423 Mass. 99 | Mass. | 1996
We deal with the question of the admissibility of an in-court identification of the defendant that (a) was
The defendant’s appeal is based solely on the denial of his motion to suppress. The Commonwealth argues that the witness’s identification evidence was properly admitted for the reasons that the judge stated. The Commonwealth further asserts that the judge erred in concluding (1) that the in-court identification lacked a basis independent of the suggestive confrontations and (2) that defense counsel was not responsible because he did not guard against the suggestive encounters. The Commonwealth also argues that any error in the admission of the challenged identification evidence was harmless beyond a reasonable doubt.
The jury could have found the following facts. Late in the afternoon of May 28, 1992, two Vietnamese men and two African-American men, young and armed, forcibly entered the residence of the victim in Fitchburg. One intruder ordered the victim to lie face down on the floor, tied her up, and put a blanket over her head. Later the blanket slipped off, and from the floor she briefly saw one of the black men. The intruders took various items from the victim’s residence.
Three hours after the incident, based on a tip, the police stopped a vehicle as it was leaving the parking lot of a Super 8 Motel in Leominster. There were three Vietnamese men in the vehicle. The victim, brought to the scene, identified two of the men, Cuong Ve and Du Le, as the Vietnamese men
There was evidence that on May 28, 1992, the two Vietnamese men who had committed the crimes had stayed in room 216 at the Super 8 Motel in Leominster. Two teenage girls, runaways, had been in the motel room occupied by the Vietnamese men. They had seen two black men there in the company of the Vietnamese men. At trial one of these girls identified the defendant as one of the black men who had come to the motel where the Vietnamese had stayed. The other girl was unable to identify the defendant as a black man whom she had seen at the motel but testified that the defendant was the same size as one of them.
The issue in this case arises from the Commonwealth’s introduction of the identification testimony of Krystal LeBlanc, who worked as an assistant manager at the Super 8 Motel in Leominster. She testified that between 3:30 p.m. and 4:30 p.m. on May 28, she saw the defendant in the company of Vietnamese men at the Leominster motel.
We now summarize the judge’s findings of fact that led to the denial of the defendant’s motion to suppress the testimony of Krystal LeBlanc. In many places, we quote the findings verbatim, making such corrections in the judge’s dictated findings as the record plainly permits. “On the evening of May 28th, 1992, the witness, Krystal LeBlanc, was on duty in the Super 8 Motel in [Leominster] where she customarily worked as an assistant manager at the register. At some point during the afternoon, she saw a black man come into the lobby of that motel. He spent about a minute in the lobby walking from the front door to the elevator, and he disappeared into the elevator and reemerged about 10 minutes thereafter. He went back outside through the lobby and got into a car and drove away. The total time that Ms. LeBlanc
Three months later, LeBlanc was summoned by counsel for a codefendant to attend a probable cause hearing in the Fitch-burg District Court. She arrived there, found defense counsel for the codefendant, and spoke with him. “She, for one reason or another, wound up sitting in a courtroom in the [Fitch-burg] District Court.” At some point, the defendant and a co-defendant, Du Le, were in the courtroom handcuffed and shackled together. LeBlanc had the opportunity to watch them for more than an hour. There was no other African-American man in the courtroom who was in handcuffs or under any visible restraints.
“At no time while she was in the [Fitchburg] courthouse did Ms. LeBlanc have any contact with the district attorney or police officials, and neither the district attorney nor the police in any way, shape or form orchestrated, planned, assisted in facilitating, or otherwise participated in the observations that Ms. LeBlanc made of the defendant and Mr. Du Le on [this] occasion.”
In the first week of February (the month of the trial), “LeBlanc was summonsed [by the Commonwealth] to this court in connection with a suppression hearing ... in courtroom 18.” The only means of entry to courtroom 18 is to take a person in custody down a hallway past anybody who happens to be sitting in the hall or waiting to testify in a proceeding.
“LeBlanc was seated in the hallway on two occasions when she saw the defendant, Mr. Jones, again shackled to Mr. Du Le, brought into the courtroom. Once again the district attorney did not tell her to sit there. The district attorney did not point out to her anybody [whom] she should look at. The district attorney did not facilitate, attempt to facilitate, aid or participate in assisting in any identification or procedures or opportunities for observation that Ms. LeBlanc had under those circumstances. Once again, however, the defendant, Mr. Jones, was the only black person in shackles that she saw that day, and once again, Mr. Jones was shackled to Mr. Le, a Vietnamese person.” When LeBlanc testified at the suppression hearing, she saw Le and Jones sitting at counsel table,
Both the confrontation at the Fitchburg District Court and the confrontation at the Worcester courthouse in the first week of February “were accidental in the sense that the Commonwealth played no part in arranging or assisting in arranging those encounters. They were not in sum and in essence confrontations at all as that term is used as a term of art in decided cases.”
