Commonwealth v. CohenCommonwealth v. Cohen
- Reporters:
- , ,
- Before:
- Cercone
Opinion by
Cercone, J.,
These appeals by Sylvan M. Cohen are companion to that of the case of
Commonwealth v. National Land and Investment Company,
221 Pa. Superior Ct. 144, 289 A. 2d 101 (1972). Cohen, officer of National Land and Investment Company, was also indicted on charges recommended by the April 1969, Investigating Grand Jury impaneled on petition of the District Attorney of Philadelphia to investigate, inter alia, the 1500 Market Street Project in that City.
1
The indictments against Cohen consisted of two charges of false pretense and two charges of false financial statements based on the same December 20, 1968 and January 30, 1969, transactions
Cohen moved to quash the indictments brought against him and to suppress the use of his testimony before the investigating grand jury. These motions were based on the contention, inter alia, that his testimony before the investigating grand jury was tainted by the failure of the court supervising the investigation to advise him of his Fifth Amendment privilege to remain silent in the face of incriminating questions and of his Sixth Amendment privilege to have the advice of counsel. The lower court did not agree and refused to quash the indictments. It certified as appropriate for appeal to this court under Section 501 of the Appellate Court Jurisdiction Act of 1970, 17 P.S. Section 211.501, that part of its order dealing with the admissibility of appellant’s testimony before the grand jury and the denial of a motion to quash because of that admissibility. However, appellant Sylvan M. Cohen has not so limited his appeals to this court, but has also presented to us the argument that the indictment based on the investigating grand jury’s recommendation improperly denied him his right to a preliminary hearing because the recommendations of the investigating grand jury were beyond the scope of its authority.
With respect to the issue certified to us on appeal as to this individual appellant Sylvan Cohen, there was a violation of his constitutional rights in the pre
In Commonwealth v. Kilgallen, 379 Pa. 315, 108 A. 2d 780 (1954), it was held that where a witness appeared before the grand jury, testified under judicial compulsion in violation of his rights pursuant to the Fifth Amendment and Article I, Section 9 of the Pennsylvania Constitution against self-incrimination, his indictment should be quashed. Mr. Justice Chidsey there stated: “. . . we know of no case in this jimsdiction that denies the right to challenge the validity of an indictment on the ground of violation of the accused’s constitutional rights here asserted — and so challenge successfully upon proper and sufficient proof.” (pp. 325-26) (Emphasis supplied.)
The
Kilgallen
decision was found to be “still valid” in
Commonwealth v. McCloskey,
443 Pa. 117, 277 A. 2d 764 (1971), which held that a witness before this very same April 1969 Investigating Grand Jury was entitled to instructions as to his right against self-incrimination and advice of counsel as follows (p. 120) : “...
we do believe that a witness should receive a warning by the
“Such a warning gives full recognition to the delicate position of a witness befoi‘e an investigating grand j urv. He has been summoned to testify, and he is subject to contempt proceedings should he refuse to testify without justification. The question of when a witnesshas ‘reasonable cause to apprehend danger’ and hence can exercise his right against self-incrimination is not always clear.
“Determining what is an incriminating statement is not always clear to a layman. We thus conclude that a subpoenaed witness who has given testimony before an investigating grand jury without the above warning has been denied his right against self-incrimination (Emphasis supplied.) The fact that appellant is an attorney did not obviate the necessity for the requisite warnings and instructions. The language of the United States Supreme Court in Miranda v. Arizona, 384 U.S. 436 (1966), makes clear that circumstantial evidence of the accused’s knowledge of his rights based on his intelligence and education cannot take the place of the actual instruction as to his privileges. The court there stated: “The Fifth Amendment privilege is so fundamental to our system of constitutional rule and the expedient of giving an adequate warning as to the availability of the privilege so simple, we will not pause to inquire in individual cases whether the defendant was aware of his rights without a warning being given. Assessments of the knowledge the defendant possessed, based on information as to his age, education, intelligence, or prior contact with authorities, can never be more than speculation; a warring is a clearcut fact. More important, whatever the background of the person interrogated, a warning at the time of interrogation is indispensable to overcome its pressures and to insure that the individual knows he is free to exercise the privilege at that point in time.” (Emphasis supplied.)
The court in
Miranda
was also clear as to the duty to advise an accused of his right to counsel regardless of circumstances indicating his knowledge of such right, saying at pages 471-472: “Accordingly we hold that an individual held for interrogation must be clearly in
In United States v. Harrison, 451 F. 2d 1013 (2d Cir. 1971), the court in a per curiam opinion held that the rights of the appellant, an attorney, had been violated by the court’s failure to instruct him of his constitutional rights, saying: “Here the record fails to show any advice to or inquiry of appellant on the date of trial or shortly before it by the trial judge on the subject of his right to be defended by counsel at trial or any finding that appellant made a knowing and intelligent waiver of that right. The fact that appellant is an attorney does not necessarily mean that he is capable of adequately defending himself. The mere statement by the appellant in response to the trial judge’s questions (six months after trial at the time of sentencing) that he was a member of the bar since 1943 and was reasonably familiar with criminal law (Trial Record II at 7-8) is not sufficient to constitute a waiver of his Sixth Amendment right to counsel at trial. See Glasser v. United States, 315 U.S. 60, 70-71 (1942).”
It is not unreasonable to require that any necessary instructions be given to an attorney, for not all attorneys are familiar with criminal law and the constitutional rights afforded thereby.
The Commonwealth argues that the
McCloskey
instructions are not based on the
Miranda
case, supra, and
Escobedo v. Illinois,
378 U.S. 478 (1964), and
The court below indicated it was of the opinion that the lack of instructions was immaterial in that defendant had knowingly exercised the rights that would have been covered by the instructions. The court below placed reliance on the fact that appellant at one time during his testimony before the investigating grand jury hesitated implicating a third party by his answer and thereupon the District Attorney went to the court for a ruling. We do not agree that such conduct can be availed of as proof of defendant’s knowledge of his rights because (1) as above shown, circumstantial proof cannot take the place of specific instruc
We therefore conclude that appellant’s testimony was received in violation of Ms constitutional rights and could not serve, as the record reveals it did, as the basis, in whole or in part, of any of the indictments entered against him. Those indictments, therefore, cannot stand.
For the reasons stated in this opinion the orders of the court below are reversed and the indictments entered at Nos. 2887-2891, inclusive, October Term, 1969, in the Court of Common Pleas of Philadelphia, Trial Division, are hereby ordered quashed.
Spaulding, J., joins in this opinion. Watkins, Montgomery, and Jacobs, JJ., concur in the result. Wright, P. J., would affirm the order below. Hoffman, J., took no part in the consideration or decision of this case.