COMMONWEALTH of Pennsylvania, Appellee, v. Ernest EDWARDS, Appellant.
No. 3410 Philadelphia 1988
Superior Court of Pennsylvania
November 13, 1990
Reargument Denied January 3, 1990
582 A.2d 1078 | 400 Pa. Super. 197
Order affirmed.
Frances G. Gerson, Asst. Dist. Atty., Philadelphia, for Com., appellee.
Before CAVANAUGH, OLSZEWSKI and FORD ELLIOTT, JJ.
CAVANAUGH, Judge:
Appellant, Ernest Edwards, Jr., was convicted by a jury on eight criminal informations arising out of his activity in the Osage Avenue Redevelopment Project in the City of Philadelphia.1 Following the denial of post-trial motions, appellant was sentenced to an aggregate of six to twelve years imprisonment and ordered to pay restitution of $137,000.00.
The factual history of the case is summarized in the trial court‘s opinion as follows:
On May 13, 1985, in an effort to remove the radical group known as MOVE from 6221 Osage Avenue, the house was fire bombed, causing a holocaust, killing eleven people and completely destroying sixty-one homes. Immediately thereafter, the City Administrators promised reparations: to rebuild the homes and to return the displaced residents to their homes by the end of the year. To this end, the City, which was to provide the necessary construction monies, enlisted the City of Philadelphia Redevelopment Authority (hereinafter “RDA“) to acquire the title to the site, prepare a prototype home and select a developer and the Urban Local Development Corporation (hereinafter “ULDC“) to disburse the 6.7 million dollars the City had allotted for the Restoration. In late June,
the RDA awarded the construction contract to the developer, Edwards and Harper, Inc. (hereinafter “E & H“), a close corporation in which defendant was one of two principals and which had been specifically incorporated to develop the Osage Project, obligating it to procure a completion bond, hire a general contractor and complete the project in accordance with prototypes prepared by the RDA. E & H would be reimbursed on a percentage-of-work-completed basis on a predetermined line item cost breakdown. Soon after the award, defendant Edwards proceeded on his undertaking. He enlisted the cooperation of Ebony Construction Company, Inc., (hereinafter “Ebony“), a New Jersey corporation, of which defendant Harris was the principal proprietor and defendant Edwards was director, as general contractor. Defendant Edwards requested and received start-up money for the Osage Project and commenced work on July 1, 1985, before obtaining the completion bond. When Ebony proved unbondable, defendant formed Premier Construction Company Incorporated (hereinafter “Premier“) to serve as general contractor. Unsuccessful in having Premier bonded, on September 9, Premier relinquished its position as general contractor to G & V General Contractors (hereinafter “G & V“), which was able to procure bonding, relegating Premier to subcontractor status. On February 10, 1986, both of defendant‘s companies (E & H and Premier) were defaulted, leaving G & V, the general contractor, to complete the job, encumbered with over one million dollars of unpaid costs.
Trial Court Opinion 7/10/89 at pages 2-4.
The initial discussion will deal with three separate incidents of alleged theft involving appellant. The Commonwealth has attached to each incident three theft-related labels: Theft by Deception (
The test for determining the sufficiency of the evidence is whether, viewing the evidence in the light most favorable to the Commonwealth, and drawing all proper inferences favorable to the Commonwealth, the jury could reasonably have determined all elements of the crime to have been established beyond a reasonable doubt. Commonwealth v. Aulisio, 514 Pa. 84, 522 A.2d 1075 (1987). For a new trial to lie on a challenge that the verdict is against the weight of the evidence, the evidence must be so tenuous, vague and uncertain that the verdict shocks the conscience of the court. Commonwealth v. Reardon, 374 Pa.Super. 212, 542 A.2d 572 (1988). In addition, where the evidence is legally sufficient, it generally meets the test for weightiness. See Commonwealth v. Robinson, 351 Pa.Super. 309, 505 A.2d 997 (1986).2
With these principals in mind we look to the evidence upon which the jury based its conviction of appellant on the various offenses.
[2] Bill No. 3390 charges Edwards with theft by deception of $91,585.41 in connection with the utilization of the mobilization funds paid to E & H by ULDC.
