This is an appeal from a judgment of sentence entered by the Court of Common Pleas of Lawrence County on October 19, 1990. We affirm.
Appellant was charged with one count of possession of a controlled substance 1 and one count of possession of drug paraphernalia. 2 Before trial, appellant filed an omnibus *502 pretrial motion to suppress evidence of crack cocaine found on his person at the time of arrest. Appellant argued that the police were unjustified in stopping his automobile and that the search of his person was excessive. The suppression judge denied this motion on July 13,1989 and appellant proceeded to trial. After a jury found appellant guilty on the above-referenced charges, post-verdict motions were filed and denied. This timely appeal followed. Appellant raises three issues for our review:
1. did the lower court commit legal error in concluding that the officers, prior to their seizure, search and arrest of the defendant, had probable cause to believe that he had committed a crime in their presence;
2. were the officers possessed of sufficient articulated facts to give rise to a reasonable belief that criminal activity was afoot;
3. assuming, arguendo, that the officers had a basis for an investigatory stop, did their conduct exceed the intrusion on personal liberty allowable in such circumstances?
In reviewing an order denying a motion to suppress evidence we must determine whether the factual findings of the lower court are supported by the evidence of record.
Commonwealth v. Espada,
In light of this standard of review and our independent inspection of the record, we adopt the following findings of fact as enunciated by the suppression court:
On June 15, 1989, Trooper William Chiappini of the Pennsylvania State Police and Officer Thomas Macri of the New Castle Police Department were engaged in an *503 undercover surveillance operation involving the Westview Terrace housing development in New Castle, Pennsylvania. The Westview Terrace housing development is located in an area of known drug activity.
At approximately 12:24 p.m., Trooper Chiappini observed the [appellant’s] vehicle, a white 1978 Jaguar, being operated onto Sankey Street from North Street in the city of New Castle. Both Sankey and North Streets are generally situated within the Westview Terrace area of the city. The officers then observed the [appellant], a middle-aged, white male to be the driver of the vehicle.
After turning onto Sankey Street, the [appellant] was signaled to stop his vehicle by one William Payne, a man whom Trooper Chiappini knew to be a crack cocaine dealer. Payne entered the passenger side of the [appellant’s] vehicle and both Payne and the [appellant] then proceeded to a parking lot located adjacent to Sankey Street in the Westview Terrace housing development. There, three males approached the driver’s side of the [appellant’s] vehicle.
From their position, the officers observed the other males and the [appellant] engage in a conversation and then proceed to conduct an exchange. They could not, however, identify the items which were transferred between the parties.
Remaining in the parking lot area of Westview Terrace for approximately one minute, the [appellant] and Payne left in the [appellant’s] vehicle and proceeded onto Sankey Street. They then drove to the area where Payne had previously entered the [appellant’s] vehicle and Payne then proceeded to exit the [appellant’s] vehicle. The [appellant] then proceeded to West Washington Street.
At this juncture in the scenario, the officers began to follow the [appellant] in an unmarked police vehicle. In an attempt to stop the [appellant], Trooper Chiappini drove his vehicle to the driver’s side of the Frank vehicle, and Officer Macri (who was seated on the passenger’s side of the police vehicle) then lowered the side window of *504 the vehicle and exhibited his police badge to the [appellant]. The [appellant] thereupon operated his vehicle over to the side of the road, but then quickly began to drive away from the scene.
The officers pursued the [appellant] and subsequently succeeded in stopping his vehicle. Chiappini and Macri then exited the police vehicle, and with their weapons drawn, approached the [appellant’s] vehicle. Trooper Chiappini opened the driver’s side door of the [appellant’s] vehicle and ordered the [appellant] to exit his vehicle. The [appellant] initially declined to comply with the request of Trooper Chiappini because of the fortuitous arrival of a television camera crew at the scene. Trooper Chiappini directed the camera crew to leave the area and the camera crew complied with his request. Officer Macri then pulled the [appellant] from this vehicle. Officer Macri immediately arrested the [appellant] and proceeded to cuff his hands behind his back.
The [appellant] was placed against the hood of the police vehicle and his person was then searched by Trooper Chiappini. The [appellant] voluntarily told the officer where the crack cocaine had been placed in his clothing. Trooper Chiappini then found a rock of crack cocaine and a glass pipe stem in the left, rear pocket of the [appellant’s] trousers. The [appellant] was then given his Miranda rights, and placed inside a city police vehicle which had arrived at the scene.
Suppression Court opinion 3/15/90 at 1-4.
Appellant argues that the trial court erred in failing to suppress the evidence of the crack cocaine found when the police officer searched him. Appellant argues that the police officers had no probable cause to arrest or reasonable suspicion to stop appellant to investigate under
Terry v. Ohio,
*505
In order for a warrantless search to be lawful it must have been made pursuant to a lawful arrest.
Commonwealth v. Santiago,
The established test for determining whether an officer had sufficient probable cause to legally justify a warrant-less arrest involves looking at the facts and circumstances confronting the officer at the time of arrest. Commonwealth v. Chase,394 Pa.Super. 168 , 171,575 A.2d 574 , 575 (1990).
