Commonwealth v. Byrd, Appellant.
Supreme Court of Pennsylvania
May 2, 1966
421 Pa. 513 | 219 A.2d 293
William H. Brown, III, with him William F. Hall, Jr., for appellant.
William J. Stevens, Jr., Assistant District Attorney, with him John J. DiPaul, II, and Joseph M. Smith, Assistant District Attorneys, and Arlen Specter, District Attorney, for Commonwealth, appellee.
OPINION BY MR. CHIEF JUSTICE BELL, May 2, 1966:
On November 23, 1964, defendant Byrd was arrested and charged with the murder of two persons; he was also charged with aggravated assault and assault and battery with intent to murder a third person. On Jan
Defendant first strongly contends that to require him to submit to such an examination is violative of the Fifth Amendment, which ordains and protects his right against self-incrimination. This Court decided in Commonwealth v. Musto, 348 Pa. 300, 35 A. 2d 307, that such an examination does not violate a defendant‘s right against self-incrimination, provided that, as in the present Order, he is not compelled to answer any questions propounded to him. In Commonwealth v. Musto, Chief Justice HORACE STERN, speaking for a unanimous Court said (pages 305-307):
“Realizing that an attempt would be made to prove defendant insane at the time of the murder, the district attorney obtained permission from the court to have alienists examine him in prison. His counsel found fault with this prоceeding on the ground that it constituted a violation of defendant‘s constitutional right not to be compelled to give evidence against himself. While the exact question thus presеnted has apparently not been ruled upon by either of our appellate courts, it has arisen in many other jurisdictions, and these have quite uniformly held that the constitutional immunity from sеlf-incrimination does not apply to a compulsory examination to determine the prisoner‘s physical or mental condition for the purpose of testify
ing in regard thereto, provided, of course, that he be not compelled to answer any questions propounded to him by those making the examination. The purpose of the constitutional prоvision is to prohibit the compulsory oral examination of the prisoner either before or at trial,—to prevent his being required to incriminate himself by speech or the equivalent of speech: Commonwealth v. Valeroso, 273 Pa. 213, 219, 220, 116 A. 828, 830. ‘The prohibition of compelling a man in a criminal court to be witness against himself is a prohibition of the use of physical or moral compulsion to extort communications from him, not an exclusion of his body as evidence when it may be material‘: per Mr. Justice HOLMES in Holt v. United States, 218 U.S. 245, 252, 253. ‘Not compulsion alone is the component idea of the privilege, but tеstimonial compulsion . . . Unless some attempt is made to secure a communication, written or oral, upon which reliance is to be placed as involving his consciousness оf the facts and the operations of his mind in expressing it, the demand made upon him is not a testimonial one‘: 8 Wigmore on Evidence (3d ed.) 375, sec. 2265.”
...
We reiterated this principle as recently as 1961. See Commonwealth v. Butler, 405 Pa. 36, 173 A. 2d 468, where we said (pages 44-45): “... The privilege аgainst self-incrimination does not prohibit the introduction of evidence given by a defendant voluntarily: Commonwealth v. Bryant, 367 Pa. 135, 79 A. 2d 193 (1951), cert. den. 341 U.S. 954, 71 S. Ct. 1007. In addition, the personal characteristics and behavior of the defendant were open and observable to these doctors during his incarceration. This is not information of a written or spoken nature which the constitutional privilege against self-incriminatiоn is designed to protect. See 32 A.L.R. (2d) 430; State v. Myers, 220 S.C. 309, 67 S.E. 2d 506 (1951); Hunt v. State, 248 Ala. 217, 27 So. 2d 186 (1946); Ingles v. People, 92 Colo. 518, 22 P. 2d 1109 (1933); Commonwealth v. DiStasio, 294 Mass. 273, 1 N.E. 2d 189 (1936); Noelke v. State, 214 Ind. 427, 15 N.E. 2d 950 (1938). In Commonwealth v. Musto, 348 Pa. 300, 35 A. 2d 307 (1944), this Court held that the constitutional immunity from self-incrimination does not apply even to a compulsory examination to determine the defendant‘s рhysical or mental condition for the purpose of enabling the examiner to testify in regard thereto, provided the defendant is not compelled to answer any questions propounded to him by the examiner. See also, Commonwealth v. Kravitz, 400 Pa. 198, 161 A. 2d 861 (1960).”
Defendant urges this Court to overrule the Musto and Butler decisions; this we refuse to do. Principles of fairness and justice not only to the defendant but also to the Commonwealth, fortified by the doсtrine of stare decisis, require us to adhere to the principle or rule enunciated in said cases. Accordingly the Order of the lower Court requiring defendant to submit to such neuro-psychiatric examination was proper and valid.
A more difficult question arises as to the right to appeal from this Order. Defendant admits that ordinarily no appeal would lie from an оrder granting a neuro-psychiatric examination prior to trial, or before final judgment has been entered, since such orders are generally interlocutory and unappeаlable. However, he contends that while this Order is interlocutory, it is an appealable Order because it falls within the “exceptional circumstances” doctrine enunciatеd in Commonwealth v. Kilgallen, 379 Pa. 315, 320, 108 A. 2d 780, which permits appeals (1) in cases where basic human rights or (2) public interest of great importance are involved, or (3) to prevent a great injustice to a defendant. In thе Kilgallen case, where this Court refused to quash an appeal from the grant of a rule to show cause why testimony should not be taken in sup
In Commonwealth v. Novak, 384 Pa. 237, 120 A. 2d 543, the Court said (page 240): “As a general rule, an appeal will not lie in a criminal proceeding until judgment of sentence has been passed. It has been said, however, that this rule is not one of unyielding inflexibility. Where the interlocutory order, for all practical purposes, presеnts a somewhat final aspect, an appellate court will review it in order to safeguard basic human rights or to prevent a great injustice to a defendant.”
Appeal quashed.
DISSENTING OPINION BY MR. JUSTICE ROBERTS:
I dissent. This appeal from an adverse ruling of the court below cannot be fairly characterized as interlocutory, since to do so would effectively and realistically preclude appellant from contesting the right of the Commonwealth to conduct a neuropsychiatric interrogation at this time. Unless appeal lies from the order of the court directing such an interrogation, whаtever right defendant may have to bar such an examination would be lost. Cf. Commonwealth v. Kilgallen, 379 Pa. 315, 108 A. 2d 780 (1954).
Since I believe that the present appeal lies, it is appropriate that I express my view on the merits. The record reveals that the reason assigned by the Commonwealth in its application to the court for permission to conduct a neuropsychiatric examinatiоn was the possibility that defendant may assert the defense of insanity. However, nothing in the record supports the Commonwealth‘s allegation that defendant‘s sanity will be put in issue and at this stagе of the proceedings the matter is pure supposition.
Accordingly, since the privilege of making a neuropsychiatric examination does not belong to the Commonweаlth as of right, I must conclude that the court below erred in granting the application and ordering defendant to submit to such an examination.