After a five-day bench trial, a Superior Court judge found the defendant, David Husband, to be a sexually dangerous person (SDP) and committed him to the Massachusetts Treatment Center for a period of one day to life. G. L. c. 123A, §§ 12-14. Husband challenges the sufficiency of the evidence for that finding. As a distinctive contention, he argues that the evidence failed to establish beyond a reasonable doubt that a statutorily required “personality disorder” made him likely to commit further sexual offenses; and that the evidence demonstrated, instead, that prolonged solitary confinement, not a personality disorder, had caused him to engage in sexually threatening actions toward correction personnel. After an exhaustive survey of competing expert testimony, the judge concluded that the evidence established that Husband’s longstanding antisocial personality disorder made it likely that the defendant would reof-fend and therefore rendered him sexually dangerous. For the following reasons, we affirm.
Background. We summarize the judge’s findings. We defer discussion of portions of the expert testimony to analysis of the legal issues.
At the time of trial Husband was forty-seven years old. He grew up in a turbulent family setting.
Husband’s criminal record began in April of 1978, when he was seventeen years old. In 1979, he served his first committed sentence, thirty days for breaking and entering a motor vehicle. His adult record includes a total of forty-seven convictions, mostly for property crimes and nonsexual assaults. Additionally, his disciplinary record while incarcerated contains numerous reports, including many in the last ten years of confinement. His reported conduct toward prison female medical personnel included sexual epithets, insults, taunts, threats, exposure, and masturbation in the course of incidents extending from 1998
In the mid-1990s, while Husband was incarcerated at MCI-Gardner, he began psychotherapy with a clinical social worker named J.D.
The same Superior Court jury convicted him also of three counts of assault and battery against J.D.
Since the beginning of his first committed sentence in 1979, Husband has spent most of his life in confinement. His longest period of freedom was the nine months prior to his arrest for the governing offenses in August of 1997.
In July, 2007, the Commonwealth petitioned for Husband’s commitment as an SDP. G. L. c. 123A, § 12. The trial concluded in October of 2008. The judge’s detailed findings, conclusions of law, and resulting order span fifty-six pages. This appeal ensued.
Analysis. An SDP is one “who has been . . . convicted . . . of a sexual offense and who suffers from a mental abnormality or personality disorder which makes the person likely to engage in sexual offenses if not confined to a secure facility.” G. L. c. 123A, § 1, as inserted by St. 1999, c. 74, § 6. The Com
On appeal, Husband challenges the judge’s determination on two grounds: (1) that the evidence failed to establish a personality disorder; and (2) that, even if he did suffer from a personality disorder, the evidence failed to show that the personality disorder made it likely that he would reoffend if not confined to a secure facility. He does not challenge the finding that he had been convicted of a statutorily enumerated sexual offense.
1. Standard of review. In response to a challenge to the sufficiency of the evidence, we inspect a finding under the settled standard: “whether, after viewing the evidence (and all permissible inferences) in the light most favorable to the Commonwealth, any rational trier of fact could have found, beyond a reasonable doubt, the essential elements of sexual dangerousness, as defined by G. L. c. 123A, § 1.” Commonwealth v. Blake, 454 Mass. 267, 271 (2009) (Ireland, I. concurring), quoting from Commonwealth v. Boyer, 61 Mass. App. Ct. 582, 589 (2004). See Commonwealth v. Latimore, 378 Mass. 671, 677 (1979). Of particular importance in cases of appeal from the adjudication of SDP status is the canon that we defer to findings resting upon expert testimony, since “[wjeighing and crediting the testimony of witnesses during proceedings under G. L. c. 123A ‘are for the trier of fact, and we will not substitute our judgment for that of the trier of fact.’ ” Commonwealth v. Sargent, 449 Mass. 576, 583 (2007), quoting from Commonwealth v. Bradway, 62 Mass. App. Ct. 280, 291 (2004). See Commonwealth v. Boucher, 438 Mass. 274, 275-276 (2002).
2. Personality disorder. Husband first challenges the sufficiency of the evidence for the finding that he suffers from a personality disorder. A “personality disorder” is defined as “a congenital or acquired physical or mental condition that results in a general lack of power to control sexual impulses.” G. L. c. 123A, § 1, inserted by St. 1999, c. 74, § 4. Neither the
The Commonwealth presented expert testimony from two qualified examiners, Gregg Belle, Ph.D., and Michael Henry, Psy.D. Both experts testified that Husband suffered from a personality disorder not otherwise specified (NOS), with antisocial traits. Both the Commonwealth experts testified that Husband’s personality disorder resulted in his inability to control his sexual impulses as evidenced by both the governing offenses and his extensive record of sexually aggressive and abusive conduct while incarcerated. In addition, three reports from 1985 and 1986, which resulted from G. L. c. 123, § 18(a), evaluations (§ 18 [a] reports) conducted at the Bridgewater Treatment Center, were admitted into evidence, each of which reported Husband’s diagnosis of a severe borderline personality disorder and stressed his need for treatment.