The judge then made the following rulings of law (which we have adjusted with minor editing of his dictated rulings). “The defendant has the initial burden of proving, by a preponderance of the evidence, that a confrontation is unnecessarily suggestive and thus violated his right to due process. [If] that occurs, then that particular identification or confrontation ... is suppressed, and the Commonwealth, in addition, is permitted to introduce at trial evidence of other identifications, such as an in-court identification, only if it proves by clear and convincing evidence that the other identification has a basis.
“I add, perhaps as a footnote, that the Commonwealth has not yet adopted the Biggers[
“[F]or there to be a confrontation, the government must have played some role in arranging it. If there is no government participation in arranging an accidental or other encounter, then the entire line of analysis flowing from Stovall[
“Here, as I found, the Commonwealth did not participate in any of the viewings that Ms. LeBlanc had of the defendant. Consequently, the defendant’s motion must be denied.
“If, however, I am wrong in that, if I have misread those cases or misapprehended the doctrine or if the court deems it appropriate to reexamine that issue, and if, therefore, a question arises as to whether or not the Commonwealth has shown by clear and convincing evidence that there is an independent basis for the in-court identification by Ms. LeBlanc of this defendant, I find and conclude that the Commonwealth has not satisfied its burden of showing by clear and convincing evidence an independent basis for identification. My basis for [so] concluding is that the initial opportunity she had to observe this man was brief; it was under circumstances where her attention was not directed to him in any focus [ed] or meaningful fashion. It was at a time when she was simply going about her routine duties in the motel. We can infer, and I
“All of the circumstances that I have detailed above lead to that conclusion that it was highly suggestive. That suggestion was highly reinforced by the observation she made of the defendant when the defendant was brought into the courtroom for the suppression hearing. Under those circumstances, I simply am unable to find by clear and convincing evidence that the original observation of the defendant is what carries Ms. LeBlanc through and enables her to make an identification of the defendant in court today.”
We too reject the Commonwealth’s argument that the evidence was clear and convincing that LeBlanc’s in-court identification had a source independent of what the Commonwealth implicitly concedes were two highly suggestive pretrial encounters. The judge’s conclusion that there was no independent source was based on his findings that: LeBlanc’s opportunity to see the defendant at the Leominster motel was brief in circumstances that did not focus her attention on him; the initial encounter in the Fitchburg District Court occurred three months later, where LeBlanc saw the defendant handcuffed and shackled to Du Le, a Vietnamese codefendant; LeBlanc saw the defendant, the only African-American man in the courtroom who was under restraint, for more than one hour; the defendant’s presence there was clearly suggestive of the fact that he had been arrested for the offenses about which LeBlanc knew; in the second suggestive encounter, Le Blanc, summoned to testify, saw the defendant again shackled to Du Le and obviously an object of courtroom proceedings; and the second encounter highly reinforced the suggestiveness of the first encounter. We cannot fairly conclude that the judge’s subsidiary findings of fact, which are not clearly erroneous, require an ultimate conclusion that the evidence is clear and convincing that LeBlanc’s in-court identification of the defendant would be based on something other than the suggestive confrontations. See Commonwealth v. Moon, 380 Mass. 751, 756 (1980).
There is no basis for concluding that any error in the admission of LeBlanc’s testimony was harmless beyond a reasonable doubt (if the error was constitutionally based) or not prejudicial (if the error was not constitutionally based). The victim’s identification of the defendant was based on very brief opportunities to see him after the blanket came off her head. There was no other eyewitness to the crimes who identified the defendant as a participant.
