51 Mass. App. Ct. 661 | Mass. App. Ct. | 2001
The defendant was indicted for distribution of
There was testimony by one Steven Kretchman that on August 4, 1997, he and his girlfriend were present at the Tavern at the Bridge restaurant in Lowell. Kretchman observed four men, one of whom was the defendant, in a group in the parking lot outside of the restaurant. He witnessed the defendant remove from his pocket what appeared to be an aspirin bottle; take from the bottle a piece of cellophane containing a white substance; and give the white substance to another member of the group in return for money. The police were called. The defendant was searched, and there was found, among other items, a plastic white container inside of which was a clear plastic bag containing sixteen small packets. The contents of the sixteen small packets were subsequently tested and determined to be heroin. In addition, $120 in cash was found on the defendant.
1. Expert testimony. Lowell police Officer John Finn, a member of the Lowell police department’s special investigations unit, provided expert testimony on the subject of narcotics sales in the greater Lowell area. He testified that the packets seized from the defendant were packaged in a way consistent with the way in which heroin was normally packaged for street sales. He testified further that hand-to-hand heroin sales usually involved between one and ten bags, with each bag selling for between eight and ten dollars.
On direct examination, Officer Finn was asked whether he placed “any significance on the fact that during a narcotics arrest sixteen packets of heroin were found on an individual alleged to have been conducting narcotics sales.” The judge over
The use of narcotics investigators to testify as experts in drug cases has been consistently upheld. Commonwealth v. Johnson, 413 Mass. 598, 604 (1992). The admission of such evidence is largely within the discretion of the trial judge. Ibid. “An expert may not, however, offer an opinion as to the defendant’s innocence or guilt.” Commonwealth v. Woods, 419 Mass. 366, 375 (1995). Where a police officer was permitted to testify from his observations that the defendant was involved in a drug sale, that testimony effectively provided expert opinion that the defendant was guilty of the crimes charged. See ibid. “Such expert opinion testimony was unnecessary and impermissibly intruded on the jury’s vital fact finding function.” Ibid.
Here, the statement by Officer Finn that — in light of the sixteen packets found on the defendant — the defendant “would be a distributor of heroin” constituted an opinion regarding the defendant’s guilt. It was accordingly improper. Rather than striking the answer, the judge transformed the answer into a statement that satisfied existing rules of evidence on the subject — specifically, an opinion that possession of such a quantity of heroin “would be consistent with somebody who might be distributing.” The witness acquiesced in this reformulation. There was no error.
Furthermore, even had there been error with respect to the handling of this answer, such error would clearly have been harmless. An eyewitness observed the defendant remove something from a bottle and give it to another person in return for money. The contents of the bottle were subsequently determined to be heroin. Indeed, the defendant admitted that fact. Given the testimony of the eyewitness, the expert’s affirmation of what the jury was likely to conclude on its own made little difference.
Nevertheless, we are constrained to observe again that “the mere use of the ‘consistent with’ formulation should not amount to a sure safe harbor for prosecutors.” Commonwealth v. Tanner, 45 Mass. App. Ct. 576, 581 (1998). In Tanner, we observed that the semantic difference between a witness stating that he observed a drug transaction, and stating that he observed actions that were “consistent with” a drug transaction, is likely to be lost upon the jury. Ibid. In addition, permitting a witness to characterize certain facts as consistent with the commission of a crime comes perilously close to permitting the witness to argue the significance of those facts, thereby invading the province of the jury. We urge again that expert testimony should be explanatory. “In assessing whether expert evidence strays
2. Evidence of personal use. The defendant’s sole defense to the charge of possession with intent to distribute was that he possessed the narcotics in question only for his own use. In support thereof, the defendant sought to introduce evidence that he had made attempts to rehabilitate himself, but that such attempts had failed. The judge excluded the proffered evidence regarding the defendant’s rehabilitation efforts. It was within his discretion to do so.
The fact that the defendant may have been a drug user does not preclude a finding that he distributed these particular narcotics on the date in question. The defendant testified that he was a drug addict. While the jury could credit that assertion, the defendant’s personal drug habit casts little light, if any, upon whether he also sold drugs, at least on the occasion for which he was charged. Evidence of a failed rehabilitation attempt is even more remote insofar as its probative value is concerned.
This does not mean that evidence regarding the existence or the absence of personal drug use will never be admissible. There may well be occasions on which evidence of personal drug use has a meaningful bearing upon the likelihood that a defendant is a distributor. Likewise, defendant’s disclaimer of personal drug use would warrant a conclusion that his possession of a controlled substance was for the purpose of distribution. Commonwealth v. Nichols, 4 Mass. App. Ct. 606, 614 (1976). Here, however, the defendant’s claimed use establishes neither that he was a distributor nor that he was not a distributor.
Judgments affirmed.
The defendant’s pretrial motion to suppress was denied. The defendant has not appealed from that ruling.
The defendant also contends that the erroneous admission of, and emphasis given to, the expert opinion exacerbated the effect of the other claimed error, i.e., the exclusion of evidence regarding his attempted drug rehabilitation. See infra at 665.
It should be noted that these specific actions were not requested by the defendant, although he did object unsuccessfully to the question that elicited the improper answer.
The fact that the eyewitness observed the defendant transfer narcotics to another individual in return for cash does not strengthen his contention that evidence of his personal drug use is meaningful.