(a) Offense defined.—A person is guilty of theft if he intentionally obtains or withholds property of another by deception. A person deceives if he intentionally:
(1) creates or reinforces a false impression, including false impressions as to law, value, intention or other state of mind; but deception as to a person‘s intention to perform a promise shall not be inferred from the fact alone that he did not subsequently perform the promise;
(2) prevents another from acquiring information which would affect his judgement of a transaction; or
(3) fails to correct a false impression which the deceiver previously created or reinforced, or which the deceiver knows to be influencing another to whom he stands in a fiduciary or confidential relationship.
(b) Exception.—The term “deceive” does not, however, include falsity as to matters having no pecuniary significance, or puffing by statements unlikely to deceive ordinary persons in the group addressed.
After having been selected as the developer on the Osage Project, appellant requested start-up money before the formal signing of the contracts and before the actual construction commenced. ULDC had earmarked one million dollars for the mobilization of the project and Joseph Gaudit, ULDC‘s on-site representative, discussed with appellant the items that would be eligible for payment out of that fund. On June 26, 1985, appellant Edwards made his first formal request for $340,000, an amount which was refused because it contained construction costs and construction had not yet begun. A second request for $212,400.00 was also rejected because it contained an improper item for developer‘s fees, an expense not allowable at that time. After appellant‘s third application for funds, ULDC paid E & H $202,400.00 based on the following line items: project personnel, trailer
Appellant argues that this conduct does not constitute theft by deception. He contends that he made no promise nor stated any intent to use the disbursed money specifically for the purposes outlined in his application. Appellant considered his application to be nothing more than a partial list of categories and estimates which were not binding on E & H. In his view, once ULDC disbursed the money to E & H, it became the property of E & H and could be used in any way the corporation saw fit. The $202,400.00 should be seen as money advanced to “finance” E & H and Ebony, and paying off old creditors and taking some pocket money were forms of “financing.”
The evidence showed that E & H was a redevelopment corporation created for the sole purpose of enabling the City of Philadelphia to rebuild Osage Avenue. ULDC agreed to front the money for the mobilization of the Project in order to allow E & H to begin work immediately, without having to procure private financing.3 It was rea-
ULDC‘s representative, Joseph Gaudit, testified that no money would have been disbursed if appellant had alerted ULDC that he was going to use the mobilization money to pay old Ebony debts. As it turned out, not one of the checks drawn against the mobilization money deposited in the Ebony account was in payment for expenses related to the mobilization of the Project. We conclude that there was sufficient evidence for the jury to find that appellant obtained the mobilization funds by intentionally creating a false impression which deceived ULDC into believing that the disbursed money would be used for mobilization when, in fact, he intended to use the money to pay old Ebony debts.
Appellant was convicted, in Bill No. 3392, of theft by deception of $4,800.00 worth of transportation expenses. The evidence showed that Beverly Harper agreed that E & H would pay appellant transportation expenses of $800.00 for the monthly payments on a 1985 Jaguar that Edwards was leasing for his use. Appellant received and cashed four E & H checks totaling $4,800.00, purporting to be transportation expense reimbursements. However, payments on the lease of the Jaguar were actually being made from checks drawn on Ebony‘s account. Appellant admitted receiving the checks and not spending the money on transportation expenses.
Appellant argues that, since the information lists ULDC as the owner of the stolen property, he cannot be convicted because he was paid the $4,800.00 by E & H. Appellant ignores the fact that E & H obtained the money from ULDC through appellant‘s deception. Since the money which E & H controlled had been fraudulently obtained from ULDC, every time appellant converted that money to
Appellant was convicted, in Bill No. 3391, of theft by deception in connection with $11,300.00 which was paid to him by Premier. The evidence showed that, at appellant‘s request, E & H loaned him $175,000.00. Appellant then placed this money in Premier‘s account to create the illusion that Premier was liquid. The following day $150,000.00 was repaid to E & H, with the remaining $25,000.00 remaining in Premier‘s account. From this remaining sum, Premier paid out $11,300.00 to appellant.
Appellant argues that this evidence is insufficient to convict him of theft by deception. He contends that the money belonged to Premier and that there was no evidence presented to show that he obtained it from Premier through fraudulent means. Appellant ignores the fact that he was Premier and that he obtained the $175,000.00 from E & H by misrepresenting to Beverly Harper that he would immediately repay the loan on the following day, knowing full well that he had no such intention. Appellant‘s deception, in fact, was an ongoing scheme to unlawfully pocket ULDC‘s money. Changing checking accounts did not launder the illegally gotten funds.