We come then to the question whether LeBlanc’s identification of the defendant, based solely on highly suggestive courthouse encounters with the defendant, was properly presented to the jury for their consideration. As we noted earlier (see note 5 above), our cases have stated or implied that where the Commonwealth did not arrange for a suggestive encounter, an identification, even if based solely on such an encounter, need not be excluded from evidence. We accept the judge’s conclusion that the Commonwealth did not
In spite of the constitutional right to a trial by jury, the law permits, sometimes requires, a trial judge to keep evidence from a jury. Although some exclusions are based on constitutional considerations, many are founded on the common law or statute. A criminal defendant’s admissions or confession to the police are inadmissible if Miranda warnings were not furnished (Miranda v. Arizona, 384 U.S. 436 [1966]) or if the defendant’s statements were not made voluntarily and knowingly (Commonwealth v. Luna, 418 Mass. 749, 751 [1994]). The common law gives a trial judge discretion to exclude evidence that is more prejudicial than probative (Natty v. Volkswagen of Am., Inc., 405 Mass. 191, 197 [1989]), and to exclude an expert’s proffered opinion if the process or theory underlying the expert’s opinion lacks reliability (Commonwealth v. Lanigan, 419 Mass. 15, 26 [1994]). We have held that testimony enhanced by hypnosis lacks reliability and is inadmissible against a criminal defendant. See Commonwealth v. Kater, 388 Mass. 519, 527-528 (1983), S.C., 394 Mass. 531 (1985), 409 Mass. 433 (1991), 412 Mass. 800 (1992). There are numerous statutory (see, e.g., G. L. c. 233, §§ 20, 20A, 20B, 20J, 21B [1994 ed.] and G. L. c. 112, § 135A [1994 ed.]) and common law privileges
Some courts have held that, if the police were not responsible for a suggestive confrontation between a witness and a defendant, no State action was involved, and hence there could be no violation of Federal constitutional rights and need be no suppression. See, e.g., Reese v. Fulcomer, 946 F.2d 247, 259 (3d Cir. 1991), cert, denied, 503 U.S. 988 (1992); Kimble v. State, 539 P.2d 73, 77 (Alaska 1975); Hill v. United States, 367 A.2d 110, 115 (D.C. 1976); State v. Pailon, 590 A.2d 858, 863 (R.I. 1991). There are, however, cases in which, although a State actor did not cause a highly suggestive confrontation, the court considered the witness’s testimony to be so unreliable as to require exclusion of identification testimony as a matter of fairness on due process grounds. See United States v. Bouthot, 878 F.2d 1506, 1516 (1st Cir. 1989) (“federal courts should scrutinize all suggestive identification procedures, not just those orchestrated by the police, to determine if they would sufficiently taint the trial so as to deprive the defendant of due process”); Thigpen v. Cory, 804 F.2d 893, 895 (6th Cir. 1986), cert, denied sub nom. Foltz v. Thigpen, 482 U.S. 918 (1987) (“only the effects of, rather than the causes for, preidentification encounters should be determinative of whether the confrontations were unduly suggestive”); State v. McCord, 259 N.J. Super. 217, 224 (1992). Cf. Kirby v. Illinois, 406 U.S. 682, 690-691 (1972) (“it is always necessary to ‘scrutinize any pretrial confrontation’ ” for undue suggestiveness conducive to irreparable mistaken identification); People v. Blackman, 110 A.D.2d 596 (N.Y. 1985) (based on People v. Adams, 53 N.Y.2d 241 [1981], approving the holding of a hearing on reliability where confrontation was caused by private citizen). In State v. Holliman, 214 Conn. 38, 46 (1990), the court concluded that, even if no constitutional underpinning existed for exclusion of an identification based on an unnecessarily suggestive confrontation, the same considerations that are relevant in a constitutionally based challenge to admission of an identification should be involved in deciding the admissibility of an identification arguably tainted by a civilian-conducted suggestive confrontation.
Eyewitness identification of a person whom the witness had never seen before the crime or other incident presents a substantial risk of misidentification and increases the chance of a conviction of an innocent defendant. In Commonwealth v. Johnson, supra, we noted that, “the vagaries of eyewitness identification are well-known; the annals of criminal law are rife with instances of mistaken identification.” Id. at 466, quoting United States v. Wade, 388 U.S. 218, 228 (1967), and citing numerous authorities. Id. at 467 & n.9. The Supreme Court has deemphasized the role of deterring police misconduct in the analysis of suggestive confrontations to focus more on nonreliability as the justification for the exclusion of an identification that may have been influenced by a suggestive confrontation. See Neil v. Biggers, 409 U.S. 188, 198 (1972) (“[i]t is the likelihood of misidentification which violates a defendant’s right to due process, and it is this which was the basis of the exclusion of evidence”); Manson v. Brathwaite, 432 U.S. 98, 111-112 (1977).
We need not base our decision on constitutional grounds. Common law principles of fairness dictate that an unreliable identification arising from the especially suggestive circumstances of this case should not be admitted. This encounter was not a casual confrontation in neutral surroundings, such
This is not a case in which cross-examination and a judge’s jury instruction concerning eyewitness identification testimony can fairly protect the defendant from the unreliability of LeBlanc’s identification. We have indicated that, on request, specific instructions concerning eyewitness identification are often necessary. See Commonwealth v. Rodriguez, 378 Mass. 296, 302 (1979), endorsing the model instructions from United States v. Telfaire, 469 F.2d 552, 558-559 (D.C. Cir. 1972), modified as indicated in Commonwealth v. Cuffie, 414 Mass. 632, 640 (1993).
