25 Mass. App. Ct. 229 | Mass. App. Ct. | 1988
During the Memorial Day weekend (May 24-27, 1980, inclusive, sometimes hereafter “the 1980 Memorial Day weekend”), the premises of the Depositors Trust Company (“the bank”) in Medford and the adjacent premises (in the same block structure) of Bums Optical and Hearing Aid Center
On December 6, 1985, indictments
The judge imposed sentences: (a) on Indictment 3632, eighteen to twenty years for breaking and entering the premises of BOC; (b) on Indictment 3633, a consecutive twelve to twenty years for breaking and entering the bank; and (c) on Indictment 3636, a three to five year sentence for larceny, concurrent with that for breaking and entering the bank.
A. General Background.
There was evidence which would permit the jury to make the following findings. Much of this evidence was furnished by Joseph Bangs, who became a witness called by the Commonwealth under a grant of immunity. He was subjected to a comprehensive cross-examination by Clemente’s counsel.
Bangs and O’Leary looked over Medford and suggested a TV store as a target. Instead of the TV store, Clemente proposed the bank (Depositors Trust) as a target and obtained from Thomas Doherty, a sergeant of the Medford police, blueprints of the bank premises and vault.
There was extended testimony by Bangs about the preparations (in which Clemente participated actively) for the penetration of the BOC premises and the bank and the persons
Shortly after midnight of the night of Saturday May 24-25, 1980, some of the participants in the proposed breaks (Barrett, Holmes, O’Leary, and Bangs) gathered at premises in Somer-ville, where O’Leary lived. Clemente arrived there with a station wagon, supplied by Doherty. Those present loaded it with the equipment and tools to be used in the breaks. Doherty,
After a by-pass box had been attached to the alarm system of the bank, they unloaded the equipment into the cellar under the BOC premises, keeping in touch by radio with Doherty outside the bank, and then proceeded to break into the BOC premises, taking at least some of the equipment with them. Clemente was with the intruders at all times. They drilled a hole from a loft in the BOC premises to a point in the bank above the bank’s vault. There, by the use of drills and dynamite, they made a hole in the top of the bank’s vault, which they (or some of them) entered. Safes containing bank money and various safe deposit boxes were opened.
It was decided to leave the bank vault during the daylight hours and to return that night when Doherty would be available to protect them from detection. Currency, money, jewelry, and precious stones were taken and removed, apparently through the holes in the roof of the vault and the wall separating the bank premises from the BOC premises. They left the bank premises about 5:30-6:30 a.m.
After leaving the bank that first night, they all went to Bangs’s home in Tewksbury. Clemente and Doherty had the money and jewelry. Bangs was in his own vehicle. At Bangs’s house, they divided the proceeds of the first night’s efforts. They separated after a few hours.
On the second night (Sunday, May 25, to Monday, May 26), Clemente, after making various checks to ascertain whether the break of the night before had been discovered, drove Bangs, O’Leary, Holmes, and Barrett in a station wagon to the area of the bank. Then there followed apparently essentially the same procedure as on the first night.
A similar procedure appears to have been followed on the third night (Monday, May 26, to Tuesday, May 27), except that Barrett left on Monday for Florida to strengthen his alibi. Because of his departure, arrangements were altered. Bangs, although on MDC police duty that night, took Doherty’s place outside the bank. Clemente, Doherty, Holmes, and O’Leary went inside the bank. Clemente himself went into the vault. The intruders left in the early morning for O’Leary’s house in Somerville to divide up the spoils of the third night. Holmes took Barrett’s share to hold for him.
Other testimony was largely consistent with Bangs’s testimony. Additional parts of the evidence are mentioned in the discussion below of each principal contention made in Clemente’s behalf.
B. Alleged Duplicity or Multiplicity of Sentences.
■ Clemente contends that the events proved by the Commonwealth constituted only one continuing offense, amounting to an essentially single culpable act. Clemente also contends that the sentences imposed violated the double jeopardy clause of the Fifth Amendment to the Constitution of the United States, citing North Carolina v. Pearce, 395 U.S. 711, 717 (1969), and the dissent (at 369-374) in Missouri v. Hunter, 459 U.S. 359 (1983).