The defendant presented three experts, Daniel Kriegman, Ph.D., Leonard Bard, Ph.D., and Stuart Grassian, M.D.
As the Commonwealth correctly indicates, Husband’s claim is an attack upon the weight, not the sufficiency, of the evidence. Its resolution rests with the fact finder. Commonwealth v. Lamb, 372 Mass. 17, 23-24 (1977). The choice between the credibility of two sets of experts belonged to the judge as the trier of fact and as a firsthand observer of the testimony and demeanor of the witnesses under direct and cross-examination. See Commonwealth v. Sargent, 449 Mass, at 583.
The judge found that Husband suffered from a “personality disorder NOS” even though its specification had proved elusive. He credited the testimony of the qualified examiners and the early evidence from the § 18(a) reports. His finding included
3. Likelihood of reoffense. The defendant contends that, even if the Commonwealth satisfied its burden of proof on the issue of a personality disorder, the evidence fails to show that it “makes” him likely to commit further sexual offenses if not confined to a secure facility.
The Supreme Judicial Court has defined “likely” as “reasonably to be expected in the context of the particular facts and circumstances at hand.” Commonwealth v. Blake, 454 Mass, at 271-272 (Ireland, J., concurring), quoting from Commonwealth v. Boucher, 438 Mass, at 276. “In assessing the risk of reof-fending, it is for the fact finder to determine what is ‘likely.’ ” Commonwealth v. Boucher, supra. “Likely” is not a quantifiable statistical probability, but it must be more than a mere propensity or possibility. Id. at 277 (“likely” is not interchangeable with “more likely than not”). In each case, the fact finder must determine whether the risk reaches or fails to reach the level of being “likely” by evaluating (a) “the seriousness of the threatened harm,” (b) “the relative certainty of the anticipated harm,” and (c) “the possibility of successful intervention to prevent that harm.” Id. at 276. We must affirm the decision below if we determine that, after viewing the evidence (and all permissible inferences) in the light most favorable to the Commonwealth, any rational trier of fact could have found, beyond a reasonable doubt, that Husband was “likely” to reoffend. Commonwealth v. Blake, supra at 271.
Dr. Belle based his opinion of likely reoffense on the grounds of (a) the nature of the governing offenses; (b) prison disciplinary
Dr. Henry found a likelihood of reoffense upon the similar basis of (a) a long history of criminal behavior; (b) an accumulation of institutional disciplinary reports; (c) contempt for the rights of others; (d) self-absorption; and (e) “poor sexual self-regulation, poor general self-regulation and lifestyle instability; marked intimacy deficits and interpersonal deficits; and attitudes tolerant of sexual assault.”
Both qualified examiners added (a) that Husband showed no acknowledgment of responsibility for the governing offenses against the victim; (b) that he blamed female staff for his behavior toward them; and (c) that he had not completed any sex offender therapy or treatment.
Both qualified examiners graded Husband on the risk assessment actuarial scale known as STATIC-99, comprised of twelve categorical risk factors applied to the subject’s history, each valued at one point.
Husband’s three experts presented countervailing opinions. Dr. Kriegman concluded that Husband was likely to commit further crimes, but not sexual crimes. While Dr. Kriegman tended to discredit the use of STATIC-99, particularly in this case, he employed it experimentally for Husband and gave him a score
Finally, Dr. Grassian found Husband’s behaviors explicable as the effects of long-term solitary confinement. He did not specifically assess the risk of reoffense. He instead opined that Husband had done “remarkably well” after his last release from prison, and that his reentry into society was “relatively smooth” as evidenced by his “calming down, being able to stand stimulation, being able to stand intimacy, and being able to stand social stimulation.”
The crux of Husband’s argument is that upon this body of evidence the Commonwealth has not shown beyond a reasonable doubt that a statutorily required personality disorder “makes” him likely to commit sexual offenses; and that the evidence shows instead that prolonged solitary confinement has caused his pattern of general, not sexual, frustration and hostility. In addition, if the evidence were sufficient to support the required causal connection, the defendant faults the judge’s decision for lack of an explicit finding of attribution of the likelihood of re-offense to the personality disorder, rather than to the other potential causes. This rationale banks heavily on the opinion of Dr. Grassian (and indirectly upon the view of Dr. Kriegman that the defendant’s risk is one of general reoffense and not sexual reoffense). It includes the prediction that release from confinement will eliminate the cause of likely reoffense.
