Commonwealth v. EvansCommonwealth v. Evans
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Cоnvicted of murder in the first degree, the defendant, Robert Evans, appeals, alleging error (1) in the admission of testimony on redirect examination that permitted the jury to draw an inference that the defendant had a
We set forth the evidence in the light most favorable to the Commonwealth. See Commonwealth v. Salemme, 395 Mass. 594, 595 (1985). The jurors could have found the following facts. At about 1:30 a.m. on May 25, 1987, the victim arrived at the Beacon Hill Pub in Boston with his fiancée and several friends. The group found a table, and the victim went to the bar to order drinks. While at the bar, the victim bumped into another patron, and a brief argument еnsued between the two. The defendant was standing nearby and joined in the argument, shouting expletives at the victim, and then walked back to his own table, where his female companion was seated. The defendant told his female companion to retrieve a knife from the back seat of hеr car. She did so. The defendant tucked the knife into the waistband of his trousers.
Shortly thereafter, the victim entered the restroom. The defendant followed about a minute later. About thirty seconds later, the defendant came out of the restroom, knife in hand, and left the bar with his female companiоn. The victim then staggered from the restroom, clutching his bleeding chest, and collapsed on the floor. The victim died from a single stab wound to the heart.
The defendant argued outside the bar with one of the victim’s friends before leaving with his female companion in her car. The defendant told his female companion to drive to a reservoir in Somerville, where he disposed of the knife. On the way, the defendant told his companion, “Pm going away for a long time.” He said that he gave the victim “a little poke in the abdomen.” The defendant admitted to another woman that the victim “had beat his brоther Mark with a baseball bat a long time ago.” The defendant told that wit
1. Prior criminal record. On redirect examination the assistant district attorney elicited testimony from the witness 1 that she worked for the Department of Correction and that she had met the defendant through her job. 2 The defendant argues that the introduction of such testimony implied that the defendant had a prior criminal record and therefore violated the defendant’s right to a fair trial, guaranteed by the Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution and art. 12 of the Massachusetts Declaration of Rights. The defendant also points to subsequent testimony by the same witnеss to argue that the inference that the defendant had a prior criminal record was made inescapable 3 ; the defendant did not object to this testimony.
On cross-examination, the defendant brought out most of the facts he now argues constitute reversible error. It was the defendant who elicited the fact that the witness was a records clerk at the Dеpartment of Correction; that she stole files from the Department as a favor to the defendant; that she betrayed the Department’s trust by stealing files and by dating the defendant; that her father was a training officer for the Department of Correction; and that her father would not have pеrmitted her “to associate with an ex-felon.” 4 The defendant also brought out that, prior to the homicide, the witness used to call the defendant “from a pay phone using a roll of nickels before he got out the first time, before the homicide.”
On cross-examination, the witness admitted that she lied tо her parents, the police, and the grand jury. The defendant elicited that testimony to impeach the witness’s credibility and to show the witness’s bias and motive to fabricate her testimony. Evidence of other crimes, if relevant for a purpose other than proving bad character, “is not rendеred inadmissible merely because it indicates the possible commission of another offense.”
Commonwealth
v.
Bradshaw,
385 Mass. 244, 269 (1982). The judge allowed the Commonwealth to rehabilitate the witness on redirect by permitting her “to explain the prior statement and the reason for any omission or inconsistency.”
Commonwealth
v.
DiLego,
387 Mass. 394, 399 (1982). See
Commonwealth
v.
Fatalo,
345 Mass. 85, 86-87 (1962). The admission of the redirect testimony of the
2.
Jury instructions.
The defendant next argues that the judge did not instruct the jury on the use of prior inconsistent statements, or on the impact of an agreement not to prosecute one of the witnesses. The defendant failed to object to the instructions to the jury. We therefore review the instructions to determine whether there was a substantial likelihood of a miscarriage of justice.
a. Credibility. Thе defendant asserts that the instructions were inadequate on the effect of prior inconsistent statements. The judge focused extensively on the jurors’ roles in assessing the credibility of witnesses, in particular instructing the jury to consider whether the “testimony of [a] witness [has] what I term internal integrity? Does it come together with other things that the witness has testified to?” The judge also emphasized that the jury had the sole obligation to determine the weight and credibility to give to the testimony of a witness, and that the jury could disregard the testimony of an incredible witness in whole or in part. 5 There is no substantial likelihood of a misсarriage of justice. 6
In
Ciampa,
we noted that the written agreement not to prosecute contained repeated references to a truthfulness requirement and implied that the Commonwealth could verify or had verified the truthfulness of a witness’s statements. We said that, in such circumstances, curative instructions were required.
Id.
at 260-269. See
Commonwealth
v.
Daye,
411 Mass. 719, 739-740 (1992);
Commonwealth
v.
Sullivan,
410 Mass. 521, 524-525 (1991);
Commonwealth
v.
Colon,
408 Mass. 419, 445 (1990). Here, the Commonwealth did not imply that it vouched for the truth of a witness’s statements. The Commonwealth disclosed the agreement during the witness’s testimony. The witness said she agreed to be truthful.
