4 Pa. Super. 362 | Pa. Super. Ct. | 1897
Opinion by
David D. Jones, a coal mine operator, was indicted under the second section of the twenty-first article of the act of May 15, 1893, charged with having violated the provisions of the first
It is of common knowledge that coal mining is among the chief industries of the commonwealth, in which thousands of persons are employed and millions of capital invested. We have both anthracite and bituminous coal, in separate deposits, divided by intervening lands where neither is found. These geological divisions, commonly known as the “ anthracite coal field ” and the “bituminous coal field,” are, in a general way, as well understood by the people as are the geographical and municipal subdivisions of the state. There is also a difference in the strata of the two fields, and in their subterraneous conditions, which make necessary different methods and appliances in mining.
During the early development and extension of mining operations in Pennsylvania there was a corresponding increase of casualties, with but little methodical effort to prevent them. The appalling disaster at Avondale, in 1869, demonstrated the urgent necessity of more effective measures for the protection of mine workers, and led to the passage of the general act of March 3, 1870, entitled, “An act providing for the health and safety of persons employed in coal mines.” This act extended*to all anthracite mines in the commonwealth, and was followed by other enactments relating to anthracite and bituminous coal mining. In 1885 the legislation on this subject was collated, revised, and embodied in two separate statutes, each providing an elaborate system of coal mining, one of which applied to the anthracite and the other to the bituminous mines. The subsequent statutes observe this distinction and relate to but one or the other of these divisions, and in all the legislation on the subject, the differing needs of each coal field have been observed and provided for separately.
The act of May 15,1893, is entitled, “ An act relating to bituminous coal mines and providing for the lives, health, safety and welfare of persons employed therein,” and is an exact copy of the title to the act of June 30,1885, which it supersedes and supplies. Its punitive provisions are to be found, substantially, in all tlje general laws On the subject of coal mining, as well as
The title of the act of 1893 indicates that, while it relates to bituminous coal mines, its specific purpose is to protect the “ lives, health, safety and welfare of persons employed therein,” and an examination of its 129 subdivisions shows that the contents of the act are designed for that purpose, by providing against the manifold dangers incident to mining. There is nothing in the statute that does not relate solely to its main subject, to wit: —“ providing for the lives, health, safety and welfare of persons employed” in bituminous coal mines. Considered in view of its manifest object, as expressed in the title, it is difficult to perceive upon what ground it can be said that the act contains more than one subject. Clearly the terms, “lives,” “health,” “safety” and “welfare ” all have reference to the one purpose and subject of the act — the protection of those employed in the mines ; while the remainder of the title designates where this protection is to be furnished.
The unity of the subject of a statute is to be determined by its paramount purpose rather than by the details through which that purpose is to be accomplished. The subject may have but one object, while the measures necessary for the attainment of that object may necessarily embrace many subordinate subjects, differing in their nature and particular effect, yet all contributing to it, and comprised within the principal subject. Everything which the nature of the subject of a title reasonably suggests, as necessary or appropriate for the accomplishment of its expressed purpose, is sufficiently indicated by such title.
The legislation of 1885 in relation to the anthracite coal mines was supplemented by the Act of June 2,1891, P. L. 176. That act applies to all anthracite coal mines employing more than ten persons, and enumerates the counties to be affected by it. The legislation of 1885 in relation to bituminous coal mines was supplemented by the Act of May 15, 1893, P. L. 52. It is with the latter act that we have to deal. It includes “ all coal mines in the state not now included in the anthracite boundaries,” except those “ employing less than ten persons in any one period of twenty-four hours.” Whether, as suggested in
The question to be determined here is whether this act is unconstitutional, (1) in being local or special legislation; (2) in containing more than one subject; (3) in containing provisions not indicated by its title. The first and second of these views may be considered together.
The power of the legislature to define and classify coal mines as it has done, and to legislate for each class separately, must, on the authority of Durkin v. Kingston Coal Co., 171 Pa. 193, be regarded as beyond question. In that case, though holding one provision of the act of 1891 unconstitutional, the Supreme Court said: “We are not prepared to hold the act of 1891 unconstitutional as a whole. It relates to all anthracite coal mines, and defines what shall be regarded as such mines. Coal may be taken out of the ground by farm owners for their own use, or it may be taken in such small quantities and for such local purposes as to make the application of the mining laws to the operations so conducted not only unnecessary but burdensome to the extent of absolute prohibition. Such limited or incipient operations are not within the mischief to remedy which the mining laws were devised. They are ordinarily conducted for purposes of exploration or for family supply, and ought not to be classed with operations conducted for the supply of the public. The business of coal mining, like that of insurance or banking, may be defined by the legislature. The definition found in the act of 1891 seems reasonable, to be within the fair limits of a legislative definition, and to exclude only such operations as are too small to make the general regulations provided by the act applicable to them. The ground on which we place our judgment is not, therefore, that the act is local: ” WILLIAMS, J.
With respect to mining operations and the safety of persons engaged therein, the acts of 1891 and 1893 follow similar lines,
The ground of unconstitutionality especially urged in the present case is that the title gives no intimation of a penalty, or that any act previously lawful is to be declared criminal. This objection is without foundation. It is not necessary that the title should refer specifically to matters legitimately implied from its purpose as indicated by the title. The essential parts of a statute are the declaratory, the directory, the remedial, and the vindicatory; and if its title clearly express the subject to which the statute is to apply, it is sufficient, without expressing in detail the character of the several parts. It is apparent that the present statute is necessary only because the lives, health, safety and welfare of persons employed in bituminous coal mines are not adequately secured by voluntary action. They can be provided for only through regulations adapted to that end, and such regulations can be effectively enforced only by affixing a penalty to their violation. Such a penalty is implied in the expression of a purpose to which it is a necessary adjunct. This principle has been recognized in several instances. The Act of May 13,1887, P. L. 108, entitled “An act to restrain and regulate the sale of vinous and spirituous, malt or brewed liquors, or any admixtures thereof,” contains penal provisions, without which its declaratory and directory provisions would be ineffective; and its title was held sufficient to embrace the penal provisions: Com. v. Sellers, 130 Pa. 32. In Com. v. Muir, 1 Pa. Superior Court, 578, we held that the title of the Act of July 2,1895, P. L. 428: “ An act to regulate and
Speaking for myself, I regard it important, in considering the constitutional prohibition of “ any local or special law ” upon the subjects enumerated in article III., section 7, to take into account the provision of article XVI., section 3, that “ the exercise of the police power of the state shall never be abridged.”
It is difficult to regard the latter provision as merely aimed at a legislative abridgment of the police power of the state. The legislature may forbear or neglect to exercise the police power, but no legislative enactment on the subject can abridge the power of. a subsequent legislature in the premises, and, as this principle exists independent of the constitutional provision, it was unnecessary as a limitation on the power of the legislature.
In this view, the act of 1893, even if local or special in its application, may be sustained as an exercise of the police power of the state, for the protection of life, health and property in the mining operations to which it relates. But it is unnecessary to rule the present case on this construction of these con stitutional provisions.
For the reasons given on behalf of the court the specification of error is sustained, the order of the court below quashing the indictment is reversed, the indictment is reinstated, and a procedendo awarded.