The statute with respect to breaking and entering, allegedly violated by Clemente, as in effect in 1980, was G. L. c. 266, § 16, as appearing in St. 1974, c. 462, § 2, which is set out in the margin.* ***
The Donovan opinion (395 Mass. at 29) relied on Commonwealth v. Stasiun, 349 Mass. 38, 44-45 (1965), which dealt with a “wrongful criminal solicitation” of a bribe “from one person of one payment for one favor.” The Stasiun opinion recognized (at 44), “the crime of requesting a single bribe may . . . have a continuing aspect,” in the sense (at 45) that the solicitation may involve “protracted negotiations.”* *****
Perjury offenses have been dealt with under the applicable statute (G. L. c. 268, § 1) as governed by a strong legislative policy, shown by “the deterrent purpose of the statute and the severity of the penalties which it provides,” as justifying the conclusion that, “where the other elements of the offenses are present, a separate perjury is committed each time a wilful false statement is made except where such statements are ‘substantially identical’ ” (citations omitted). See Commonwealth v. Gurney, 13 Mass. App. Ct. 391, 391-404 (1982), and the numerous authorities cited. See also Commonwealth v. Cameron, 385 Mass. 660, 670-671 (1982), holding that consecutive sentences could be imposed for a second conviction of arson of a building separate from the building the burning of which was the underlying felony on a conviction of murder.
The indictments (other than those placed on file) for the felony (G. L. c. 266, § 16, see note 7, supra) of breaking and entering a building with the intent to commit a felony were each authorized by § 16. With respect to each there was evidence which could meet the statutory elements.
Indictment No. 3632 charged that there was a break and entry of the BOC building with the intent to commit a felony. There was evidence that all the intruders intended when they entered the BOC store to break into the bank to commit larceny in the bank. That break into the bank which involved cutting through the wall between BOC and the bank was itself a felony which took place at least mostly in the BOC building.
The evidence already summarized plainly warranted a finding that a “joint venture” existed. The indictments, especially when read with the bills of particulars, show that the Commonwealth was proceeding upon charges involving a joint venture by the participants in the events of the 1980 Memorial Day weekend. At and before trial, defense counsel objected to instructions on the theory of “joint” venture. Such instmctions have not been shown to have been erroneous in substance, and were properly given in the circumstances under the relevant Massachusetts cases. Commonwealth v. Dabrieo, 370 Mass. 728, 745 (1976). Commonwealth v. Dyer, 389 Mass. 677, 683-684 (1983). Commonwealth v. Della Iacono, 20 Mass. App. Ct. 83, 86-87 (1985).
D. Denial of Motion for Mistrial Because of Minor Violations of Discovery Orders.
In behalf of Clemente, it is contended that a mistrial should have been granted because of the prosecutor’s failure to disclose in advance of trial certain statements of witnesses of a type which should have been disclosed. No bad faith on the part of the prosecutor is apparent on this record. See the Donovan case, 395 Mass. at 24-25. In the circumstances,
None of the matters (see note 14, supra) was exculpatory in character. Viewed in relation to the whole case, the matters were trivial and related to details. Some of the material was cumulative of trial testimony. Defense counsel did not make use of measures recommended by applicable decisions in such situations. The total deletion of the matters urged as a basis for a mistrial would not have significantly weakened the Commonwealth’s case. See the discussion in Commonwealth v. Cundriff, 382 Mass. 137, 149-151 (1980); Commonwealth v. Lapka, 13 Mass. App. Ct. 24, 29-31 (1982).
