25 Mass. App. Ct. 921 | Mass. App. Ct. | 1987
On appeal, the defendant asserts that the Commonwealth’s delay in bringing him before a court for his initial appearance or arraignment amounted to a violation of both his right to due process of law and his right to counsel. On those grounds, the defendant argues that the charge against him should have been dismissed.
“A defendant who has been arrested shall be brought before a court if then in session, and if not, at its next session.” Mass.R.Crim.P. 7(a)(1), 378 Mass. 855 (1979). The thrust of the policy underlying rule 7(a)(1) goes primarily to preventing the unlawful detention of a defendant and reducing the incentive of police to apply undue pressure upon a defendant in order to obtain a statement. Commonwealth v. Cote, 386 Mass. 354, 361 n.11
A dismissal of the charge against the defendant would not serve either of the purposes underlying the rule. Nor has it been made to appear that the defendant suffered any actual prejudice as a result of the delay in his arraignment. See Commonwealth v. Imbruglia, 377 Mass. 682, 688 (1979). Appointment of an attorney at or close to the time of the defendant’s arrest could not have enhanced his defense. In addition, the defendant was not unlawfully detained; rather, the Massachusetts authorities simply returned him to a Massachusetts correctional institution where he continued to serve out the sentence previously imposed. In any event, if there was any prejudice to the defendant, it was negated upon his ultimate arraignment and appointment of counsel. Commonwealth v. Andrade, 389 Mass. 874, 882 n.4 (1983) .
In an attempt to demonstrate prejudice the defendant focuses on the period between arrest and arraignment during which the prosecutor obtained an indictment against the defendant in the Superior Court. The defendant argues that, if he had been prosecuted in the District Court from which the arrest warrant originally issued, rather than in the Superior Court, a sentence in excess of two and a half years could not have been imposed.
In deciding whether to dismiss the indictment, the other significant factor to examine is whether the delay in arraignment was due to deliberate and intentional misconduct on the part of the Commonwealth, either as a means of achieving a tactical advantage, or with reckless disregard for known risks to the defendant’s ability to mount a defense. Commonwealth v. Imbruglia, 377 Mass. at 691. If either of those factors played a role in the delay, the appropriate remedy is dismissal of the charge. Ibid.
In this instance, the Commonwealth gained nothing through the delay in the defendant’s arraignment, certainly not a tactical advantage. The
The defendant also argues that he was denied his right to a speedy trial. The Massachusetts Rules of Criminal Procedure require that a defendant be brought to trial within twelve months of his return date. Mass.R.Crim.P. 36(b)(1)(C), 378 Mass. 910 (1979). As applied to this defendant’s situation, the rules define the return date as the day upon which a defendant, “if under arrest, does first appear before a court to answer the charges against him.” Mass.R.Crim.P. 2(b)(15), 378 Mass. 846 (1979).
Because the defendant’s arraignment on November 26, 1985, on the escape charge was his first appearance before a court, that date is considered to be his return date for the purposes of rule 36. Under that rule, the defendant should have been tried by November 26, 1986. The defendant has made out a prima facie case of violation of rule 36(b)(1) because his trial occurred on January 15, 1987, fifty days beyond the time allowed. Dismissal is mandatory unless the Commonwealth can sufficiently justify the delay. Barry v. Commonwealth, 390 Mass. 285, 291 (1983). See also Commonwealth v. Look, 379 Mass. 893, 898-899 n.2, cert. denied, 449 U.S. 827 (1980).
To justify the delay in bringing the defendant to trial the Commonwealth relies on section (b)(2) of rule 36, which provides for the exclusion, of periods “in computing the time within which the trial of any offense must commence.” At least one-half of the delay in the defendant’s case can be attributed to pretrial motions filed by both the defendant pro se and his several counsel. See, e.g., Mass.R.Crim.P. 36(b)(2)(A)(v) & (vii). Periods of delay for which the defendant is responsible or from which the defendant benefits are excludable from the twelve-month period. See Barry v. Commonwealth, supra at 295. Here, the defendant had three separate attorneys over the course of seven months. The first change in counsel occurred on March 13,1986, when a judge allowed the first defense counsel to withdraw. New counsel subsequently was appointed. On May 27, the defendant filed a pro se request for an investigation of his new attorney by the Board of Bar Overseers. On September 8, a judge permitted that attorney to withdraw. Not until October 14, 1986, did the defendant’s third attorney file an appearance with the court. For a period of seven months the defendant’s representation was in a state of flux. These changes in counsel were in part caused by the defendant, and certainly the changes were allowed in order to benefit him. See Commonwealth v. Domingue, 18 Mass. App. Ct. 987 (1984). That seven-month period properly may be excluded from the calculations to determine whether the defendant received a speedy trial.
Based on the above exclusions, the Commonwealth has adequately justified the delay from the defendant’s arraignment on November 26, 1985, to his trial on January 15,1987. Moreover, as we have noted, the defendant cannot show that the delay either caused actual prejudice to his defense or afforded tactical advantage to the Commonwealth.
The defendant makes the final argument that he was denied effective assistance of counsel by his third attorney’s substitution of a motion to dismiss for violation of due process and right to counsel, for the defendant’s pro se motion to dismiss for lack of a speedy trial. See Commonwealth v. Saferian, 366 Mass. 89, 96 (1974). The defendant’s counsel showed no lack of judgment in substituting one motion to dismiss for the defendant’s pro se motion. An attorney is not bound to follow every tactic urged or suggested by the client. In any event, as pointed out above, each motion was foredoomed.
Judgment affirmed.
As already mentioned, the Superior Court judge sentenced the defendant to three to five years.