Appellant also renews his argument that the money in question belonged to Premier and it was free to use it in any way it saw fit. He erroneously contends that ULDC no longer had any interest in the money once it was given to E & H. Appellant is incorrect. The money appellant received from Premier was money Premier obtained from E & H which in turn, was money E & H had received from ULDC, an acquisition made possible by appellant‘s initial deception. Premier‘s payment of this ill-gotten money to appellant is only another link in the chain of deception and completes another unlawful taking. The evidence showed that E & H, Ebony and Premier were corporations which appellant con-
THEFT BY FAILURE TO MAKE REQUIRED DISPOSITION
Appellant next argues that the evidence was insufficient in regard to his convictions of theft by failure to make required dispositions. We are still considering the three incidents discussed above, but analyzing them in relation to another theft statute. This particular statute reads as follows:
§ 3927. Theft by Failure to Make Required Disposition of Funds Received.
(a) Offense defined.—A person who obtains property upon agreement, or subject to a known legal obligation, to make specified payments or other disposition, whether from such property or its proceeds or from his own property to be reserved in equivalent amount, is guilty of theft if he intentionally deals with the property obtained as his own and fails to make the required payment or disposition. The foregoing applies notwithstanding that it may be impossible to identify particular property as belonging to the victim at the time of the failure of the actor to make the required payment or disposition.
In Commonwealth v. Crafton, 240 Pa.Super. 12, 16, 367 A.2d 1092, 1094 (1976), this court outlined the four elements of the crime of theft by failure to make required disposition:
- the obtaining of property of another;
- subject to an agreement of known legal obligation upon the recipient to make specified payments or other disposition thereof;
- intentional dealing with the property obtained as the defendant‘s own; and
- failure to make the required disposition of the property.
The Commonwealth contends that appellant obtained the property of ULDC ($202,400.00), subject to an agreement,
Appellant argues that the $202,400.00 was an advance payment on a construction contract with title and ownership of the money passing to E & H. Therefore, he was not dealing with the property of ULDC. In addition, he did not receive the money subject to any agreement to make specified payments. His application request for funds was only a non-binding list of construction categories and estimates. To bolster his position, appellant cites Commonwealth v. Austin, 258 Pa.Super. 461, 393 A.2d 36 (1978), wherein this court reversed a conviction for theft by failure to make lawful disposition of funds received. We find Austin clearly distinguishable.
In the Austin case, a contractor received advance money for the purchase of materials on a construction contract. Austin performed for two months when he realized that he had under-estimated the job. Having run out of money, he stopped work. Although some of the advance money was not spent on materials, the evidence showed that all the money was spent in a manner which could be construed to have been necessary for the completion of the project.
Austin‘s conviction was reversed because (1) he had not fraudulently obtained the advance money; (2) the construction contract was not an agreement which compelled Austin to use the money only for the purchase of materials; (3) the money was otherwise spent in furtherance of the proposed project; and (4) the failure to complete the job was not due to Austin‘s converting the money to his personal use.
In the instant case, the evidence showed that Ernest Edwards obtained the $202,400.00 from ULDC by convincing the agency that he would use the money to mobilize the Osage Project. Appellant submitted several applications for mobilization funds until ULDC finally agreed that the specifications proposed by appellant satisfied its require-
Therefore, when appellant intentionally converted some of the proceeds of the loan to his own use by paying off old debts (Bill No. 3378), double dipping on the transportation expenses (Bill No. 3398), and pocketing the money from Premier (Bill No. 3380), he committed a theft by failing to make the legally required disposition of the funds.
MISAPPLICATION OF ENTRUSTED PROPERTY
Appellant was also convicted on the same evidence of the misapplication of entrusted property with respect to mobilization funds ($91,585.41), the falsified transportation expenses ($4,800.00) and the Premier capitalization scheme ($11,300.00). Appellant‘s contention that the evidence was insufficient to support these convictions is without merit. The statute in question reads as follows:
§ 4113. Misapplication of Entrusted Property and Property of Government or Financial Institutions.
(a) Offense defined.—A person commits an offense if he applies or disposes of property that has been entrusted to him as a fiduciary, or property of the government or of a financial institution, in a manner which he knows is unlawful and involves substantial risk of loss or detri-
The statute applies to misappropriation of three separate types of property: property belonging to the government, property belonging to a financial institution, and property entrusted to a fiduciary. An individual who misapplies any of the property as set forth above violates the statute. This construction gives effect to all of the phrases in
Appellant was a fiduciary for purposes of statute. He had received funds for a stipulated purpose and was obligated to apply the money to that purpose. A fiduciary is defined as: “An executor, administrator, guardian, committee, receiver, trustee, assignee for the benefit of creditors, and any other person acting in any similar capacity.”
