Opinion by
Appellants Louis Gabelli and Wilbert Smeltzer, with George Vokoder and Harold L. Willingham, were indicted in the Court of Quarter Sessions of Westmoreland County on counts of larceny and receiving stolen goods. Vokoder and' Willingham entered pleas of guilty. Appellants pleaded not guilty and after trial, on May 21, 1954, the jury found them guilty as charged. From the refusal of the court en banc of their motions in arrest of judgment and for a new trial they appealed to this Court.
The larceny, which occurred on the night of December 21, 1953, was of a new GMC one-ton, pickup truck belonging to John A. Tylavsky, a truck and coach dealer in Greensburg.
At the trial Vokoder and Willingham were witnesses for the Commonwealth. Vokoder testified that in response to a telephone call at his home to the effect that Gabelli wanted to see him, he went outside and waited until Gabelli drove up in his automobile with Smeltzer and Willingham as passengers. Vokoder then entered the car and Gabelli informed him that they were on their way to Greensburg to steal a truck. Questioned as to whether Smeltzer heard the conversation relative to stealing a truck, he answered, “I guess so.” Through subsequent questioning it was developed that Smeltzer was seated beside the driver
Willingham in many respects corroborated Vokoder’s testimony. He testified that Gabelli came to Smeltzer’s home, where the witness was repairing his
Charles Bernini testified that on December 24, 1953 Gabelli offered to sell him a three-quarter-ton GMC pickup truck Avhich the latter had parked in the “strip cut” about two miles from Blacklick, near Bernini’s mines; that he later saw the truck there and because he feared it might be dismantled requested its removal; that it was removed but later returned; that he moved it to his brick yard where the State Police subsequently located it, and that at the time of trial a charge of receiving stolen goods was pending against him in the courts of Indiana County.
Gabelli, taking the stand in his own defense, testified that on the evening in question he drove over to Smeltzer’s home to have the latter repair his car. Willingham was there and offered to pay his gasoline if he would take him to Greensburg; that he (Gabelli) inAÚted others who were present at the Smeltzer home to accompany them; that he “coaxed” Smeltzer to accompany him; that they picked up Yokoder and upon arrival in Greensburg he and Smeltzer stopped in a
Smeltzer, who also took the witness stand on his own behalf, denied participation in the larceny but admitted going on the trip to Greensburg. at Gabelli’s request after Willingham, unbeknown at the time to the witness, had asked Gabelli to drive him there; that he did so as a favor to Gabelli to “keep him company” on the return trip; that after, that they picked up Yokoder; that in Greensburg he and Gabelli went to a restaurant while the other two men went elsewhere, and that they returned to their homes without again seeing their two companions that night. He testified that Willingham had worked for him and had stayed at his home intermittently since 1946. He sat in the front seat but denied hearing any conversation about stealing a truck, or thát he ever saw the truck. He did not recall where Blaeklick is, and all he knew was that he drove along to Greensburg and came home.
Appellants in many particulars were corroborated by their wives.
Appellant Smeltzer contends that the Commonwealth failed to sustain its búrdéñ' of proving him guilty beyond a reasonable doubt in that his presence in the car with the men who committed the larceny is circumstantial evidence only and of . itself insufficient to indicate his participation in the crime;.that he was in a restaurant during the time the crime was being committed and that to uphold his conviction he must be placed in closer contact with the stolen property. In support of this argument' he relies on a statement
Eecently (April 15, 1954), in Com. v. Cerzullo, 175 Pa. Superior Ct. 330, 104 A. 2d 179, we had occasion to review this phase of the law of evidence as it relates to criminal trials in this Commonwealth. Since the principle relied upon by appellants appears verbatim in Com. v. Byers, below, we quote at length from the Gersullo case. Speaking through Judge Ervin, we stated at pages 334-335: “The principal contention of the appellant is that the evidence was not sufficient to sustain the conviction under the circumstantial evidence rule. He states the rule as follows, citing Com. v. Byers, 45 Pa. Superior Ct. 37, as his authority: ‘ “when a crime charged is sought to be sustained wholly by circumstantial evidence, the hypothesis of guilt or delinquency should flow naturally from the .facts and circumstances proved, and be consistent with them all. - The evidence of' facts and circumstances must be such as to exclude to a moral certainty, every hypothesis but that of guilt of the offense imputed, or in other words the facts and circumstances must not only all be consistent with and point to the guilt of the accused, but they must be inconsistent with his innocence.” ’ This is not a correct statement of the circumstantial evidence rule as applied in criminal cases in Pennsylvania today. We thought this ghost had been laid low by a great number of recent decisions. Apparently we were mistaken. So that there may be no further misunderstanding we restate the rule as follows: ‘The requirement of the law is that in order to warrant a conviction the facts and circumstances proved must be of such character as to produce a moral certainty of the guilt of the accused beyond any reasonable doubt — not that they need be absolutely incompatible with his innocence—
It is now well settled that it is not incumbent upon the Commonwealth to prove the utter impossibility of appellant’s innocence (Com. v. O’Keefe, 175 Pa. Superior Ct. 491, 106 A. 2d 634) or to prove his guilt to a mathematical certainty. Com. v. Mudd, 176 Pa. Superior Ct. 250, 107 A. 2d 599.
