSL and I cannot conclude, on the basis offered by the majority, that the trial court erred by
Kennedy argues that his counsel must be allowed the opportunity to personally review the DHS records. In Commonwealth v. Ritchie, 509 Pa. 357, 502 A.2d 148 (1984) aff‘d in part, reversed in part, sub nom. Pennsylvania v. Ritchie, 480 U.S. 39, 107 S.Ct. 989, 94 L.Ed.2d 40 (1987), the respondent, charged with various sexual offenses against his daughter, sought CYS files which he alleged contained exculpatory evidence. The trial judge refused to order CYS to disclosе the files. This court held that, under the Sixth Amendment, the defendant was entitled to any verbatim statements made by the victim regarding abuse. We remanded the case for a determination of whether such statements existed within the file and, if so, whether denying them to defense counsel had constituted harmless error. Our Supreme Court also remanded, but with instructions that the Sixth Amendment entitled defense counsel to review the entire file. The United States Supreme Court granted certiorari.
On review, the Court affirmed our Supreme Court‘s decision to remand for further proceedings. The Court held, however, that the defendant‘s rights under the U.S. Constitution were sufficiently protected by an in camera review of the files sought. The Court stated:
Ritchie is entitled to have the CYS file reviewed by the trial court to determine whether it contains information that probably would have changed the outcome of his trial. If it does, he must be given a new trial. If the records maintained by CYS contain no such information, or if the nondisclosure was harmless beyond a reasonable doubt, the lower court will be free to reinstate the conviction.
Guided by Ritchie, our Court has approved the procedure employed by the trial court in this case. In Commonwealth v. Higby, 384 Pa.Super. 619, 559 A.2d 939 (1989) alloc. den., 525 Pa. 578, 575 A.2d 109 (1990), this Court stated:
Initially, Appellant asserts that the trial court erred in refusing his pre-trial request for discovery. Appellant filed motions for inspection of both Children‘s Services Records and Rape Crises Records. Following the dictates of the United States Supreme Court‘s pronouncement in Commonwealth v. Ritchie, 480 U.S. 39, 107 S.Ct. 989, 94 L.Ed.2d 40 (1987), the trial court conducted an in camera inspection of the Children‘s Services Records. The trial court refused to grant Appellant access to these records based upon its finding that the records contained “no material evidence of an exculpatory nature which would be subject to disclosure.” Trial Court Opinion at 3. Since the Supreme Court required “divulgence when a court of competent jurisdiction determines that the material for which production is sought is essential to the accused‘s defense,” Commonwealth v. Carillion, [380 Pa.Super. 458] 552 A.2d 279 (1988), we conclude the trial court complied with the law with respect to the Children‘s Services Records.
Higby, 384 Pa.Super. at 621, 559 A.2d at 939–40.
In Commonwealth v. Dunkle, 385 Pa.Super. 317, 561 A.2d 5 (1989), rev‘d on other grounds, 529 Pa. 168, 602 A.2d 830 (1992) our court found no violation of the Sixth Amendment under circumstances similar to those presented here. We determined that Ritchie had been followed where the trial court ordered the Commonwealth, in possession of CYS files, to produce those records for an in camera review for any material that was properly discoverable. After reviewing the files, the trial court provided Dunkle with various statements made by the victim. The court also instructed Dunkle that more information could be released
In the instant case, Kennedy recognizes that the procedure employed by the trial court complies with the requirements of the federal constitution, but he bases his argument on the conclusion that Article I, § 9 of the Pennsylvania Constitution provides a defendant with greater rights, including the right to review the files which are the subject of a statute requiring confidentiality. In support, Kennedy directs this court to Commonwealth v. Lloyd, 523 Pa. 427, 567 A.2d 1357 (1989). There, our supreme court held that an in camera inspection of psychiatric records by the trial court was insufficient to satisfy a defendant‘s rights under the confrontation and compulsory process clauses of the Pennsylvania Constitution. The Lloyd court noted, however, that the issue before it did “not involve a request to discover statutorily protected state maintained records....” 523 Pa. at 431, 567 A.2d at 1359. Cf. Commonwealth v. Wilson, 529 Pa. 268, 281–282, 602 A.2d 1290, 1297–98 (1992). As the majority observes in Part II of its analysis, no statutory privilege then existed for communications between a psychiatrist and patient. Therefore, Lloyd does not control where, as here, a defendant seeks production of rеcords which are the subject of a statutory grant of confidentiality.
Kennedy cites to no other authority for the proposition that defense counsel is entitled to review files which are the subject of a statutory protection against disclosure, nor has my research revealed any. Guided by Ritchie, and our decisions in Dunkle and Higby, I determine that both Judge Murphy, as the pre-trial motions judge, and Judge Temin, presiding at trial, properly conducted an in camera review of the DHS file. Upon the trial judges determining that the file contained “no information relevant to the defense,” I conclude that court acted properly in denying Kennedy access to the contents of these files.
For these reasons, I conclude that Kennedy‘s rights under the confrontation and compulsory process clauses of the Pennsylvania Constitution have been adequately protected, and I find no error on this issue. Also, I have reviewed Kennedy‘s remaining allegations of error and I conclude that they too are without merit. Accordingly, I would affirm judgment of sentence.
604 A.2d 1053
Ronald M. McCLELLAN and Harold Shotel, Co-Executors of the Estate of Marilyn M. McClellan, Deceased, Appellants,
v.
HEALTH MAINTENANCE ORGANIZATION OF PENNSYLVANIA a/k/a HMO PA Foundation and United States Healthcare of Pennsylvania, Inc. d/b/a HMO Pennsylvania, Appellees.
Ronald M. McCLELLAN and Harold Shotel, Co-Executors of the Estate of Marilyn M. McClellan, Deceased, Appellants,
v.
Joseph A. HEMPSEY, D.O.
Superior Court of Pennsylvania.
Argued September 26, 1991.
Filed March 10, 1992.