In his “findings of ultimate fact,” the judge addressed the contention that prolonged solitary confinement, and not a personality disorder, caused a likelihood of reoffense. He allowed that the anger and frustration of long-term isolation might constitute a concurrent cause of the likelihood of sexual reoffense. He then reasoned that concurrent causation by a recognized personality disorder and by the separate force of extended incarceration
As with the determination of a personality disorder, the findings of causation and likelihood reduced to a choice by the judge between alternative bodies of expert opinion, and to a question of weight and not sufficiency. “Experts’ conclusions are not binding on the trier of fact, who may decline to adopt them in whole or in part. As a corollary, where testimony from various experts is conflicting, it is for the trier of fact to determine which expert’s testimony to accept, if any.” Brodin & Avery, Massachusetts Evidence § 7.4.3 (8th ed. 2007) (footnote omitted). Throughout that appraisal the judge will have had the advantage of direct observation of the witnesses’ demeanor and credibility, especially under cross-examination.
The judge’s assessment of the conflicting expert testimony here was exhaustive and fair. His subsidiary and ultimate findings compel the conclusion that he attributed the likelihood of
Judgment affirmed.
When Husband was twelve, his mother entered a residential treatment program for alcoholism and never returned home. Shortly after his mother’s departure, his father left the home and moved in with a woman (whom he later married) and her children. Husband and his two sisters remained alone in the family home, until the father returned with his new family two years later.
We use initials in accordance with G. L. c. 265, § 24C.
Husband was acquitted of four counts of rape, one count of assault and battery on a person over fourteen, and stalking, pertaining to the same episode.
The DSM-IV definition of personality disorder requires that behaviors be traceable at least to early adulthood. The trial judge correctly observed that the SDP statutory definition of a personality disorder operates more broadly than the DSM-IV definition. However, the 1985 and 1986 Department of Correction reports created under G. L. c. 123, § 18(a), by two examiners contained diagnoses that Husband did suffer from a personality disorder in early adulthood. These reports would be evidence of a personality disorder under the DSM-IV definition, if the Commonwealth did need to satisfy the DSM-IV criteria.
As discussed supra, Husband argues that the diagnosis of a personality disorder, as defined by DSM-IV, requires evidence of a disorder prior to adulthood. Again, we disagree that the DSM-IV definition governs.
Dr. Belle relied also on correction reports attributing more than 600 obscene telephone calls to the defendant. The trial judge found that the Commonwealth had failed to prove that Husband was in fact the obscene caller for the purpose of the SDP trial. Therefore we exclude that alleged conduct from the evaluation of evidence.
Like Dr. Belle, Dr. Henry imputed to Husband the hundreds of obscene telephone calls alleged in the disciplinary reports. For the reason previously stated, we exclude that information from the measurement of evidence.
“The Static-99 risk assessment tool is an actuarial instrument designed to estimate the probability of sexually violent recidivism among adult males who have been convicted of at least one sexual offense against either a child or a nonconsenting adult.” Doe, Sex Offender Registry Bd. No. 10800 v. Sex Offender Registry Bd., 459 Mass. 603, 636 n.33 (2011).
The defendant’s brief includes a concise statement of the point.
“Therefore, based on the evidence presented by the [defendant’s] experts, there is no reason to believe that the [defendant’s] bizarre, threatening, and outrageous behaviors would not stop if he were released from custody.”
The core of the judge’s reasoning appears in several findings of ultimate fact.
“143. . . . I do not credit [certain of the defendant’s claims of] accidents and misunderstandings. More substantial is the [defendant’s] assertion that his sexual misconduct since the governing offenses has been an artifact of prolonged solitary confinement, unlikely to repeat itself once he is released.
“144. As discussed above, I believe this construction to be flawed in the [defendant’s] case. Undoubtedly, his long periods of solitary confinement have taken their toll, and at least some of his behaviors (self-mutilation, suicide attempts/gestures, smearing of feces) closely resemble the irrational, self-destructive, but non-sexualized patterns commonly observed in this population, as described in Dr. Grassian’s testimony and journal article. Others, however, are so threatening and so overtly sexualized that they are impossible to ignore from the standpoint of sexual dangerousness. There is no reason why an inmate could not be both traumatized by solitary confinement, and also sexually dangerous, and the evidence is strong that this is true of the [defendant].
“145. If the [defendant’s] sexual aggression in prison has been the product of anger and frustration, moreover, this is hardly reassuring. The issue is, in large part, whether the [defendant] is likely to engage in sexual violence if released. Granting that anger and frustration may have played a role in his sexualized misconduct while incarcerated, one derives little comfort from it; the same could be said of many sexual assaults committed outside prison walls.”
As this case illustrates, expert testimony may propose alternate causes of the likelihood of reoffense. If the fact finder must choose between statutory (mental abnormality or personality disorder) and nonstatutory causation, specificity becomes essential. Bench trials will require distinct findings. Jury trials will benefit from precise special verdict questions.