In our opinion the evidence with respect to Smeltzer was sufficient to submit to the jury. While the uncontradicted testimony of all the witnesses placed him in a restaurant during the time of the actual commission of the larceny, nevertheless he admittedly accompanied the confessed thieves to within several blocks of the scene of the crime; by his own testimony he asked no question relative to their mission in Greensburg nor thought it unusual that they did not return with him and Gabelli. According to the testimony of the accomplices, he was seated next to Gabelli within inescapable hearing range when the latter informed the men on the back seat of the purpose of the trip, he drove with Gabelli in the automobile following the stolen truck, accompanied him to sell the truck, was present when the accomplices were paid $50 each for their part in the commission of the crime and when the group went to the service station to replenish the gasoline supply for the truck, and he returned to his home in the car with them.
Appellants contend that the uncorroborated testimony of two accomplices is insufficient to convict, and in support of this proposition cite Com. v. McCloskey, 273 Pa. 456, 117 A. 192 (1922), at page 462, where the following excerpt from Com. v. Haines, 257 Pa. 289, 297, 101 A. 641, is quoted: “ ‘The court should point
In this case the learned trial judge adequately and properly cautioned the jury to scrutinize the testimony of the accomplices who were witnesses for the Commonwealth. Under these instructions their credibility Avas for the jury, as was that of appellants when they categorically denied their participation in the larceny. A jury can believe all ór a part of or none of defendant’s statements, confessions or testimony. Com. v. Komeyer, 373 Pa. 150, 94 A. 2d 743; Com. v. Donough, 377 Pa. 46, 103 A. 2d 694. By the same token they were not bound to accept the attempts of the accomplices to exculpate appellant Smeltzer. See Com. v. Cerzullo, supra, 175 Pa. Superior Ct. 330, 104 A. 2d 179. In Pennsylvania the law is clear that when proof depends upon oral, though uncontradicted, testimony, the credibility of the Avitnesses is for the jury and it is the province solely of that tribunal to decide the issue. Com. ex rel. Kitchen v. Burke, 175 Pa. Superior Ct. 597, 107 A. 2d 193; Com. v. Torquato, 176 Pa. Su
The same principles apply with respect to appellant Gabelli. His version of the events of the evening in question placed him in the role of the friend who drove the accomplices to Greensburg and who ashed no questions as to their motive in going there or their reasons for not returning with him. He testified to having been with Smeltzer (whom he had persuaded to accompany him in order that he would have company on his way home) at the restaurant during the time the truck was being stolen. Willing-ham and Vokoder, on the other hand, pictured him as the moving figure in the original conspiracy, the disposer of the stolen vehicle, the man who fulfilled his promise to them to let them “make a fast $50.00”. The jury again was the arbiter of this irreconcilable testimony.
The granting or refusing of a new trial is largely within the discretion of the trial judge. Howser v. The Commonwealth, 51 Pa. 332; Com. v. Bowles, 163 Pa. Superior Ct. 123, 60 A. 2d 362; Com. v. Souder, 176 Pa. Superior Ct. 528, 108 A. 2d 831. In our opinion the court en banc correctly refused appellants’ motions for a new trial.
Judgments of sentence are affirmed; and it is ordered that appellants, if released on bail, appear in the court below at such time as they may be there called and that they be committed by that court until they shall have complied with their sentences or any part of them which had not been served at the time their appeals were made a. super sedeas.