56 Mass. App. Ct. 523 | Mass. App. Ct. | 2002
Lead Opinion
Indicted for trafficking in cocaine, the defendant
Background. Brian O’Neil, the State trooper who had obtained the search warrant, was the only witness at the suppression hearing. His testimony encompassed considerably more information than was contained in his affidavit in support of his application for the warrant. The facts, based on his uncontro-verted testimony and a police affidavit admitted as evidence at the hearing, are as follows: On March 29, 1999, Antonio Gra-ciano was arrested after he delivered 270 grams of cocaine to an undercover police officer in a restaurant parking lot in Lawrence. The defendant and another person who had driven to the restaurant with Graciano from his apartment at 5 Forest Street in Lawrence also were arrested. Shortly before he drove off with Graciano, the defendant had been observed walking to 5 Forest Street from the vicinity of 7 Lynch Street in Lawrence.
Soon after his arrest, Graciano told Trooper O’Neil that the defendant was his supplier and, that same day, had delivered the cocaine to Graciano on foot. Graciano further stated that the defendant lived at 7 Lynch Street, that he had been involved in numerous drug deals with the defendant, and that he had met with him in front of that address on numerous occasions but had never been inside the house. He also said he did not know in which of two apartments at 7 Lynch Street the defendant lived or whether anyone else lived in the defendant’s apartment.
After Graciano had accompanied him to 7 Lynch Street, Trooper O’Neil brought him to a police station where Graciano pointed out the defendant. Upon obtaining the keys that had been taken from the defendant at the time of his arrest, O’Neil and another officer returned to 7 Lynch Street and went directly to the third-floor apartment, where they knocked at the door and announced themselves. Receiving no response, they used the defendant’s keys to open the door. They then “checked the apartment for occupants” and, finding no one, “proceeded back to the front hallway and locked the door.” In the course of this “sweep for occupants” the officers saw cocaine and cocaine packaging materials in plain view on a kitchen table.
The judge found that following the plain view observation
In his affidavit in support of the application, Trooper O’Neil justified the warrantless entry on the ground that “potential co-conspirators could be aware of the [pjolice detection” of Graciano and the defendant.
On appeal, the Commonwealth argues, citing Commonwealth v. Blake, 413 Mass. 823 (1992), that the police did not need exigent circumstances to enter the defendant’s apartment, but were permitted to “secure the premises from within” and, therefore, their plain view observation while lawfully in the apartment could be used in obtaining a warrant. See Commonwealth v. Forde, 367 Mass. 798, 803 (1975) (a plain view discovery is not a “search” within the meaning of the Fourth Amendment). In Blake, which involved a warrantless forcible entry into a residence, the court, citing Segura v. United States, 468 U.S. 796, 810 (1984), stated that “[s]ecuring a dwelling, on the basis of probable cause, to prevent the destruction or removal of evidence while a search warrant is being sought is not itself an unreasonable seizure of the dwelling or its contents.” Commonwealth v. Blake, supra at 829.
Discussion. “We start our discussion by restating the well known rule that warrantless entries are per se unreasonable unless they fall within one of the few narrowly drawn exceptions to the Fourth Amendment warrant requirements.” Commonwealth v. Amaral, 16 Mass. App. Ct. 230, 233 (1983). Among the most common exceptions is that of “exigent circumstances,” which permits a warrantless police search of premises, upon probable cause and a reasonable belief that evidence or contraband is at imminent risk of destruction. Ibid. Choosing not to contest the judge’s determination that there were no exigent circumstances,
Less than settled, in our view, is the reach of the concept embedded in the word “secure.” There is sound basis in the cases for permitting police, upon probable cause and without exigent circumstances, effectively to seize a dwelling, pending the issuance of a search warrant, by securing it from the outside, thereby preventing anyone from entering and destroying evidence of criminality or from carrying away such evidence. See Commonwealth v. Hall, 366 Mass. 790, 803 (1975), and cases cited; Commonwealth v. A Juvenile (No. 2), 411 Mass. 157, 165 n.9 (1991) (the rationale for requiring that police secure residences from the outside “rather than searching immediately on obtaining probable cause ... is that the police should not be allowed to intrude on the privacy of homes without the authorization of a neutral and detached magistrate” [citations omitted]). The extension of this principle of external impoundment to permit the securing of a dwelling by unauthorized entry and “sweep” of the inside to protect against possible destruction of evidence is, however, not free from doubt.
