An indictment, returned January 18, 1952, charged that the defendants and one Foley (for whom no exceptions are pending) on December 1,1951, “and on divers other days . . . between that day and the day of the presenting of this indictment, did conspire together to engage in unlawful traffic in a certain narcotic drug, to wit: heroin.” David was indicted also on charges of illegal possession of heroin and illegal possession with intent unlawfully to sell it. Young and Abraham, together with Foley, were also charged with being accessories to David’s alleged possession of heroin with intent to sell it. The defendants and Foley were tried together in December, 1952. 1 The jury found the defendants and Foley guilty only on the conspiracy indictment. Each of the bills of exceptions of the three defendants seeks review of (a) rulings on evidence, (b) the refusal of the trial judge to direct a verdict for the defendant, and (c) the denial of the defendant’s motion for a new trial. Certain of the defendants argue other exceptions, discussed later. There was evidence from which the jury were warranted in finding the facts set out below.
Young since 1935 had been a registered pharmacist. From 1938 on, he owned and ran a drug store on Washington Street in Boston. He had known Abraham for at least eight years. Abraham and his mother, Mrs. Kaplan, lived at 1 Haven Street (about one hundred to two hundred feet from the drug store) where Foley was a roomer. Foley, sometimes called “Duggy,” had been known to Young as a customer, “for about a year from January, 1952.” Although Young claimed not to know Foley by his name or nickname, a narcotics officer had been told by Young on August 9, 1950, where he might find “Duggy.” Foley had been seen going into the drug store ten to fifteen times. David had lived at 119 Tyler Street between two and three years. He and Abraham were partners operating a brewery service *689 company at 106 Tyler Street where they also conducted a social club together.
On the morning of January 8, 1952, Mrs. Young ordered 20,000 gelatin capsules from a wholesale drug firm in Cambridge, for a customer for whom she had ordered 600 the day before. Young that afternoon went to Cambridge and obtained these capsules in four yellow boxes, each labelled “5,000 each empty Gelatin Capsules No. 5 size.” He returned to his drug store with them about 3:30 p.m. Foley was present. At Foley’s request, the labels on the boxes were removed and Foley then took them to Abraham’s house at 1 Haven Street in a manila bag. Shortly thereafter, Abraham drove in an automobile to 1 Haven Street, entered the house, obtained the paper bag containing the capsules and drove with them about 4 p.m. to the comer of Tyler and Oak streets and delivered them at David’s apartment at 119 Tyler Street. About 6 p.m. David came out of 119 Tyler Street and was apprehended by narcotics agents and police and was taken to his apartment. The capsules were found there in the manila bag, still in the unopened boxes from which the labels had been removed.
David was taken to police headquarters after his apartment was searched. David’s wife promptly called Abraham’s mother, who was driven over to see her by Abraham, who learned while driving her back to Haven Street of David’s arrest. Abraham returned to his office at 106 Tyler Street from which two narcotics agents took him to police headquarters about 10:15 p.m.
That evening Young and his wife were questioned by narcotics agents and police. Young admitted that he had sold the 20,000 capsules and that this was a large order, for the largest order he had ever had before was 1,000. He claimed to have delivered the capsules to a “tall, dark man, somewhat skinny type” whom he had not seen before or since. He at first said he received “$18 a box and then said it was $50 for the four boxes.” He gave somewhat conflicting statements about whether he or the purchaser scraped the *690 labels off the boxes. Young admitted that the purchaser “asked him to scrape the labels off, he didn’t want the people to know where he got them.” Young, when asked if he had any idea what the purchaser was going to use the capsules for, replied “He could put perfume in them.” Young’s wife in her testimony claimed the purchaser “said he was going into the manufacturing business.”
David, when interrogated at his apartment, claimed not to have known the man who delivered the empty capsules to him. In answer to a question he said “Somebody left it [the package with the capsules] here and promised to give me $50 the next day.”
There was expert testimony by narcotics agents that the empty capsules, although having a legitimate use for various pharmaceuticals, were “the type that are used for containers of heroin” and also that they were “the type that are found around the possession of those active in illegal sale of narcotics”; that in a survey of this item, it was found that about 70% of the druggists questioned did not even stock the size because of its rare use; that “capsules of this type have a list price but it is not a regular item to be sold anywhere.” One narcotics agent testified that, although he had seen pharmaceuticals in this type of capsule, when he had seen them there had “always been heroin or narcotics in them.” There was testimony, admitted against all the defendants, without objection, that the empty capsules were similar to those filled capsules mentioned below (admitted in evidence only against David), which contained heroin. Over objection there was testimony that this type of filled capsule was purchased by drug addicts for personal consumption at $2 apiece.
The following further evidence was admitted only against David. While the narcotics agents were at David’s apartment, a search was made of a shed on the roof of 119 Tyler Street, reached up a common stairway near David’s apartment. There, wedged behind a water tank, was a pouch filled with white powder, which, when analyzed, proved to be heroin, 1,421 capsules with heroin in them, a can of milk *691 sugar and a set of fine photographic weighing scales. Heroin is usually diluted with - milk sugar to reduce its strength and thus make a larger quantity for sale.
It is not necessary to summarize other evidence which the jury could have failed to believe..
