427 Mass. 651 | Mass. | 1998
The defendant, Alfred J. Hunter, III, appeals from his conviction of murder in the first degree on the theories of
1. Facts. We set forth the facts in the light most favorable to the Commonwealth, reserving certain details for discussion in conjunction with specific issues raised. See Commonwealth v. Nichypor, 419 Mass. 209, 210 (1994); Commonwealth v. Salemme, 395 Mass. 594, 595 (1985).
On May 9, 1989, the defendant went to his wife’s apartment.
On arrival a few minutes after the shooting, the police found the victim’s body lying face down in a pool of blood so substantial that the blood had seeped through the floor and pooled on the basement floor. The victim had seven gunshot wounds to the chest, head, and both wrists. She had been shot three times in the front of her body, and once in the temple as she lay on the floor. She was shot at close range and each of the
2. Individual voir dire. The defendant assigns error to the judge’s refusal to conduct an individual voir dire on the issue of potential racial bias of prospective jurors. Relying on Commonwealth v. Young, 401 Mass. 390 (1987), the defendant contends that because this case involved an interracial murder,
Prior to trial, the defendant moved that the judge conduct an individual voir dire of each prospective juror. In his written motion, the defendant requested that the judge ask, “The deceased was a woman and a native of the Philippines. The defendant is a Caucasian male. Do you have any feelings of bias or prejudice based on ethnicity or sex which could interfere with your ability to decide this case fairly and impartially?” At a pretrial conference, the judge denied the motion, concluding that there was nothing in the case to suggest that ethnic prejudice would affect the jurors and that individually inquiring about the matter ran the risk of injecting an extraneous matter into the trial.
Here, the issue the defendant placed before the judge was ethnicity, not race. In his written request for voir dire the defendant asked the judge to ask about “feelings of bias or prejudice based on ethnicity” (emphasis supplied). The victim was a native of the Philippines. There was no evidence before the judge that the victim and the defendant were “clearly members of different races in the traditional sense.” See id. at 274. That some members of the venire described the victim as “Asian” does not entitle the defendant, on the basis of the rule enunciated in Young, to an individual voir dire.
The defendant has not shown that a “substantial risk” of bias existed. In fact, during the bench conference discussing the
3. Testimony concerning the defendant’s behavior at trial. The prosecution’s expert psychiatric witness opined that the defendant sitting quietly while a short video depicting combat conditions in Vietnam was shown to the jury
“The jury may consider the defendant’s courtroom demeanor when the defendant’s sanity is an issue at trial.” Commonwealth v. Smiledge, 419 Mass. 156, 160 (1994). Where the defendant’s sanity is at issue, the prosecution may alert jurors to inconsistencies between the defendant’s conduct at trial and his alleged mental illness. See id.
4. Jury instructions. The defendant contends that the judge’s instructions in regard to extreme atrocity or cruelty were flawed because the judge told the jurors that they were required to consider all the Cunneen factors.
(a) The defendant first argues that because there was no evidence to support a determination that the defendant was indifferent to the victim’s suffering or was conscious of it, these factors should have been withdrawn from the jury’s consideration. The defendant asserts that, by requiring the jury to consider all the Cunneen factors, the judge impermissibly invaded the province of the jury, thus violating his right to a jury trial. We disagree.
The judge’s instructions were a correct statement of law and the evidence supports the judge’s instructions. The defendant shot the victim repeatedly at close range, using an assault weapon and armor piercing bullets. The defendant shot the victim in the head, after she had fallen to the floor as a result of his shots to her body. Before being shot, the victim pleaded
(b) The defendant contends that it was error for the judge not to instruct the jury that they were required to agree unanimously on which of the Cunneen factors provided the basis for their verdict. The defendant acknowledges, as he must, that we have never required that the jury unanimously agree on which of the Cunneen factors underlie their verdict of extreme atrocity or cruelty. Nonetheless, relying on Commonwealth v. Berry, 420 Mass. 95 (1995), and Commonwealth v. Conefrey, 420 Mass. 508, 513 (1995), the defendant argues that because the Cunneen factors are either alternate theories of culpability, see Berry, supra at 112, or discrete acts, see Conefrey, supra at 514, he is entitled to the requested unanimity instruction. We reject the defendant’s argument.
In Berry, we concluded that, as a matter of common law, when requested in a trial where the defendant has been charged with murder in the first degree, instructions to the jury that they must agree unanimously on the theory of culpability are required. Id. at 112. In.that case we noted that the verdict in a criminal trial must be unanimous and that a defendant’s due process rights require that the essential elements of the crime charged be proved beyond a reasonable doubt. Id. at 111. In Conefrey, relying on the same principles, we concluded that specific unanimity instructions were required, if requested, “where there is a significant likelihood that the conviction resulted from different jurors concluding that the defendant committed different acts, ... to ensure that the jurors understood their duty unanimously to agree to a particular set of facts.” Id. at 514. We noted in Conefrey that the rule requiring unanimous verdicts developed in the common law as a means to ensure that the government had met its constitutional duty to prove the defendant’s guilt beyond a reasonable doubt. Id. at 512 n.7.