REMAINING COUNTS
Appellant was convicted of perjury (No. 2786) and false swearing (Bill No. 0190) in connection with the testimony which he gave to the County Investigating Grand Jury on October 18, 1985. This Grand Jury had been impaneled to investigate allegations of bribery, theft and fraud in connection with the Osage Project. The factual basis for the charges is as follows:
Louis Dolente, III, partner in Dolente & Sons, one of the subcontractors engaged in sewer construction work, provides the testimony that resulted in defendant‘s conviction on one of the numerous counts of theft. He testified that he was approached by Edwards to submit a bid on storm sewer work not originally included in the contract. Shortly thereafter, when he advised Edwards he could complete the job for $19,000.00, Edwards in-
Trial Court opinion 7/10/89 at page 13. Based on this transaction, appellant was convicted of theft, a conviction which he does not challenge. However, he does argue that the evidence does not support his perjury and false swearing convictions arising from the testimony he gave to the Grand Jury regarding this kick-back scheme.
The Information charging perjury and false statements alleges that the statement “work was performed at Dolente‘s garage or place of business” was false. The transcript of appellant‘s Grand Jury testimony produced at trial was, in pertinent part, as follows:
Question: Now, the money that was paid to you by Dolente and the Union Hall District Council, those monies were paid directly to yourself; is that correct?
Answer: Yes, Ma‘am.
Question: As far as Dolente‘s job was concerned, do you know what the job was exactly?
Answer: No. And I don‘t know what was done at the union hall. I don‘t know only except that a wall was built.
N.T., 5-6-88, pages 59-60.
Question: Now, there is another area that has been revealed or at least other jobs where some union people
worked on, one being [Dolente‘s] garage. Are you familiar with that?
Answer: I don‘t specifically know what was done but I know some people were over there to do some work.
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Question: Under whose direction did they go there?
Answer: You mean other than me telling somebody to do whatever needed to have been done?
Question: Who directed them to go?
Answer: I told you, either Hank or Ray or Manny. You know, Lou needed some work done and I did the same thing for Sam Staten. He needed some work done at the union where somebody was breaking into the labor hall and the men went down there and built a wall and both was [sic] done by Premier Construction Company.
Id., at pages 55-56.
Appellant argues that there was a material and fatal variance between the allegations of perjury and false swearing contained in the Informations and the proof at trial. Although the Informations need not set forth the exact language alleged to be perjurious, it must sufficiently apprise appellant of the charges he must answer. Commonwealth v. Lafferty, 276 Pa.Super. 400, 419 A.2d 518 (1980). Appellant testified before the Grand Jury that Lou Dolente needed some work done and that it was done by Premier employees. The evidence presented at trial showed that appellant knew that no work was performed for Dolente and that the whole thing was a kick-back scheme. The jury had sufficient evidence to convict appellant of lying to the Grand Jury.
Appellant Edwards also was convicted of Theft By Unlawful Taking,
Property in possession of the actor shall not be deemed property of another who has only a security interest therein, even if legal title is in the creditor pursuant to a conditional sales contract or other security agreement.
Appellant then concludes that since the equipment was not the property of another, as required by
The Commonwealth introduced evidence that E & H, through its corporate officer, Ernest Edwards, executed a leasehold mortgage pledging as security its interest in the leasehold Osage property and all the buildings, materials, supplies, tools, equipment and construction facilities and appliances located thereon. In addition to this standard leasehold mortgage, E & H also transferred all of its right, title and interest in, to and under the leasehold, the following mortgaged property: all building materials, tools, fixtures, appliances, machinery, furniture and equipment of any nature whatsoever owned by the mortgager now or at any time hereafter installed in, attached to or situated in, upon or about the real estate. About the only remaining interest that appellant had in the equipment involved in this case was his right to use it on the project. Therefore, when appellant removed the equipment and converted it to his own use, he unlawfully took the property which he had contractually acknowledged belonged to ULDC.
Appellant was also convicted of attempted theft by deception (
“Property” is defined under
Anything of value, including real estate, tangible and intangible personal property, contract rights....
Although a performance bond was not issued by an insurance company, appellant made complex arrangements to deceive the insurance company into issuing a performance bond.