Nevertheless, even if we assume that such an extension,
“ ‘The right of police officers to enter into a home, for whatever purpose, represents a serious governmental intrusion into one’s privacy. It was just this sort of intrusion that the
The Commonwealth relies primarily on Commonwealth v. Blake, supra, and the Supreme Court decision cited therein, Segura v. United States, 468 U.S. 796 (1984).
Even if we assume that a warrant application had been initiated in this case, we must next examine the nature of the police intrusion and its claimed justification. Accepting fully the proposition that a brief sweep, such as here involved, constitutes primarily a seizure of the defendant’s apartment, and not a search of it, and that “[tjherefore, the heightened protection we accord privacy interests is simply not implicated where a seizure of premises, not a search, is at issue,” Segura v. United States, 468 U.S. at 810, experience and common sense nevertheless dictate that some modicum of reasonably expected privacy is invaded by police officers rushing through and looking into various rooms of a residence. Just as evidence of criminality may, as here, incidentally fall within the plain view of the officers checking for occupants, so also may personal aspects of home life normally shielded by the walls of the residence be exposed. “Nowhere are expectations of privacy greater than in the home, and ‘[i]n the home ... all details are intimate details ....’” Commonwealth v. Balicki, 436 Mass 1, 12 n.14 (2002), quoting from Kyllo v. United States, 533 U.S. 27, 37 (2001). “Consequently, . . . [we] balance the privacy-related and law enforcement-related concerns to determine if the intrusion was reasonable.” Illinois v. McArthur, 531 U.S. at 331.
The predicate for securing a dwelling is the existence, immediately prior to the moment of seizure, of facts within the knowledge of the police, establishing probable cause to search.
Here, given the absence of exigency, as found by the judge and essentially conceded by the Commonwealth, the threat of imminent destruction is ruled out as a basis for police concern. Nor does the record support other recognized levels of concern such as the “probability of destruction.” Illinois v. McArthur, supra at 337 (Sauter, J., concurring), or “a founded or reasonable suspicion” justifying an unobtrusive search. Commonwealth v. Alvarez, 422 Mass. 198, 210 (1996). That leaves, as the only plausible basis for concern, Trooper O’Neil’s statement that “potential co-conspirators could be aware” of the arrest of Gra-ciano and the defendant. Even giving the Commonwealth the benefit of a generous interpretation, that statement reflects, at
Accordingly, since the entry was constitutionally invalid, “the police had no legal justification for being present . . . and cannot rely on the ‘plain view! doctrine.” Commonwealth v. Forde, 367 Mass. at 807. Compare Commonwealth v. D’Amour, 428 Mass. 725, 731 (1999) (“The police are lawfully in a position from which they view an object if they did not violate the Fourth Amendment”). Given Trooper O’Neil’s exploitation of his unlawful entry in his affidavit in support of the application for a warrant and the absence of a recitation of sufficient independent sources in that affidavit to alone support the issuance of the warrant, see note 1, supra, the fruits of the subsequent search of the defendant’s apartment were irretrievably tainted. Wong Sun v. United States, 371 U.S. 471, 484-488 (1963). Commonwealth v. Balicki, 436 Mass. at 15-16. Contrast Murray v. United States, 487 U.S. at 535-536 (“In applying for the warrant, the agents did not mention the prior entry, and did not rely on any observations made during that entry”); Segura v. United States, 468 U.S. at 814 (“None of the information on which the warrant was secured was derived from or related in any way to the initial entry into [the] apartment”); Com
The order allowing the motion to suppress is affirmed.