E. Admission of Evidence Tending to Show Clemente’s Involvement in Other Criminal Activities.
Evidence of a criminal defendant’s prior “bad acts” or criminal behavior is not admissible to prove his propensity to commit the crime for which he is being tried. Commonwealth v. Drew, 397 Mass. 65, 79-80 (1986). “If, however, such evidence is relevant for some other purpose, it is not rendered inadmissible merely because it indicates the possible commission of another offense.” Commonwealth v. Bradshaw, 385 Mass. 244,269 (1982), where, in the circumstances then before the Supreme Judicial Court, it was pointed out (at 270) that any “prejudice likely to be generated by the admission of this [‘bad act’] evidence did not so outweigh its probative value that it was error to admit it.” See Liacos, Massachusetts Evidence 421-422 (5th ed. 1981 & Supp. 1985 at 189-191). See also Commonwealth v. Silva, 401 Mass. 318, 322-323 (1987). The determination whether to admit such testimony is essentially within the discretion of the trial judge. We hold that
Judgments affirmed.
The indictments charged as follows: that Clemente during the 1980 Memorial Day weekend (a) No. 85-3632: “did break and enter in the night time the building of . . . [BOC] with intent to commit a felony”; (b) No. 85-3633: “did break and enter in the night time the building of . . . [the bank] with intent to commit a felony”; (c) No. 85-3634: “did break in the night time a vault containing money, bonds and/or other valuables in a building of . . . [the bank] with intent to commit a larceny or felony”; (d) No. 85-3635: “did break in the night time diverse safes, vaults, or other deposit of money, bonds or other valuables in the building of . . . [the bank] with the intent to commit larceny of the property . . . [the bank], Dorothy Eckstein, Fredda Goldstein, and others”; and (e) No. 85-3636: for larceny of “money and property of the value of more than one hundred dollars, of the property of . . . [the bank], Dorothy Eckstein, Fredda Gold-stein, and others.” Indictments charging conspiracy (Nos. 85-3637 and 3638) were not pressed by the Commonwealth in this proceeding.
All sentences were to M.C.I., Cedar Junction. The convictions under Indictments Nos. 85-3634 and 85-3635 were placed on file with the consent of Clemente.
The persons (in addition to Clemente, Bangs, Doherty, and O’Leary), who became involved in preparing for the break-ins included Arthur (Bucky) Barrett, introduced to Bangs “as an alarm expert,” and Kenneth Holmes, an expert on safes.
These preparations included visits to the area where the bank was situated, obtaining from Thomas Doherty the blue prints mentioned in the text, and rental by Doherty of a safe deposit box so as to visit the vault itself and make a diagram of it. Consideration was given to how Doherty, as a Medford police sergeant, could deter interruptions of the breaks by police patrols, arranging for identification of alarm wires and preparation of an alarm by-pass box, collection of equipment, tools, and vehicles (in part at least.by O’Leary), and a “dry-run” of the operation. There were meetings to discuss the procedures.
Bangs testified that, when they left the bank vault, they “took all the equipment” and never “left any tools . . . there at any time.”
That procedure seems to have been to descend the stairs behind a Brigham’s store into a common basement hallway under that store and the BOC premises, break through the locked door leading to the first floor of the BOC premises, then enter the loft, and go through the holes cut into the bank’s premises and down into its vault. The evidence, the view taken by
“Whoever, in the night time, breaks and enters a building . . ., with intent to commit a felony, or who attempts to or does break, bum, blow up or
In the Stasiun case, 349 Mass. at 45, the opinion made comment, “It has been held elsewhere that where it appears that successive takings are actuated by a single continuing criminal impulse or intent or are pursuant to the execution of a general larcenous scheme, such successive takings constitute a single larceny, regardless of the extent of the time which may have elapsed between each taking” (citing authorities other than Massachusetts decisions).
Such decisions are to be contrasted with a case involving simultaneous possession of more than one item of allegedly “obscene” matter, where it was held that only one offense was committed. See Commonwealth v. Beacon Distributors, Inc., 14 Mass. App. Ct. 570, 573-575 (1982), and cases cited. Compare, as to narcotics offenses, United States v. Chagra, 653 F.2d 26, 26-34 (1st Cir. 1981).