Ebony, which Harris controlled, and which appellant had designated as the general contractor, was unable to secure performance bonds. On August 7, faced with the prospect of procuring a bondable general contractor or being removed himself, appellant established Premier, of which he was the sole proprietor, and set out to qualify it for bonding. Forewarned by Mr. Levy of Levy Redcross and Co., an accounting firm, that any bonding company would require liquidity in the insured, (N.T. 5/4/88, pp. 103-105) he arranged the deceptive illusion of having Premier appear financially sound. Knowing that there were insufficient funds in the E & H account, he convinced his silent partner, Beverly Harper, to draw a check in the sum of $175,000.00 payable to appellant. On August 14, he deposited it into Premier‘s account. (N.T. 5/4/88, pp. 110-114). He then prepared a financial statement, and had his accountant, after confirming the deposit, certify it. After having had the financial statement certified, the next day he withdrew $150,000.00 from Premier‘s account and returned it to E & H‘s account. (Id., pp. 142-144). This was the financial status of Premier, when on August 16, appellant sent the financial statement, along with his application for bonding to Reliance Insurance Company, (Id., p. 66) and to CIGNA Insurance Company. Both companies refused to bond Premier; at no time were they informed of the true financial condition of Premier. (N.T. 5/3/88, pp. 105, 106, 110, 116, 117). From the $25,000.00 left on deposit with Premier, appellant made one cash withdrawal and drew ten checks to
An attempt to commit a specific crime exists where a person performs an act which constitutes a substantial step towards the commission of that crime.
Appellant was convicted in Bill No. 3375 of Deceptive Business Practices. This Bill contained seven counts, each count restating one of the seven subsections of the statute. The statute reads as follows:
§ 4107. Deceptive Business Practices.
(a) Offense defined.—A person commits a misdemeanor of the second degree if, in the course of business, he:
(1) uses or possesses for use a false weight or measure, or any other device for falsely determining or recording any quality of quantity;
(2) sells, offers or exposes for sale, or delivers less than the represented quantity of any commodity or service;
(3) takes or attempts to take more than the represented quantity of any commodity or service as a buyer he furnishes the weight to measure;
(4) sells, offers or exposes for sale adulterated or mislabeled commodities;
(5) makes a false or misleading statement in any advertisement addressed to the public or to a substantial segment thereof for the purpose of promoting the purchase or sale of property or services;
(6) makes a false or misleading written statement for the purpose of obtaining property or credit; or
(7) makes a false or misleading written statement for the purpose of promoting the sale of securities, or
omits information required by law to be disclosed in written documents relating to securities.
There is no indication what action of appellant violated which subsection of the statute. The Commonwealth and the trial court assert that it was
Appellant argues that this Bill was defective in that it did not provide him with the barest minimum notice necessary to defend against the seven counts. However, he contends that, even if
In Bills Nos. 3370 and 3395, appellant was convicted of Theft by Unlawful Taking (
Appellant argues that once ULDC disbursed this money to E & H, and E & H paid it out to Premier, Premier was free to use it to pay its employees and direct them to work in any manner it deemed fit. Appellant again reiterates his position that the loan monies could not be the subject of a theft. We have already held that when appellant converted the funds to his own use regardless of the manner of conversion—he was guilty of theft. Here, he misappropriated Premier‘s labor and deceived E & H into paying salaries for non-Project work, all the while misusing ULDC‘s money.
Appellant next argues that trial court erred by prohibiting him from presenting evidence that he took over $23,000.00 worth of equipment from the job site under a claim of right. This issue was not raised by appellant in the lower court and cannot be raised for the first time on appeal. See Pa.R.A.P. 302.
INEFFECTIVENESS OF COUNSEL
Represented by new counsel, appellant alleges several instances of trial counsel‘s ineffectiveness. In considering the ineffectiveness claim, we do so under the following standard:
[First,] whether the underlying claim is of arguable merit; that is, whether the disputed action or omission by counsel was of questionable legal soundness. [Second,] whether counsel had any reasonable basis for the questionable action or omission which was designed to effectuate his client‘s interest. [Third,] whether counsel‘s improper course of conduct worked to his prejudice, ie., had an adverse effect upon the outcome of the proceedings.