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3. The effectiveness of trial counsel. The defendant argues that the Commonwealth sought to miscast the nature of the defendant’s defense, and in so doing deprived the defendant of his right to a fair trial. The defendant asserts that the judge erroneously reinforced the prosecution’s unfair argument by instructing the jury on alibi when the defendant had not presented an alibi defense. The defendant contends that counsel’s failure to object to the Commonwealth’s argument and the judge’s instruction constituted ineffective assistance of counsel. We disagree.
During closing argument, the prosecutor highlighted potentially conflicting testimоny of various defense witnesses.
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The defendant asserts that he introduced evidence tending to show that he was in a parking lot in Somerville between 1:30 and 2 a.m. in order to refute another witness’s testimony as to the events that occurred after the stabbing, not to show that he was not in the Pub at the time of the stabbing. That is not сlear on the record. The Commonwealth could comment on the evidence as to the sequence of events and the defendant’s evidence as to his location around the time of the stabbing. The defendant’s “trial tactics are not immune from comment in a prosecutor’s final argument provided the comment is based on evidence heard by the jury.” Commonwealth v. Bradshaw, 385 Mass. 244, 272 (1982).
Because the judge instructed the jury on alibi, without request or objection by the defendant, the defendant contends that the court “chose to reinforce the prosecutor’s claim that the defense was bilocation, [and] the defendant’s state and federal constitutional rights to a fair trial were [therefore] seriously undermined. . . . [T]he creation of a false issue served to rob the defense of its viability.”
The defendant relies on
Commonwealth
v.
Rodriguez,
378 Mass. 296 (1979). That reliance is misplaced. In
Rodriguez,
we emphasized that a complete failure to instruct the jury on a crucial issue may unfairly deprive a defendant of a legitimate defense.
Id.
at 302. Here the judge appropriately instructed the jury on the issue of alibi, as the defendant had presented evidence tending to show that when the stabbing occurred the defendant was elsewhere.
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The judge stressed that a defense that the defendant was еlsewhere was an ap
There is no basis to conclude that the defendant’s trial counsel was ineffective by trying to use the confusion immediately after the killing to create a reasonable doubt as to the defendant’s guilt. That he did not succeed does not mean he was ineffectivе. Breese v. Commonwealth, ante 249 (1993).
4.
Review pursuant to
Judgment affirmed.
Notes
The defendant’s former female companion.
The questioning was as follows:
The prosecutor: “And you were working for the Department of Corrections at that time; is that correct?”
The witness: “Correct.”
The prosecutor: “And did you meet the defendant through your employment at the Department of Corrections?”
[Defense counsel]: The judge: “Objection.” “Objection is overruled.”
The witness: “Yes, I did.”
The testimony was as follows:
The prosecutor: “And in March of 1986 — strike that. March of 1987 did you remove some documents from the files of the Department of Corrections?”
The witness: “Yes, I did.”
The prosecutor: “And where were those files located?”
The witness: “At M.C.I. Walpole.”
The prosecutor: “And whose files did you remove?”
The witness: “I removed Richard and Robert Evans.”
The prosecutor: “At whose request did you remove those files?”
The witness: “Robert Evans.”
Essentially, the only significant fact brought out on redirect was that the witness stole the defendant’s file as well as the file of his brother.
The defendant relies on Commonwealth v. Anderson, 396 Mass. 306 (1985). Here the judge’s instructions contained language similar to those the defendant in Anderson requested.
On appeal, the dеfendant’s argument regarding prior inconsistent statements is directed primarily at the testimony of Kevin Ferguson. As to Ferguson’s prior statements, Ferguson testified that the defendant had a knife and a pocketbook in one hand after the stabbing; earlier he stated that the defendant’s girlfriend had the poсketbook. Ferguson testified that he told a bartender that someone had been stabbed; on some other occasions he stated that he told the barmaid. Ferguson testified that he had not seen the defendant in a minimum of five years before the incident; closer to the incident itself Ferguson stated that he had not seen the defendant in nine years.
The defendant argued that, in the circumstances, the witness found herself in a situation in which she was compelled to lie to the jurors: “Now, the district attorney’s office said to her, ‘We promise you that we won’t prosecute you for accеssory to murder and we won’t prosecute you
The prosecutor’s argument was as follows: “Madam forelady, ladies and gentlemen of the jury, it is unclear, I suggest to you, . . . what the defense is in this case. Jаmes Flint got on the stand yesterday and would have you believe that the defendant was with him at some parking lot of the American Legion post in Somerville at the time this murder happened. Virginia Kelly would have you believe that the defendant was standing with her for 15 minutes right outside the men’s room of the Beaсon Hill Pub at the time the murder happened. Chris Kelly suggests to you through his testimony that the person who stabbed Frankie Quinn was named
The evidence could be construed to show that the defendant was in the Pub but not in the men’s room, or that the defendant was not in the Pub at all at the time of the stabbing.