COMMONWEALTH of Pennsylvania, Appellee v. Willie CLAYTON, Appellant.
816 A.2d 217
Supreme Court of Pennsylvania.
Decided Dec. 31, 2002.
Reargument Denied Feb. 27, 2003.
395
PER CURIAM.
AND NOW, this 29th day of January, 2003, the Petitions for Allowance of Appeal are GRANTED, but LIMITED to the following issue:
Whether the constitutional privilege of neutral reportage is viable in the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania.
Submitted Nov. 14, 2000.
Catherine Marshall, Philadelphia, for appellant, Com. of PA.
Before ZAPPALA, C.J., and CAPPY, CASTILLE, NIGRO, NEWMAN, SAYLOR and EAKIN, JJ.
OPINION ANNOUNCING THE JUDGMENT OF THE COURT
Justice EAKIN.
Willie Clayton appeals from the order denying his petition for relief pursuant to the Post Conviction Relief Act (PCRA),
On March 30, 1982, following a jury trial, appellant was found guilty of first degree murder, robbery and possessing an instrument of crime (PIC) for fatally shooting Earl Grice in the head and taking money and drugs from his pockets. Appellant was sentenced to death for first degree murder, 10-20 years imprisonment for robbery, and 2 1/2-5 years imprison-
Upon retrial, appellant‘s case was consolidated with other charges against him for an unrelated murder and robbery, and the jury found him guilty of first degree murder in both cases, as well as two counts each of robbery and PIC. He was sentenced to death for each murder conviction, and to 10-20 years imprisonment for each robbery. The sentence for PIC was suspended. On direct appeal, this Court affirmed the judgment of sentence. Commonwealth v. Clayton, 516 Pa. 263, 532 A.2d 385 (1987), cert. denied, 485 U.S. 929, 108 S.Ct. 1098, 99 L.Ed.2d 261 (1988). Appellant was represented by the same attorney in both trials and direct appeals.
Appellant filed two identical pro se PCRA petitions on May 13, 1988, and June 7, 1988. Counsel was appointed and filed an amended petition raising 19 issues. PCRA counsel was subsequently permitted to withdraw, and new PCRA counsel was appointed and filed a supplement to the amended petition. This supplement withdrew nine issues as meritless, retained ten issues and raised four additional issues. After an evidentiary hearing at which one issue was argued, the PCRA court dismissed appellant‘s petition. PCRA counsel filed a notice of appeal along with a motion to withdraw as counsel because of the issue of his ineffectiveness as PCRA counsel. This motion was granted and present counsel was appointed. See Commonwealth v. Green, 551 Pa. 88, 709 A.2d 382, 384 (1998) (explaining general rule that counsel cannot raise own ineffectiveness, but where it is clear from record that counsel was ineffective or issue is meritless, appellate court can address it without appointing new counsel).
The basis of appellant‘s entire appeal is grounded in the assertion PCRA counsel was ineffective. Appellant contends his second PCRA counsel was ineffective for filing “a scant supplement to an initial amended PCRA petition that raised very few issues, and none of them non-record based claims....” Appellant‘s Brief, at 7. He further claims both
(1) Whether trial counsel was laboring under an impermissible conflict of interest during his representation of appellant.
(2) Whether the Commonwealth used peremptory challenges to exclude jurors on the basis of race.
(3) Whether appellant‘s death sentence was the impermissible product of racial discrimination.
(4) Whether the jury instructions by the trial court during the penalty phase were unconstitutional because a) the jury was told to count rather than weigh aggravating and mitigating circumstances; b) “preponderance” was erroneously defined in the context of assessing the presence of mitigating factors; and c) the jury was not instructed that aggravating factors must be unanimously found by each and every juror.
(5) Whether trial counsel failed to investigate and present readily available mitigating evidence of appellant‘s history of organic impairment, child abuse, domestic violence, dysfunctional family history and emotional trauma during the penalty phase of appellant‘s trial.
(6) Whether newly discovered evidence demonstrates the trial court materially misled the jury by failing to instruct that appellant would be statutorily ineligible for parole if sentenced to life.