1. The three defendants filed motions to quash the indictment on the ground that it did not set forth a crime. Abraham took no exception to the denial of his motion. Young and David have not argued their exceptions. There is no merit in the contention, even if the matter can be considered in the absence of an exception by Abraham, as he contends. Compare
Commonwealth
v.
Andler,
2. David and Young contend that it was error to permit a question to a narcotics agent whether the capsules were “the type . . . found around the possession of those engaged in illegal sale of narcotics” on the ground that it was prejudicial and involved conclusions of law. It was competent to show that this type of capsule was commonly used to distribute heroin. The use of the term “illegal sale” was comparable to the use of the words “abortion kit,” held
*692
harmless in
Commonwealth
v.
Aronson,
The trial judge did not err in permitting another narcotics officer to testify that “capsules in the form as appear in exhibit No. 6 with the heroin, are purchased by drug addicts, for personal consumption.” The reference to exhibit 6, which included the capsules found in the shed above David’s apartment, was unobjectionable as to David against whom exhibit 6 was admitted. Although the judge expressly “limited to David” any description of exhibit 6, Mrs. Young testified without objection that the type of capsule included in exhibit 6 was similar to the capsules sold by Young, which each defendant could have been found to have had in his possession at some time on January 8, 1952, and thus the reference to exhibit 6 was not improper with respect to the other defendants. The evidence was properly admitted to describe a potential unlawful use of empty capsules of this type. The narcotics agents were clearly sufficiently experts in their work to testify on these issues.
3. David contends that the items found in the shed above his apartment were improperly admitted as against him. The evidence tended to show, by the similarity of the filled capsules there found to those purchased from Young, that the empty capsules also might be filled with heroin. This evidence, in any event, was admissible on the indictments of David for unlawful possession and unlawful possession with intent to sell and was admitted over only a general objection without being limited to particular indictments. It was in evidence for the purposes of all the indictments against David.
Commonwealth
v.
Wunsch,
*693
4. The motion for a directed verdict filed by David was properly denied. The jury were warranted in finding that he was in possession of heroin filled capsules, similar to those which the jury were warranted in believing had come to him indirectly from Young and directly from Abraham. The jury could reasonably infer that David needed empty capsules to fill with heroin; that he directly, or through Abraham, requested Foley to procure them from Young; that the whole transaction with respect to the empty capsules (which moved with speed from the Cambridge wholesaler through Young and others to David) had been prearranged, at least with Foley and Abraham; and that there was effort to make the movement of the capsules difficult to trace. The evidence of concerted action warranted the conclusion that there was a conspiracy. The adaptability of the empty capsules for the narcotics traffic and the absence of any apparent legitimate purpose leading David to acquire 20,000 capsules of this special size were circumstances properly to be considered by the jury (if they did not believe his story that he was merely keeping the capsules for a stranger). The jury could refuse to believe David’s story about the stranger, who was to pay him $50 for keeping the empty capsules for him, and they could regard a false story as to the acquisition of the capsules as indicating consciousness of guilt.
Commonwealth
v.
Spezzaro,
5. Although, without more appearing, mere proof of partnership with David would not warrant the inference that Abraham and David were coconspirators (see
Commonwealth
v.
Anthony,
On the evidence the jury were warranted in finding that Abraham took the capsules from 1 Haven Street to David’s apartment. The evidence of prearrangement and of concerted action in transporting the capsules was as strong in the case of Abraham as in the case of David. The jury could reasonably have inferred that Abraham, through Foley, brought about, or at least was informed of the facts of, the purchase of the capsules.
The cache of heroin filled capsules was not admitted in evidence against Abraham as proof of an act of a coconspirator pursuant to the conspiracy. This might well have been done in view of the evidence that a conspiracy existed, found in the concerted action by the defendants in relation to the capsules from which (see
Commonwealth
v.
Beal,
6. Although normally a conspiracy must be proved by circumstantial evidence
(Attorney General
v.
Tufts,
We have considered the various circumstances in evidence against Young which the jury could have found to be seriously suspicious, for example, the large quantity of capsules; the possibility of their unlawful use; the scraping off of the wholesaler’s labels, by or at the request of the customer, because “he didn’t want the people to know where he got them”; and the answers given by Young to the narcotics agents, when interrogated, which the jury could have regarded as evasive, if not false, and as indicating consciousness of guilt. We do not think that these circumstances collectively, taken in connection with the other evidence, reach the point of providing the proof which would warrant a verdict of guilty.
7. David and Abraham have not argued their exceptions to the denial of a bill of particulars in their cases. These exceptions need not be discussed.
8. There was no error in denying Abraham’s and David’s motions for a new trial. Abraham failed to argue his exception. In any event these exceptions had no merit.
Commonwealth
v.
Polian,
Exceptions of the defendant Young sustained.
Exceptions of the defendants Abraham and David overruled.
Notes
The record affords no explanation of the long delay in the prosecution of these bills of exceptions, which were not allowed until February 10, 1956.
Some of the difficulties encountered in conspiracy indictments (as compared with those for substantive offences) are indicated in Mr. Justice Jackson’s concurring opinion in
Krulewitch
v.
United States,
Compare, however, the Federal express statutory requirement (mentioned in some of the Federal cases cited in this opinion) of proof of an overt act in a prosecution under U. S. 0. (1952 ed.) Title 18, § 371, formerly § 37 of the Criminal Code;
Blumenthal
v.
United States,