The defendant misunderstands the nature of the Cunneen factors. The Cunneen factors are not separate theories of culpability for murder in the first degree. Cf. Berry, supra at 112. Nor are the Cunneen factors discrete acts or incidents, each of which, independently, constitutes a crime. Cf. Conefrey, supra at 514. They are “evidentiary considerations” that guide the jury in
5. Review pursuant to G. L. c. 278, § 33E. We have reviewed the record and discern no basis for exercising our power under G. L. c. 278, § 33E, to grant relief.
Judgment affirmed.
The defendant was first convicted of murder in the first degree in 1992. We reversed that conviction and ordered a new trial. See Commonwealth v. Hunter, 416 Mass. 831 (1994). The defendant’s current appeal is from his conviction of murder in the first degree at the second trial in 1995.
The defendant and the victim were living separately at the time of the killing.
The defendant is Caucasian. The victim was a native of the Philippines.
The relevant portion of the discussion was as follows:
The judge: “Number six, I am not inclined to ask this, [defense counsel], but I will hear what you have to say about it, sir. If it is helpful for me to tell you what my thinking is, I think there are so many issues in this case that require the juror’s attention. I don’t find anything in here, in my review of the case file or anything in the case or what you have told me, that suggests there is any issue here of ethnicity. To suggest it by proposing a question, that seems to me to run the risk of injecting another issue into the case which really no one has indicated exists currently.”
Defense counsel: “Your Honor, the only evidence that concerns me along those lines is there was evidence at the last trial that the defendant made a statement to the [probation [o]fficer that he saw at Salem District Court to the effect that: We were fighting the wrong enemy in Viet Nam. I don’t know what to make of that statement, how it relates, if at all, to the ethnicity of the victim in this case.
“There is also a separate question that obviously has to do with gender. It is obvious in this case the defendant is a male and the victim is a female. But, frankly, given the public climate in our society of domestic violence, there may well be people that cannot be fair and impartial in a case where a man is accused of killing a woman.”
The judge: “You are moving on to, I think, your issue on spousal abuse. I am really talking about your question number six in which you propose I inform the jurors that the deceased was a woman, which they will know*654 already.”
Defense counsel: “Yes.”
The judge: “And a native of the Philippines.”
Defense counsel: “I guess that was not part of the evidence. So, I agree with your Honor. I don’t recall the evidence to be that way.”
We established the rule in Commonwealth v. Young, 401 Mass. 390, 398 (1987), because we concluded that there was a substantial possibility that racial prejudice would affect a jury’s verdict in murder cases where the defendant and the victim were of different races. See Commonwealth v. De La Cruz, 405 Mass. 269, 274 (1989). The rule is an extension of a similar rule for cases of interracial rape announced in Commonwealth v. Sanders, 383 Mass. 637, 640-641 (1981). The same rule also applies in cases of interracial assault and sexual abuse of a child. See Commonwealth v. Hobbs, 385 Mass. 863, 873 (1982). The Sanders rule is based on our superintendency powers to implement the statutory policy set forth in G. L. c. 234, § 28. See De La Cruz, supra at 272.
General Laws c. 234, § 28, requires an individual voir dire on request if it appears to the judge that because of “issues extraneous to the case, including but not limited to . . . community attitudes ... or possible preconceived opinions toward the credibility of certain classes of persons, the juror may not stand indifferent.”
The video was shown to the jurors by the defendant in conjunction with the testimony of the defendant’s psychiatric expert. The challenged testimony was elicited by the Commonwealth during its rebuttal.
The Commonwealth’s expert testified:
Q: “Were you here the other day when a video was displayed concerning four minutes or so about Viet Nam?”
A: “Yes.”
Q: “Did you make observations of the defendant at that time?”
A: “Yes.”
Q: “What, if anything, did you observe, sir?”
A: “I didn’t observe that there was a marked change in his behavior. He was not able to see it. It was behind him. It was facing you all. But there were gunshot wounds, gunshots and audio parts of it, and I didn’t observe any particular change in his behavior during that period.”
Q: “Was that significant to you, sir?”
A: “Well, it might have been. If he had a posttraumatic stress disorder, you might expect that he would have reacted rather strongly to that. Conceivably, he might not. and have a posttraumatic stress disorder. But while I was sitting in the courtroom, since I couldn’t see the video I looked at [the defendant] and I said I wonder what this is going to do to his behavior in terms of a psychiatrist just making some observations.”
Q: “And, sir, does that change your opinion in any way?”
A: “No, it does not.”
Q: “Does that confirm your opinion in any way?”
A: “It is more in the direction of confirming.”
Factors the jurors are to consider in determining whether a murder was committed with extreme atrocity or cruelty are: the defendant’s indifference to or taking pleasure in the victim’s suffering, consciousness and degree of suffering of the victim, extent of physical injuries, number of blows, manner and force with which they were delivered, instrument employed, and disproportion between the means needed to cause death and those employed. See Commonwealth v. Cunneen, 389 Mass. 216, 227 (1983).
Because we conclude that there was no error in the instructions regarding extreme atrocity or cruelty, we need not consider the defendant’s claims regarding the judge’s instructions on deliberate premeditation.