Commonwealth v. Davis, 518 Pa. 77, 83, 541 A.2d 315, 318 (1988). (citations omitted). Moreover, claims of ineffective-
As to trial counsel‘s failure to submit any points for charge, appellant basically contends that trial counsel should have requested the judge to instruct the jury that the evidence was insufficient, as a matter of law, to convict appellant. Rather than “points for charge“, this argument speaks to a motion for a directed verdict of acquittal. As we have separately found the evidence for conviction to be sufficient, we cannot deem counsel ineffective for failing to make a baseless motion.
Appellant argues the trial counsel was ineffective for failing to present evidence of standard custom and practice in the construction industry. He contends that this would have shown that the line-item estimated expenses, listed in his application, did not constitute an agreement or legal obligation which required him to spend the money in a particular way. Appellant, with many years of experience in the construction industry, testified that what he did with the advanced money was common practice in the industry. He contends that trial counsel should have produced witnesses willing to testify that the practice of pocketing advance money rather than spending it on the job was common in the construction industry. However, as discussed previously, the application between appellant and ULDC by its very terms defined and restricted the uses for the Project money. Therefore, counsel‘s failure to call witnesses regarding the supposed common practice in the industry cannot constitute ineffectiveness in a case where the alleged common practice did not apply.
Appellant argues that trial counsel was ineffective for failing to request the charge that character evidence alone may be sufficient to raise a reasonable doubt, and thus justify an acquittal of the charges. Although trial counsel may not have requested it, the trial judge so in-
Appellant argues that trial counsel was ineffective for not objecting to the prosecutor‘s references to the advanced funds as “taxpayer‘s money.” He contends that this label is false in that ULDC was a private corporation and, therefore, the money did not belong to the taxpayers. He further argues that such a reference to the money encouraged the jury to decide the case on their own economic self-interest rather than on the merits. It is clear that the evidence showed that the federal government and the City of Philadelphia were the sources of the construction funds. Although referring to the funds as “taxpayers’ money” may have been technically incorrect, public funds were clearly involved. However, we conclude that the outcome would have been no different if the funds had been called “ULDC‘s money.” We find that appellant was not prejudiced by this reference.
Appellant also argues that trial counsel was ineffective for failing to withdraw from the case. Appellant contends that trial counsel was involved in a series of transactions underlying the criminal charges, including negotiating the relevant contracts, advising him that he had a right to the equipment at the construction site, and actually carrying some of the equipment away. However, trial counsel was not the only attorney who represented appellant during the contract negotiations and who advised him on the decision to remove the equipment from the construction site. Rotan Lee, Esq. was co-counsel to appellant regarding the Osage Project and he did testify on behalf of appellant. To what extent trial counsel could have presented favorable testimony in addition to that of Attorney Lee is not specified by appellant and we cannot base a finding of ineffectiveness on bare allegations alone.
Appellant also contends that trial counsel‘s fear for his own criminal liability colored the advocacy which appellant received during trial. Appellant, however, offers no basis
Appellant‘s final argument that the sentences imposed should be vacated due to the unreasonable applications of the Sentencing Guidelines and the unreasonable impositions of sentences outside the Guidelines. This issue need not be discussed because it is waived. Appellant failed to provide a separate, concise statement of reasons for allowance of appeal, raising a substantial question as to the appropriateness of the sentence imposed under the Sentencing Code as a whole. Commonwealth v. Tuladziecki, 513 Pa. 508, 522 A.2d 17 (1987).
Judgment of sentence affirmed.
OLSZEWSKI, J., files a concurring opinion.
OLSZEWSKI, Judge, concurring:
I concur with Judge Cavanaugh‘s learned and comprehensive disposition of the issues raised by appellant. I write separately in order to further clarify the proper disposition of the count of misapplication of entrusted funds and the count of attempted theft of the performance bond.
It is argued that
It is also argued that affirming the conviction for violation of
I also wish to clarify Edwards’ conviction for attempted theft of the performance bond. The bond is the insurer‘s promise to pay. “It is intangible personal property, the value of which, i.e., the insurer‘s credit and reputation, the defendant attempted to steal.” (Appellee‘s Brief at 41). It is argued that because Edwards was not successful in securing the bond he did not make a substantial step toward theft of the value of the bond by deception. I cannot agree.
The majority recognizes that the value of the promise is the insurer‘s credit and reputation. It is that value, not the paper bond, which Edwards attempted to secure by deception. While it is technically correct to state that no performance bond ever existed, its value, the credit and reputation, did exist. The mere fact that this property is intangible does not prevent an attempted theft thereof.