The judgments are reversed and the verdicts set aside; the order denying the motion to suppress is vacated and an order shall be entered allowing the motion to suppress LeBlanc’s identification testimony; and the case is remanded for a new trial.
So ordered.
Each of these men pleaded guilty to offenses committed in the break-in.
Neil v. Biggers, 409 U.S. 188 (1972).
Manson v. Brathwaite, 432 U.S. 98 (1977).
Stovall v. Denno, 388 U.S. 293 (1967). We note that, in its Stovall opinion, the Supreme Court recognized that a particular confrontation might be “so unnecessarily suggestive and conducive to irreparable mistaken identification [of the defendant] that he was denied due process of law.” Id. at 302.
In Commonwealth v. Otsuki, 411 Mass. 218, 234 (1991), citing Commonwealth v. D’Ambra, 357 Mass. 260, 263 (1970), the court said that “[a]n accidental confrontation, when the police make no attempt to elicit an improper identification [and ‘[tjhere being no evidence of any improper police activity’], is permissible.” In Commonwealth v. Calhoun, 28 Mass. App. Ct. 949 (1990), the court said that “[a]ccidental encounters between a witness and a suspect, thus, are tolerated because of the absence of deliberate government machinations in bringing about the face-to-face meeting.” Id. at 951. The court also said that “the ultimate question is whether the one-on-one identification was impermissibly suggestive” and that “police contrivance or bungling” in producing a confrontation or identification may be a factor. Id. at 950. The court concluded that the encounter was not unduly suggestive. Id. at 951. The court held in Commonwealth v. Currier, 15 Mass. App. Ct. 929, 929-930 (1983), that due process does not require suppression when the encounter was arranged by a friend of the victim and hence there was no improper action by the State.
It is generally believed that the word confrontation in the context of an unduly or unnecessarily suggestive encounter between witness and suspect involves a calculated move by the police to bring about the encounter. See Commonwealth v. Walker, 370 Mass. 548, 564-565, cert, denied, 429 U.S. 943 (1976). Thus accidental encounters not brought about by police conduct have been held not to raise due process considerations even if the encounter occurs in a suggestive setting. Commonwealth v. Leaster, 362 Mass, 407, 410 (1972). Commonwealth v. Smith, 12 Mass. App. Ct. 667, 673 (1981). K.B. Smith, Criminal Practice and Procedure § 451 (2d ed. 1983 & Supp. 1996).
The two Vietnamese men who confessed to the crimes denied that the defendant was a participant in any part of the crimes.
The Commonwealth had no demonstrated knowledge that LeBlanc would be summoned to the District Court where the first encounter occurred. The Commonwealth is not wholly free from responsibility for the second encounter. The Commonwealth did not orchestrate it, but it provided the opportunity for such an encounter by summoning LeBlanc to appear to testify in circumstances in which she could be expected to see the defendant in handcuffs, shackled to a Vietnamese codefendant, as he was taken through the courthouse corridor to the courtroom.
See, e.g., Commonwealth v. Snyder, 413 Mass. 521, 533 (1992) (limited privilege not to disclose identity of an informant); Commonwealth v. O’Brien, 377 Mass. 772, 775 (1979) (attorney-client privilege).
One factor in determining the reliability of an identification may be the accuracy of the witness’s prior description of the criminal. See Commonwealth v. Cuffie, 414 Mass. 632, 641 (1993) (“You may take into account any occasions in which the witness . . . made an identification that was inconsistent with his identification at trial”). See also Neil v. Biggers, 409 U.S. 188, 199 (1972). In this case, the police never obtained a pretrial statement from LeBlanc describing the black man who passed through the motel lobby. Thus, the jury had no evidence that permitted them to compare the defendant’s appearance against what LeBlanc told the police.
The instruction approved in Commonwealth v. Cuffie, supra, indicates that the jury should be told that they could “take into account . . . the strength of the identification.” We would not object to the omission of that provision from a jury charge because it may suggest that the confidence with which a person makes an identification is a valid indicator of the accuracy of the recollection. There is doubt as to the soundness of that assumption. See State v. Long, 721 P.2d 483, 490 (Utah 1986). See also State v. Ramirez, 817 P.2d 774, 781 (Utah 1991).