A police officer may arrest without a warrant where there is probable cause to believe that a felony has been committed and that the arrestee is the felon. Probable cause exists where the facts and circumstances within the knowledge of the officer are reasonably trustworthy and sufficient to warrant a person of reasonable caution in believing that the arrestee has committed the offense. Id., citing Commonwealth v. Travaglia,502 Pa. 474 , 484,467 A.2d 288 , 292 (1983). Furthermore, the standard of probable cause must be applied to the totality of the circumstances facing the police. Thus, “when we examine a particular situation to determine if probable cause exists, we consider all factors and their total effect, and do not concentrate on each individual element____ We *506 also focus on the circumstances as seen through the eyes of the trained officer, and do not view the situation as an average citizen might____ Finally, we must remember that in dealing with questions of probable cause, we are not dealing in certainties. We are dealing with the factual and practical considerations of everyday life on which reasonable and prudent men act. This is not the same ‘beyond a reasonable doubt’ standard which we apply in determining guilt or innocence at trial.” Chase, supra,394 Pa.Super. at 172 ,575 A.2d at 575-76 (emphasis in original).
Applying our standard of review to this case, we find sufficient probable cause to arrest appellant. Initially, we note that Officers Chiappini and Macri were surveying an area with a high concentration of drug activity. During this period of surveillance, they observed appellant drive into the area and stop for a known drug dealer. The drug dealer entered the auto and appellant drove to another area where they met three other men. Appellant exchanged unknown materials with one of the men and then drove off. He subsequently drove the drug dealer back to the place where he had entered and appellant drove off. The arresting officers followed appellant and later pulled alongside his automobile and motioned him to the side of the road.
At this point, we find that the arresting officers had reasonable cause to stop appellant and investigate the episode at Westview Terrace. A police officer must rely on specific and articulable facts which, if taken together with rational inferences from those facts, reasonably warrant a belief that criminal activity is afoot before an initial investigatory stop can be made.
Commonwealth v. Martinez,
Our analysis, however, must go one step further. For while there was reasonable suspicion to conduct a Terry stop, in order to effectuate an arrest, that suspicion must rise to the level of probable cause. After the police motioned appellant to pull off the road, he complied. When the police left their vehicle and began to approach appellant’s automobile, appellant fled in his vehicle. In response, the police radioed for help, subsequently caught appellant and placed him in handcuffs.
Flight, in and of itself, cannot constitute probable cause to arrest.
Martinez, supra,
Various jurisdictions have found probable cause to arrest in similar situations. In
State v. Bumpus,
— Iowa -,
The, Iowa Supreme Court found probable cause existed to arrest the appellant in
Bumpus
and therefore it was proper to conduct a search incident to the arrest. The Iowa court conceded that while none of the factors cited for the arrest, standing alone, would constitute probable cause, the several factors gave rise to probable cause when part of a pattern which indicates unlawful activity.
Id.
at -,
Instantly, Officer Chiappini testified that the Westview Terrace housing development was an area known for drug related activity. The officers observed appellant associate with a known drug dealer and subsequently enter into an exchange with unknown individuals, thus indicating behavior consistent with drug transactions. The possession of reasonable suspicion sufficient to investigate, coupled with appellant’s subsequent flight elevated their suspicion to probable cause to arrest, consistent with the Fourth amendment ,of the, United States Constitution.
Appellant directs us to two decisions of this court where probable cause to arrest did not exist. In
Commonwealth v. Hunt,
A panel of this court determined that the police lacked probable cause to arrest Hunt. The
Hunt
panel relied upon this court’s holding in
Commonwealth v. Santiago, supra,
finding that while the officer was experienced in narcotics detection, his observation of two unknown people exchanging unknown things was insufficient to establish probable cause.
Hunt, supra,
In
Santiago, supra,
this court found that probable cause did not exist to arrest appellant. In that case, the appellant, Santiago, was seen by a police officer carrying two small packets. The police officer knew that the appellant had been arrested previously on narcotics charges. When the officer called the appellant and told him to come over to the patrol car, appellant turned and ran. The police officer chased him and caught him as he was climbing over a fence. As the officer pulled him off, a silver foiled packet containing heroin fell from his hand. The officer subsequently arrested the appellant.
Santiago, supra, 220
Pa.Super. at 113,
The Santiago court found no probable cause to arrest because the police officer had no reasonable suspicion that the appellant was engaged in criminal activity. As stated:
The fact that a man, who had never been found guilty of a narcotics offense, is walking on a public street in broad daylight with two small plastic packets in his hand would not lead to the conclusion that he was in possession of narcotics. Even to an experienced officer, such circumstances would not be an indication that a crime was being committed. Any suspicions which would arise from these facts amount to a mere surmise.
Id., 220
Pa.Superior Ct. at 114,
We find these cases, however, inapposite to the instant case. Hunt, supra, lacks one essential fact which we find present here. That case involved the arrest of an appellant with no individualized suspicion that he or his cohort were *510 involved in drug related activity. In the present case, the police officers observed a known drug dealer enter appellant's automobile which he then drove to meet three unknown men to conduct an exchange. In Santiago, supra, the police merely observed the appellant walking along a public way carrying packets containing unknown items. In the present case, appellant was present in an area known for drug trafficking, was seen associating with a known drug dealer and was conducting an exchange indicative of a drug transaction.
Moreover, this court has taken notice of the pervasiveness and dangerousness of drug related activity within this Commonwealth in recent years.
Cf. Commonwealth v. Patterson,
Judgment of sentence affirmed.