Commonwealth v. DeBoseCommonwealth v. DeBose
- Reporters:
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- Before:
- Zappala
Lead Opinion
OPINION OF THE COURT
ZAPPALA, Justice.Mеlvin DeBose appeals from a sentence of life imprisonment imposed following his conviсtion by a jury of first degree murder. Notice of this appeal was filed on November 12, 1980; therefore, this Cоurt has jurisdiction under former
DeBose raises numerous points of error which he argues require dismissal of the charges against him or a new trial. *401We have thoroughly examined the record and find that the trial cоurt correctly decided each of these points in denying DeBose’s post-trial motions, more than adequately explaining its reasoning in the Opinion of the Honorable John A. Geisz dated March 24, 1981. Only one of these issues merits further discussion.
DeBose argues that the trial judge erred in his charge to the jury on voluntary manslaughter. The judge charged the jury as follows:
Now, I’ll give you the definition of voluntary manslaughter: Voluntary manslaughter is an offense embraced within the terms of the indictment in this case. You must know what is meant by that term.
The crime of voluntary manslaughter is of a lesser grade than murder.
It consists of an unlawful killing of another person without malice, expressed or implied. That means, without a direct intent to kill and without hardness of heart or cruelty or recklessness of consequences or a mind regardless of social duty.
The act of killing must, of course be voluntаry. The very name of the crime implies that. Because voluntary manslaughter involves an intentional аct confusion sometimes exists in the jury’s mind concerning the difference between that crime and the crime of first degree murder.
If you bear in mind that manslaughter is never attended by legal malice, that is, by a direсt intent to kill or by depravity of heart or cruelty or recklessness of consequences, you will not go astray.
Voluntary manslaughter is willful, but it is necessary that the surrounding circumstances take away every evidеnce of cruelty, depravity and wanton cruelty.
Therefore, to reduce an intentional blow оr wound which results in death to voluntary manslaughter, there must be either sufficient provocation or a stаte of rage or *402passion without time to cool and placing the accused beyond the control of his reason and suddenly impelling him to do the deed.
The word passion, in the sense in which this is used herе, includes such things as anger or terror, provided such a degree of intensity is present to obscure tеmporarily the reason of the person effected (sic).
(N.T., July 11, 1978, pp. 30-32) (Emphasis added).
As the lower court Opinion recоgnized, this Court has indicated that it is improper to charge a jury that voluntary manslaughter cannot be attended by a direct intent to kill. Commonwealth v. Jennings, 442 Pa. 18, 274 A.2d 767 (1971). As in Jennings, trial counsel here made no objection to the charge when given the opportunity to do so. The Appellant’s entire defense was based on the theory that thе Commonwealth’s witnesses had misidentified DeBose. There was no evidence consistent with both an intent to kill and voluntary manslaughter. Our review of the trial transcripts leads to the inescapable conсlusion that, again as in Jennings, the error did not constitute such as to affect the merits or justice of the cаse or require a new trial.
DeBose raises a further claim, however, that his trial counsel was ineffective for failing to object to the erroneous charge. As noted, in the context of this trial the charge was not so erroneous and prejudicial as to require granting a new trial. We will not premisе a finding of ineffective assistance of counsel solely on failure to object to such a сharge. Indeed, we specifically find that trial counsel clearly had a reasonable basis for not objecting designed to effectuate his client’s best interests. Clearly, counsel’s strategy was to convince the .jury that the Commonwealth’s witnesses had misidentified DeBose. This was the aim.of all his cross-examination, his own evidence, and his argument. A corrected charge on voluntary manslaughter could hаve diverted the jury’s attention from the objective of having the jury choose between a murder cоnviction and outright *403acquittal. Compare, Commonwealth v. Sullivan, 450 Pa. 273, 299 A.2d 608 (1973) cert, denied, 412 U.S. 923, 93 S.Ct. 2745, 37 L.Ed.2d 150 (1973) (counsel had reasonable basis for not calling attention to error in charge on voluntary manslaughter where strategy was to present choice between conviction and acquittal on self-defense). For these reasons, trial counsel cannot be deemed to have been ineffective.
Finding no merit to any of the errors assigned by the Appellant, judgment of sentence is affirmed.
NIX, J., filed a concurring opinion.
Concurrence Opinion
concurring.
The charge of the trial court defining voluntary manslaughter as not being an intentional killing was clearly wrong, see Commonwealth v. Heatherington, 477 Pa. 562, 385 A.2d 338 (1978); Commonwealth v. Whitfield, 475 Pa. 297, 380 A.2d 362 (1977); Commonwealth v. O’Searo, 466 Pa. 224, 240 n. 6, 352 A.2d 30, 38 n. 6 (1976), but the challenge to this charge has been waived. Commonwealth v. Clair, 458 Pa. 418, 326 A.2d 272 (1974).
Ordinarily, where a claim of ineffective assistance is raised on direct appeal and the basis for trial counsel’s decision cannot be determined from the record, it is appropriate for the reviewing court to remаnd for an evidentiary hearing rather than speculate, as does the majority, as to the basis for trial counsel’s actions. Commonwealth v. Musi, 486 Pa. 102, 404 A.2d 378 (1979); Commonwealth v. Wade, 480 Pa. 160, 389 A.2d 560 (1978); Commonwealth v. Hubbard, 472 Pa. 259, 372 A.2d 687 (1977); Commonwealth v. Moore, 466 Pa. 510, 353 A.2d 808 (1976); Commonwealth v. Twiggs, 460 Pa. 105, 331 A.2d 440 (1975). However, in this instance, former trial counsel (Cecil B. Moore, Esquire) is now deceased and for that reason I accept the majority’s approach in resolving the ineffective assistance challenge. Thus, I concur in the result.