The affidavit in support of the application for a search warrant established, in addition to the plain view observation of cocaine and cocaine packaging materials, only that the defendant was Graciano’s cocaine supplier, that Graciano and the defendant had been involved in numerous drug deals, that the cocaine delivered by Graciano at the restaurant had been supplied by the defendant, and that tire officers used keys seized from the defendant at his arrest to open the door of the apartment. It also indicated that Graciano had not been inside of the defendant’s residence, but had met the defendant several times in front of 7 Lynch Street, and that a confidential informant had delivered information to the police within the past two weeks “regarding a cocaine distribution operation at 7 Lynch Street, floor 3, Lawrence, MA.” Other than describing the confidential informant as “[rjeliable,” the affidavit contained no information supporting that informant’s veracity or his basis of knowledge. Without these hallmarks of accuracy, the information attributable to the informant could not lawfully have been considered in determining whether a warrant should issue. Commonwealth v. Warren, 418 Mass. 86, 88 (1994). See Smith, Criminal Practice and Procedure §§ 208-216 (2d ed. 1983 & Supp. 2002). Moreover, the information attributable to Graciano could not alone support the issuance of a warrant. The Commonwealth does not argue otherwise, claiming only that the combination of the affidavit averments, including the observations during the warrantless entry, amount to probable cause. Contrary to the view expressed in the partial concurrence and dissent, the fact that the keys taken from the defendant opened the door to the apartment established only that the defendant resided at 7 Lynch Street (a fact already supplied by Graciano), and not that there was contraband present. Accordingly, the affidavit must be construed as totally dependent upon the police
When Trooper O’Neil, before entering 7 Lynch Street, returned with Graciano to the police station, he possessed all the information supporting probable cause to search to which he testified at the suppression hearing, with the exception of his later plain view observation. Given that several police officers were involved in the operation that led to the arrest of the defendant, and the absence of any indication that it then was impracticable to do so, it reasonably may be inferred that Trooper O’Neil could have arranged for the start of the search warrant application process while he was at the police station. Compare Commonwealth v. Navarro, 39 Mass. App. Ct. 161, 163 (1995) (“[Officer] Hyde made arrangements for a search warrant to issue. While waiting for the warrant, Hyde and another officer went to the apartment to secure it”).
That belief apparently was founded upon (1) the fact that a “large crowd . . . had gathered” at the arrest of Graciano and the defendant, and (2) the receipt by Graciano’s girlfriend of a telephone call to his apartment from an unknown caller to whom she stated that the police were in the apartment and that Graciano had just been arrested. In his testimony, Trooper O’Neil stated that “any occupant of that apartment [at 7 Lynch Street] could be aware that [the defendant] was arrested and remove any evidence or cocaine from that apartment.”
On the record before us, and because the Commonwealth does not argue error in the judge’s findings of fact and conclusions of law pertaining to the absence of exigent circumstances, we accept that determination. See Commonwealth v. Marquez, 434 Mass. 370, 374-375 (2001).
In Segura v. United States, 468 U.S. 796, 800 (1984), Federal agents arrested Segura, a suspected drug dealer, in the lobby of the building in which he resided, then went to his apartment where their knock on the door caused a second suspected drug dealer, Colon, to appear. The agents entered the apartment without consent and conducted “a limited security check of the apartment to ensure that no one else was there who might pose a threat to their safety or destroy evidence. In the process, the agents observed ... in plain view . . . accouterments of drug trafficking.” Id. at 800-801. After arresting Colon, Segura and three other occupants of the apartment were taken away and two agents remained in the apartment. Before entering the apartment, the agents had discussed procuring a search warrant for the apartment with an Assistant United States Attorney and had been advised that because of the lateness of the hour, one could not be obtained until the following day. The warrant was obtained and the apartment searched some nineteen hours after the original entry. On appeal to the Supreme Court, lower court determinations that the initial warrantless entry and limited security search were illegal were not in issue. “The only issue [was] whether drugs and the other items not observed during the initial entry and first discovered by the agents the day after the entry, under an admittedly valid search warrant, should have been suppressed.” Id. at 804. The Court ruled that suppression of those later discovered items was not required. In a portion of the decision in which only one other justice joined, Chief Justice Burger wrote: “We hold, therefore, that securing a dwelling, on the basis of probable cause, to prevent the destruction
The other Massachusetts cases cited by the Commonwealth in support of its claim that the initial entry was lawful either rely on Commonwealth v. Blake, supra, or are distinguishable from the instant case in that they are based on exigency or do not involve the exploitation of the initial entry. See Commonwealth v. Alvarez, 422 Mass. 198, 210-211 (1996); Commonwealth v. Watkins, 425 Mass. 830, 842 (1997); Commonwealth v. Voris, 38 Mass. App. Ct. 377, 381 (1995); Commonwealth v. Navarro, 39 Mass. App. Ct. 161, 164-165 (1995); Commonwealth v. Rotolo, 45 Mass. App. Ct. 927, 928 (1998).