(7) Whether the trial court improperly allowed the Commonwealth to exclude jurors for cause who voiced concern about the death penalty but also unequivocally indicated they would follow the law.
(9) Whether the jury instructions improperly shifted the burden onto appellant and relieved the Commonwealth of proving every element of the offense beyond a reasonable doubt.
(10) Whether trial counsel was ineffective for failing to object to the trial court‘s guilt-phase jury instruction, which informed the jury of the maximum sentence appellant could receive for each degree of criminal homicide.
(11) Whether trial counsel was ineffective for failing to investigate and argue that another person was responsible for the murder.
All of the above issues, except issues 6 and 8, pertain to alleged errors at trial; however, because they were not preserved by objection at that stage, in post sentence motions, or on direct appeal, they are waived.
It is the ineffectiveness claim, not the underlying error at trial, which is reviewed as a potential basis for relief. See Commonwealth v. Williams, 566 Pa. 553, 782 A.2d 517, 535 (2001) (Castille, J., concurring) (underlying claim is relevant only as it bears upon Sixth Amendment ineffectiveness
Appellant must satisfy all three prongs2 of the ineffectiveness test with respect to PCRA counsel. Appellant must demonstrate: (1) the underlying claim is of arguable merit; (2) the particular course of conduct pursued by PCRA counsel did not have some reasonable basis designed to effectuate appellant‘s interests; and (3) but for PCRA counsel‘s ineffectiveness, there is a reasonable probability that the outcome of the proceedings would have been different. See Commonwealth v. Kimball, 555 Pa. 299, 724 A.2d 326, 333 (1999). Failure to address any prong will defeat an ineffectiveness claim. Lambert, at 337 (“appellant‘s failure to forward relevant argumentation as to each necessary ‘individual facet’ of the Strickland standard dooms his boilerplate claims to failure.“); see also Williams, at 525 (cautioning that “PCRA counsel generally must, in pleadings and briefs, undertake to develop, to the extent possible, the nature of the claim asserted with respect to each individual facet of a layered ineffectiveness claim....“) (emphasis supplied).3
Although appellant argues the merits of the underlying claims in great detail, he has failed to develop the remaining two prongs concerning ineffectiveness. At the beginning of the argument section of his brief, appellant states in general terms that his claims of all prior counsel‘s ineffectiveness have arguable merit, that PCRA counsel‘s failure to investigate these issues constituted deficient performance, and the dismissal of his PCRA petition, resulting in an invalid conviction and death sentence, prejudiced him. However, appellant never develops his argument concerning PCRA counsel‘s performance; he focuses only on the alleged trial errors and trial counsel‘s stewardship, and at the end of his discussion of each issue, he “layers” it by tacking on the statement, “[a]ll prior counsel were ineffective for failing to litigate this claim.” Appellant does not address how PCRA counsel‘s failure to raise these claims lacked a reasonable basis designed to effectuate appellant‘s interests, or how the outcome of his PCRA proceeding would have differed had these claims been advanced; indeed, he offers no argument at all concerning PCRA counsel‘s actions. See Lambert, at 337 n. 9, 339 (counsel cannot be deemed ineffective per se for failing to pursue claim of arguable merit; “reasonable basis” and prejudice prongs must also be established).
Furthermore, it is a well settled principle of appellate jurisprudence that undeveloped claims are waived and unreviewable on appeal. Williams, at 532 (citing Commonwealth v. Williams, 557 Pa. 207, 732 A.2d 1167, 1175 (1999) (recognizing “unavailability of relief based upon undeveloped claims for
Finally, we turn to appellant‘s sixth issue, in which appellant claims the trial court erred in failing to instruct the jury that a life sentence means “life without parole,” and that all prior counsel were ineffective for failing to raise this claim. Appellant‘s ineffectiveness claim fails for the same reasons all his other issues do; however, he also argues he is entitled to relief pursuant to
Justice NIGRO files a concurring opinion.
Justice NEWMAN files a concurring opinion.
Justice SAYLOR files a concurring opinion.
Chief Justice ZAPPALA and Justice CAPPY concur in the result.