The 1974 form (note 7, supra) of § 16, does not contain any apparent requirement that the breaking and entering must be with the intention to com
Recent Massachusetts cases have indicated that the multiple characteristics of many modem apartment, business, and office buildings may be recognized in criminal cases involving burglary situations. See, e.g., Commonwealth v. Correia, 17 Mass. App. Ct. 233, 236 (1983, motel noted as a dwelling house under G. L. c. 266, § 14); Commonwealth v. Goldoff, 24 Mass. App. Ct. 458, 461-464 (1987). See generally Annotation, 78 A.L.R. 2d 778 (1961). The jury had taken a view of the block in which the bank stood. They had opportunity to evaluate the situation, i.e., in ordinary present day conditions, and the BOC premises above the cellar and the bank could reasonably be regarded (as a matter of general understanding in 1980) as separate buildings. In any event, as to each of these premises, under Commonwealth v. Kalinowski, 360 Mass. 682, 683-686 (1971), the prosecution was required to prove as to ownership only that Clemente entered a building or part of premises not his own.
Clemente’s counsel, by motion on January 7, 1986, brought to the attention of the trial judge the issue of possible multiplicity of charges and sen
The intruders withdrew entirely from both the BOC building and the bank after each night of pillage and split the spoils of the preceding night at once. They made checks to ascertain whether the breaks of the prior night or nights had been detected before starting out for a new night’s venture. The indictments do not charge that each night of invasion could be viewed as constituting a new set of offenses. Thus we have no occasion to consider that aspect of this case. Nevertheless, the events occurring on any one of the three nights in either building could be viewed by the jury as satisfying (in whole or in part) the charge either in Indictment No. 3632 or Indictment No. 3633 relating to the particular building mentioned in that indictment.
A separate sentence may be imposed for conviction of the substantive offense of larceny (Indictment No. 3636, see note 1, supra) in addition to a sentence for a violation of G. L. c. 266, § 16, for entering a building with intent to commit a felony (including that larceny). See Commonwealth v. Ford, 397 Mass. 298, 302 (1986). The sentence on Indictment No. 3636 was originally made concurrent with the sentence under § 16 on Indictment No. 3633, which in turn was to be consecutive to the sentence on Indictment No. 3632. If for any reason the sentence on Indictment No. 3633 should be set aside, the larceny sentence on the conviction on Indictment No. 3636 may be made expressly consecutive to the sentence on Indictment No. 3632.
Clemente’s counsel bases his contention that there should have been a mistrial on the following episodes: (1) Bangs testified that Clemente had explained to him in June of 1980 that he (Clemente) had not admitted an FBI agent to his house, because there was a stolen television there. Defense counsel did not accept the offer of a curative instruction and made no motion to strike the objectionable evidence or ask for a continuance to revise his strategy. (2) Barbara Hickey (see note 15, infra) had testified that Clemente had said to her before the burglaries that Doherty had plans of a particular bank. No motion to strike the evidence or for a continuance was made. (3) Barbara Hickey testified that Clemente, before she testified before a Federal grand jury in 1981 (when, she said, she had been granted some immunity), had told her that she should adhere to a statement signed by her in 1980, and that if she “didn’t do what he told . . . [her] to do, there were people [who] could get very rough . . . and hurt [her].” The judge denied a mistrial. There was some indication that the prosecution had made disclosure of these conversations although in somewhat general form.
The evidence which Clemente contends to have been significantly prejudicial consists of the following items: (1) The evidence of Bangs about the insurance fraud perpetrated by Bangs and O’Leary, placing Clemente’s Cadillac automobile in Boston Harbor. This evidence was inextricably tied into the events of the 1980 Memorial Day weekend by Bangs’s testimony that, as a result of this “favor,” Clemente undertook to participate with Bangs and O’Leary in a burglary in Medford. See Commonwealth v. Borans, 379 Mass. 117,147 (1979). The trial judge gave appropriate limiting instructions. (2) Various pieces of evidence (with respect to Clemente’s efforts to control the testimony of Barbara Hickey [see note 14, supra]), with whom Clemente (as an alibi) claimed to have spent much time during the 1980 Memorial Day weekend. This evidence had significant tendency to show consciousness of guilt (see Commonwealth v. Porter, 384 Mass. 647, 652-656 [1981]) and was appropriately used by the prosecution to explain to the jury why Barbara Hickey (once granted immunity) changed earlier testimony before a Federal grand jury and told the truth at trial.