Although the defendant in his motion to suppress asserted his rights under both the Fourth Amendment and art. 14 of the Massachusetts Declaration of
While our courts, on occasion, have countenanced unauthorized residence sweeps, apparently conducted without benefit of a simultaneous effort to obtain a search warrant, those cases are distinguished by an absence of exploitation of the initial entry. See Commonwealth v. Alvarez, 422 Mass. 198, 210-211 (1996); Commonwealth v. Voris, 38 Mass. App. Ct. 377, 381 n.3 (1995); Commonwealth v. Cruz, 53 Mass. App. Ct. 24, 27 (2001). See also Murray v. United States, 487 U.S. 533, 542 n.3 (1988) (“what counts is whether the actual illegal search had any effect in producing the warrant”).
We agree with the Commonwealth’s contention that, as with the issue of exigent circumstances, the relevant facts as to the propriety of an impoundment are not only those set forth in the affidavit in support of the application for a warrant, but also those known to the police at the time of the securing of the dwelling as reflected here by the totality of the hearing evidence. Compare Commonwealth v. Amaral, 16 Mass. App. Ct. 230, 233 (1983) (“[t]he ques-
Another justifying concern, not suggested by the record or the testimony of Trooper O’Neil, could be the security of police officers or civilians. See Boston Housing Authy. v. Guirola, 410 Mass. 820, 829 (1991). Compare cases involving protective sweeps associated with arrests or arrest warrants: Maryland v. Buie, 494 U.S. 325, 334 (1990); Commonwealth v. Acosta, 416 Mass. 279, 283 (1993); Commonwealth v. Bui, 419 Mass. 392, 395-396, cert. denied, 516 U.S. 861 (1995); Commonwealth v. Watkins, 425 Mass. 830, 842 n.16 (1997); Commonwealth v. Nova, 50 Mass. App. Ct. 633, 634-636 (2000). Absent safety concerns, the Supreme Judicial Court has set a strict standard for entry into dwellings to effect arrests. See Commonwealth v. Marguez, 434 Mass. 370, 376 n.5 (2001) (“no persuasive reason has been shown to create an exception to our bright-line rule that, to make a lawful felony arrest in a dwelling, the police need either a warrant or probable cause and exigent circumstances”).
With the defendant in custody, the only basis for a belief that the apartment was occupied was the unsupported information supplied to Trooper O’Neil by the “[c]onfidential [Reliable informant” that 7 Lynch Street was “the residence of two individuals involved in cocaine distribution.” The only evidence supporting the possibility that an occupant of. the apartment was aware of the defendant’s arrest was (1) the fact that the defendant was arrested before a “large crowd” in a public place, an unspecified distance from the defendant’s residence or Graciano’s residence, and (2) the testimony that an unidentified telephone caller to Graciano’s home had been informed of Graciano’s arrest and that police were in his home.
Concurrence Opinion
(concurring in result). I agree that the order allowing the motion to suppress in this case should be affirmed. I would state flatly, however, that absent one of the well defined exigent circumstances previously identified in the case law, police officers may not enter a private premises without a warrant even if they have probable cause to believe that evidence or contraband is contained therein and are in the process of obtaining a warrant. I believe that this is the law.
Indeed, in Segura v. United States, 468 U.S. 796 (1984), six members of the United States Supreme Court indicated in separate opinions that they regarded it as settled that “an entry in the absence of exigent circumstances is illegal.” Id. at 812 (separate opinion of Burger, C.J.), 820 (Stevens, J., dissenting). No member of the Court suggested a contrary view. See Coolidge v. New Hampshire, 403 U.S. 443, 478 (1971) (“searches and seizures inside a man’s house without a warrant are per se unreasonable in the absence of some one of a number of well defined ‘exigent circumstances’ ”); Vale v. Louisiana, 399 U.S. 30, 34-35 (1970) (absent a demonstrable threat of imminent destruction of evidence, the authorities may not enter a residence without a warrant in order to preserve that evidence).
I do not read the opinion of the Supreme Judicial Court in Commonwealth v. Blake, 413 Mass. 823 (1992), as establishing any different rule. Indeed, the court explicitly noted in Blake that, unlike the circumstances existing in the present case, the police had not used any of the observations made at the time of their initial entry into the defendant’s home to subsequently obtain a warrant to search the home. 413 Mass. at 830. This circumstance would have been irrelevant if the initial entry had been lawful. See Commonwealth v. Alvarez, 422 Mass. 198, 210-211 (1996).