Justice NIGRO, concurring.
I concur in the result only. I write separately to note my disagreement with the majority‘s conclusion that all of Appellant‘s claims are waived. See Commonwealth v. Jones, 227 CAP (Nigro, J., concurring); Commonwealth v. Bracey, 568 Pa. 264, 795 A.2d 935, 941-948 (2001). However, because I find that those issues that I would not deem waived are without merit, I am able to concur in the result reached by the majority.
Justice NEWMAN, concurring.
I refer to my concurring opinion in Commonwealth v. Ford, 809 A.2d 325 (Pa.2002) (Newman, J., concurring).
Justice SAYLOR, concurring.
As the majority emphasizes, Appellant‘s appeal is premised upon the alleged failure of PCRA counsel to identify and assert meritorious post-conviction claims. Appellant acknowledges such basis by arguing in the opening section of his brief to this Court that he has a right to effective post-conviction counsel and that the applicable standard for demonstrating ineffectiveness on the part of PCRA counsel is the same as the burden for establishing relief under the PCRA, namely, that the unasserted claims are of arguable merit; that PCRA counsel‘s failure to determine the existence of these claims
Trial counsel violated Appellant‘s right to the effective assistance of counsel at his capital sentencing hearing as guaranteed by the Sixth, Eighth, and Fourteenth Amendments to the United States Constitution and Article I, Sections 9 and 13 of the Pennsylvania Constitution by failing to investigate and present during (sic) penalty phase as mitigating evidence the readily available evidence of Appellant‘s history of organic impairment, child abuse, domestic violence, family dysfunction, history of depression, and emotional trauma that impacted his behavior the night of the offenses. Likewise, Appellant‘s PCRA counsel was also ineffective for failing to investigate and present these issues.
Appellant‘s Brief at p. 40. Following such assertion, Appellant recites precedent from the United States Supreme Court concerning the importance of mitigating evidence, reiterates the three-part test for establishing a claim of ineffectiveness, and compares counsel‘s penalty phase investigation and presentation in the present matter with that deemed deficient by the United States Supreme Court in Williams v. Taylor, 529 U.S. 362, 120 S.Ct. 1495, 146 L.Ed.2d 389 (2000).
Appellant then quotes from affidavits provided by family members, specifically, his mother and brother, detailing childhood abuse and emotional trauma, and also from the findings and conclusions of a psychologist, who opines that Appellant suffers from organic impairment affecting his neurological functioning, in arguing that such evidence was readily available, is routinely relied upon by mental health experts in assessing the presence of mitigating factors, and meets the standards for mitigation. Respecting the reasonableness of counsel‘s decision making and the resulting prejudice, Appellant maintains that:
[I]n this case it was not that such mitigating information could not be found, or that counsel made a reasoned decision to withhold the information for tactical or strategic reasons. The information was not presented because counsel never took the time to develop it.
* * *
[I]n cases where sentencing counsel did not conduct enough investigation to formulate an accurate life profile of a defendant, counsel‘s representation has consistently been held beneath professionally competent standards.
In this case, trial counsel and PCRA counsel failed to conduct any investigation into Mr. Clayton‘s background, family history or psychiatric health. Accordingly, the jury was left with nothing to weigh against the aggravating factors submitted by the Commonwealth. The resulting sentence of death is thus unreliable and must be reversed. All prior counsel are ineffective for failing to raise this claim.
Appellant‘s Brief at pp. 57-58 (quotations omitted). In this case, therefore, I would not conclude that Appellant‘s claims are waived because his brief inadequately develops the basis for PCRA counsel‘s actions and the existence of prejudice.1 Moreover, particularly where, as here, there has not been a hearing in which the issue of PCRA counsel‘s ineffectiveness was presented and, correspondingly, an opportunity to explore counsel‘s reasons for his actions, the principal method of demonstrating that counsel‘s stewardship was deficient “lies in establishing the strength and obviousness of the underlying claim.” Commonwealth v. Williams, 566 Pa. 553, 567 n. 5, 782 A.2d 517, 526 n. 5 (2001).