231 Pa. Super. 86 | Pa. Super. Ct. | 1974
Lead Opinion
Opinion by
This is an appeal from the judgment of sentence of the Court of Common Pleas, Criminal Division, of Philadelphia County by the defendant-appellant, Nor
The issue in this case was the refusal of the court below to suppress a photographic identification made out of court prior to the appellant’s arrest during a criminal investigation by the police. The appellant further complains that the in-court identification was legally deficient.
The facts are as follows: On December 17, 1972, at about 5:45 P.M., the victim was preparing to leave his home when he opened the door on hearing someone on the porch. When he opened the door, there was a man holding and pointing a sawed-off shot gun at him. This man he later identified as the appellant.
The man ordered him into the house and then entered with an accomplice. He was forced to lie down alongside his wife and daughter and all three were bound. His wallet was taken as well as cameras and camera equipment. The police were given a description of the robbers, one was described as 6' 6" tall, approximately 170 pounds with a close-cropped bush haircut. The appellant was observed by the victim in a well-lighted doorway for approximately 30 to 45 seconds at close range.
The investigating detective testified that later, relying on the description given he selected eight (8) photographs for the victim to examine. These photographs were placed on a table at the police station. He was alone when he examined the pictures and he selected the picture of the appellant as his assailant.
The appellant first contends that he was entitled to counsel at the photographic identification even though he was not under arrest. It is now clear that he has no such right to be present and represented by counsel- at a pre-arrest identification. United States
However, the appellant strenuously contends that the police had probable cause to arrest before the photographic identification. It is clear that adverse criminal proceedings had not commenced at that time. There is no legal right which requires arrest the minute probable cause may exist as this would curtail police investigation to secure sufficient evidence to sustain the Commonwealth’s burden of proof.
The appellant at the time of the identification was not under arrest and the Supreme Court of Pennsylvania has recently determined that adverse proceedings commence only at the time of arrest. Commonwealth v. Richman, 458 Pa. 167, 320 A. 2d 351 (1974).
Although we are not called upon to decide this question, it should be noted that the Supreme Court of the United States in United States v. Ash, supra, held that there is no right to counsel at photographic identification either before or after arrest. We are only concerned with the police situation before the arrest.
Nevertheless, the appellant contends on the authority of Commonwealth v. Claitt, 454 Pa. 313, 311 A. 2d 922 (1973), that “the Court made it clear that it intends to follow the Zeiler (United States v. Zeiler, 427 F. 2d 1305 (3d Cir. 1970)) and Whiting (Commonwealth v. Whiting, 439 Pa. 205 (1970)) requirement that counsel be present at photographic identifications where the subject is in custody.” (Emphasis — the opinion writer).
Zeiler, supra, was specifically overruled by United States ex rel. Reed v. Anderson, supra. Zeiler was not mentioned in any of the opinions filed in Claitt, supra, (Majority and two concurring); Whiting, supra, was held inapplicable in the majority opinion in Claitt, supra. In a concurring opinion, Mr. Justice Pomeroy pointed out that Whiting could “no longer be considered
A conviction based on pre-trial identification by photograph may be set aside only on the ground that the identification presented was “so impermissibly suggestive as to give rise to a very substantial likelihood of irreparable misidentification.” Simmons v. United States, 390 U.S. 377, 384 (1968).
A careful reading of this record discloses that there is no basis for the suggestion that the identification procedure was unduly suggestive. See Stovall v. Denno, 388 U.S. 293, 302 (1967). Having observed the appellant for 30 to 40 seconds at two different times in a well-lit room, the victim was able to supply the police with a general but accurate description shortly after the incident. Approximately twelve hours later, the eight (8) photographs were provided by the police. All of the men in the pictures generally fit the description given. The record indicates that nothing suggestive was said to the victim to influence his identification and he was left alone to study the pictures.
The procedure followed was not suggestive and the court below properly admitted the evidence of the out-of-court identification into evidence. The court, then was not required to determine whether the photographic identification tainted the in-court identification.
Judgment affirmed.
Concurrence Opinion
Concurring Opinion by
The lead opinion holds that defendant was not entitled to counsel at the pre-arrest photographic identi