In the present case, the Commonwealth made no sufficient showing that there were exigent circumstances justifying the initial warrantless entry of the defendant’s apartment. Nor did it even contend that the information contained in the affidavit subsequently submitted to obtain a warrant was sufficient, absent the observations made during the initial warrantless entry, to
In fact, other than the observations made in the defendant’s apartment, Trooper O’Neil’s affidavit included only Graciano’s statements to the effect that the defendant was the source of Graciano’s cocaine and that Graciano had met the defendant on various prior occasions at 7 Lynch Street, where the defendant lived, and a brief, elliptical reference to “information” obtained from a “[cjonfidential [rjeliable [ijnformant” regarding a “cocaine distribution operation at 7 Lynch Street, floor 3, Lawrence, MA.” Even if the Commonwealth had argued the point, I would conclude that this is not enough, by itself, to establish probable cause for a search of the defendant’s apartment. See Commonwealth v. Chongarlides, 52 Mass. App. Ct. 366, 371 (2001) (affidavit was inadequate to establish probable cause to search defendant’s home where it contained no specific evidence tying the home to illegal drug transactions other than that the defendant lived there). See also Commonwealth v. Warren, 418 Mass. 86, 88 (1994) (affidavit containing information received from confidential informant cannot establish probable cause in search absent some indication of basis for informant’s knowledge and reason for believing that informant is reliable).
Concurrence in Part
(concurring in part, dissenting in part).
I
I agree that observations made while securing the premises may not be included in the warrant application. Commonwealth v. Blake, 413 Mass. 823, 830 (1992). I further agree with the opinion’s central holding: the police, who possess probable cause to believe that evidence of criminal activity is present, and are in the process of securing a search warrant,
Here, two affidavits, totaling fourteen pages, accompanied the warrant application.
The case law involving search warrants is well known. “The standard for issuing a search warrant is probable cause. . . . The law requires probable cause to believe that items sought are related to criminal activity under investigation and that the items may reasonably be expected to be located in the place to be searched” (citation omitted). Grasso & McEvoy, Suppression Matters Under Massachusetts Law § 8-1 (2001). “[information in an affidavit supporting an application for a search warrant should be considered ‘in an ordinary, commonsense manner without hypertechnical analysis’ . . . .” Commonwealth v. Perez-Baez, 410 Mass. 43, 46 (1991), quoting from Commonwealth v. Melendez, 407 Mass. 53, 60 (1990) (Greaney, J., dissenting).
After striking the one offensive sentence contained in the affidavit, we are left with the following. The defendant was arrested with two others, Graciano and Polanco, selling a significant quantity of cocaine. “It [is] reasonable to assume that drugs, drug paraphernalia, and money, the items specified in the warrant and seized, would be located in the residence of a person engaged in drug transactions.” Commonwealth v. Singer, 29 Mass. App. Ct. 708, 715 (1991). Graciano volunteered information, making statements against penal interest, admitting
The question is this: after reading the affidavits in toto, did probable cause exist to conclude that cocaine “may reasonably be expected to be located in the place to be searched”? I believe that, while a close question, it did, and, as such, the warrant was properly issued.
Typically the decision to secure, as here, is made at the outset. The police officer testified that it was his intent to secure the premises and then write the warrant application, which is precisely what he did. The majority finds it troublesome that a fellow officer was not, at the moment of the entry, traveling to the police station to start writing the warrant application, which the majority would presumably qualify as being “in the process of obtaining a warrant.” Ante at 526, 530. This level of court scrutiny needlessly micromanages police activity.
One of the affidavits concerned Graciano’s apartment; the other Dejesus’s.
“After entering the apartment to conductive [sic] sweep for occupants this officer immediately observed cocaine and cocaine packing equipment on the kitchen table.”
“When a portion of an affidavit in support of a search warrant application is determined to violate a constitutional, statutory, or common law requirement, the offending portion of the affidavit may not be considered in the determination of probable cause. . . . The offending material and any other portions tainted by the offending material must be excised or redacted from consideration by the judge or magistrate in reaching the probable cause determination.” Grasso & McEvoy, Suppression Matters Under Massachusetts Law § 10-7 (2001).
“We note . . . that there was much less information regarding the informant’s tip in the affidavit ... on which the warrant issued than was produced at the suppression hearing . . . .” Commonwealth v. Hill, 51 Mass. App. Ct. 598, 611 n.12 (2001). I recognize that “the warrant must be supported solely by the affidavit, and evidence from the evidentiary hearing on a motion to suppress cannot be considered by a reviewing court.” Id.
