This is an appeal from a judgment of sentence entered in the Court of Common Pleas of Philadelphia County. We affirm.
On February 2, 1990, defendant/appellant Carl Davis (Davis) was arrested and charged with possession of a controlled substance and possession with intent to deliver a controlled substance (cocaine). 35 Pa.S.A. § 780-113. The trial court heard and denied Davis’s pre-trial motion to suppress the evidence seized at the time of arrest. After a bench trial, before the Honorable Jane Cutler Greenspan, Davis was convicted of both offenses. After his post-trial motions were denied, Davis was sentenced to one to two years of imprisonment to be followed by five years of probation. This timely appeal followed.
*321 On February 2,1990, Police Officer Anthony Jones, while on patrol, received a radio call which stated “6054 Irving Street, person with a gun.” With the siren on and lights flashing on the marked patrol car, Jones and his partner, Officer Verdell Johnson, were in front of the specified address within thirty seconds. 1 Officer Jones exited the vehicle, approached the house, and walked up the steps to the front porch. The front door was completely open so the officer had an unobstructed view of the living room inside. At the suppression hearing, Officer Jones testified:
I arrived at that location and the door was open. I observed a black male, who was the defendant, sitting in a chair who jumped up and looked in my direction, and I noticed that the butt of a gun was sticking out of his waistband. I drew my revolver out and approached the male and, for my own protection, I recovered the weapon. And in the immediate area I observed a brown, paperbag, which the male was trying to stuff under the couch.
Officer Jones entered the dwelling, frisked Davis, removed the gun, and placed Davis under arrest. 2 Officer Jones then picked up the brown paper bag, looked inside, and found 151 clear plastic vials which were later determined to contain a total of 7.13 grams of cocaine.
Davis now raises the following issue for our consideration: Was it not error for the motion judge to rule admissible physical evidence seized by police after an arrest made in a home, where the police entered that home without a warrant without having observed any unlawful conduct or con *322 traband: they saw appellant in that home in apparently lawful possession of a gun?
In an appeal from a denial of a motion to suppress evidence, we must determine whether the record supports the trial court’s factual findings, and whether the inferences and legal conclusions drawn by the trial court from those findings are legitimate.
Commonwealth v. Lawrence,
Davis contends that the warrantless arrest was unconstitutional due to the lack of probable cause or exigent circumstances. We do not agree.
3
Whether the police have probable cause to make an arrest depends on whether, at the time of arrest, “there are facts and circumstances within the knowledge of the arresting officer that are reasonably trustworthy and sufficient to warrant a person of reasonable caution [to] believ[e] that the arrestee has committed the offense.”
Commonwealth v. Chase,
When we examine a particular situation to determine if probable cause exists, we consider all the factors and their total effect, and do not concentrate on each individual element____ Finally, we must remember that in dealing with questions of probable cause, we are not dealing in *323 certainties. We are dealing with the factual and practical considerations of everyday life on which reasonable and prudent men act. This is not the same “beyond a reasonable doubt” standard which we apply in determining guilt or innocence.
Chase,
While an informant’s tip alone may not constitute probable cause, it is well-established that independent observation of a suspect’s conduct may be sufficient corroboration to yield probable cause.
See Commonwealth v. Jones,
Here, immediately following a radio dispatch, a police officer arrived at the stated address to find an open door through which he observed the defendant with a gun inserted in his waistband. Dealing with the factual and practical considerations of everyday life,
Chase, supra,
it was not unreasonable for Officer Jones to conclude that the informant had seen Davis outside with the weapon, in violation of section 1606(a) of the Crimes Code, and to arrest Davis on that basis. Once Davis had been placed under arrest, it was permissible for Officer Jones to search Davis and the immediate area within Davis’s reach.
Commonwealth v. Tann,
It is true, as Davis asserts, that the Commonwealth has the burden of proving probable cause by a preponderance of the evidence.
Commonwealth v. Williams,
Moreover, the trial court properly recognized the exigencies of the situation. As this court stated,
Although as a general rule a search and seizure conducted without a warrant is deemed unreasonable for constitutional purposes, the warrant requirement is excused where exigent circumstances exist. Commonwealth v. Holzer,480 Pa. 93 ,389 A.2d 101 (1978). Such circumstances arise where the need for prompt police action is imperative, either because evidence sought to be preserved is likely to be destroyed or secreted from investigation, id. at 102,389 A.2d at 106 , or because there exists a threat of physical harm to police officers or other innocent individuals. Commonwealth v. Hinkson,315 Pa.Super. 23 , 27,461 A.2d 616 , 618 (1983).
Commonwealth v. Ehrsam,
Judge Greenspan noted during the trial that a man with a gun presents a grave threat to personal and public safety. Here, the police had been summoned by a report of a man with a gun. The report was accurate; the butt of Davis’s gun was in full view within ten feet of Officer Jones. Davis jumped from his seat and tried to conceal the paper bag when he noticed Officer Jones in his open doorway. Under the totality of these circumstances, it is clear that Davis presented a threat of physical harm to Officer Jones or other innocent individuals.
Ehrsam, supra.
Thus, the trial court was correct to conclude that for his own safety and that of the public,
*325
Officer Jones was justified in entering through the open door without a warrant to disarm and arrest Davis.
See Commonwealth v. Miller,
We conclude Davis’s warrantless arrest was lawful under the exigent circumstances which involved a threat of physical harm to the police officer or other innocent individuals.
Hinkson,
Considering, as we must, only the evidence presented by the Commonwealth and the uncontradicted evidence presented by Davis in the context of the record as a whole, we find that the trial court’s factual findings, and the legal conclusions drawn therefrom, are supported by the record. Frank, supra; Lawrence, supra. We, therefore, affirm the judgment of sentence.
Judgment of sentence affirmed.
Notes
. Officer Johnson’s actions are not discussed in detail in the record. The record merely indicates that Officer Johnson was present at the scene.
. The record reveals that another male, who Jones initially did not see through the open doorway, was present in the living room with Davis. When Officer Jones entered and approached Davis, this man attempted to exit out the back door. However, as the back door was locked, the man was unable to leave and was taken into custody. The record reveals nothing further about the unidentified man.
The record also refers to a woman who apparently had been upstairs in the single family dwelling. The woman came downstairs approximately five to ten minutes after Officer Jones entered the living room. The woman’s identity is not disclosed in the record.
. As the trial court stated in its opinion, "defendant’s argument that one cannot arrest a person with a gun in a house misses the crucial facts that the officer reasonably concluded that defendant had been seen with a gun outside the house since the door was wide open and someone had complained....”
.
Terry v. Ohio,