277 N.E.2d 826 | Mass. | 1972
COMMONWEALTH
vs.
PIERRE VICTOR BRUNELLE.
Supreme Judicial Court of Massachusetts, Middlesex.
Present: TAURO, C.J., CUTTER, SPIEGEL, REARDON, QUIRICO, BRAUCHER, & HENNESSEY, JJ.
*7 Joseph S. Oteri (Mitchell Benjoya with him) for the defendant.
Terence M. Troyer, Assistant District Attorney, for the Commonwealth.
CUTTER, J.
Brunelle (see Commonwealth v. Brunelle, 341 Mass. 675) was indicted for violation of G.L.c. 272, § 19,[1] in using an instrument upon the body of a woman (the young woman) with intent to procure an abortion. On February 26, 1970, a Superior Court judge (the motion judge) denied a substitute motion[2] to dismiss the indictment. He heard medical evidence concerning (a) current methods of accomplishing abortions and (b) the greatly increased safety of certain types of abortion. There was also testimony about somewhat varying medical views on abortion. The judge declined to receive evidence concerning (a) the alleged interference of § 19 with the practice of religion, (b) the background of § 19, (c) the experience of certain psychiatrists, sociologists, and others based on this statute and similar statutes, *8 (d) the restraints on medical prescription and treatment[3] imposed by the statute, (e) the statute's effect on privacy, and (f) the statute's vagueness.[4]
A second Superior Court judge, who presided at trial (the trial judge) reaffirmed the denial of the motion to dismiss. A jury found Brunelle guilty. He appealed. The case is before us under G.L.c. 278, §§ 33A-33G, on assignments of error based on rulings both of the motion judge and of the trial judge.
The jury could have found the following facts. On May 1, 1969, the young woman went with two friends to Brunelle's house in Chelmsford. She was pregnant and desired an abortion. She had been "upset" but was not mentally ill or emotionally disturbed. Brunelle told her that he would perform an abortion, "a D & C" (dilation and curettage), and that the operation "was illegal, and ... no one should be told about it." He said that "he would insert certain instruments into her" and that "a complete abortion would be performed." The young woman lay on an examining table and Brunelle inserted the instruments into her vaginal area. She "felt them ... being inserted." Afterward he gave her some medication and told her that she "had completely aborted." A male friend of the young woman paid Brunelle $600. *9 Later that evening the young woman was examined by a physician at a suburban hospital. He found "several ... fragments ... lying free in the vagina" and reported that she was passing "small amounts of blood." He concluded, however, that an abortion had not taken place. She had further treatment at another hospital.
1. At the hearing on the motion to dismiss before the motion judge, Brunelle's counsel in effect conceded that Brunelle (although "the possessor of a medical doctor's degree") was not "a licensed practitioner." The assistant district attorney asserted that Brunelle was not a licensed physician in Massachusetts or any State. In any event, the motion to dismiss did not allege Brunelle to be a licensed physician, and the evidence at trial tended to show that he was not licensed.
In this prosecution under c. 272, § 19, Brunelle had the burden of coming forward with evidence that he, in some circumstances, might have (a) a defence or justification for acting in apparent violation of the broad prohibition in § 19 (as, for example, showing that he had a license to practice medicine in Massachusetts; see G.L.c. 278, § 7) and (b) the benefit of an exception from criminal liability under c. 272, § 19 (under prior judicial decisions such as Kudish v. Board of Registration in Medicine, 356 Mass. 98, 99-100). See Commonwealth v. Freeman, 354 Mass. 685, 688, fn. 3;[5]Commonwealth v. Davis, 359 Mass. 758; Williams v. United States, 138 F.2d 81, 82-84 (D.C. Cir.), discussed in United States v. Vuitch, 402 U.S. 62, 68-69. Brunelle did not sustain that burden. Accordingly, we deal with the motion to dismiss on the basis that Brunelle has not shown himself to be a physician licensed to practice in Massachusetts.
2. Where one performing an abortion "is not a physician the mere proof of his act ordinarily would be sufficient to establish its unlawfulness." Commonwealth v. *10 Brunelle, 341 Mass. 675, 678.[6] An abortion (or attempted abortion) performed by one who is not a licensed physician is unlawful without regard to any principles affording a defence with respect to an abortion performed by a licensed physician. It constitutes a significant surgical or medical procedure, forbidden in any event to one not a licensed physician. G.L. (Ter. Ed.) c. 112, § 6.[7] A holder of a medical degree whose license has been revoked, as Brunelle's seems to have been (see the earlier Brunelle case, 341 Mass. 675), is subject to the provisions and prohibitions of c. 112, § 6, as fully as any other unlicensed person.
3. Brunelle is not in a position now to assert that a statute, valid in its application to an abortion not performed by a licensed physician, is unconstitutional merely because of contentions that (as applied to a licensed physician in like circumstances) it might or would be unconstitutional. "A statute may be unconstitutional as applied to some states of fact, but constitutional as applied to others." Bowe v. Secretary of the Commonwealth, 320 Mass. 230, 246. Only persons whose interests are affected by a statute may assert that it is unconstitutional. See Kaplan v. Bowker, 333 Mass. 455, 459; Massachusetts Commn. Against Discrimination v. Colangelo, 344 Mass. 387, 390-391; Barnes v. Secretary of the Commonwealth, 348 Mass. 671, 674; Peterson, petitioner, 354 Mass. 110, 114; Kudish v. Board of Registration in Medicine, 356 Mass. 98, 100. See also Ashwander v. Tennessee Valley Authy. 297 U.S. 288, 347 (Mr. Justice Brandeis concurring); Alma Motor Co. v. Timken-Detroit Axle Co. 329 U.S. 129, 136-137; Rosenberg *11 v. Fleuti, 374 U.S. 449, 451. Compare Flast v. Cohen, 392 U.S. 83, 101-106 (taxpayers' effort to question Federal expenditure). Because c. 272, § 19, constitutionally may be applied to Brunelle, we do not consider contentions about its alleged general invalidity.[8]
4. In the circumstances, it was within the discretion of the trial judge to refuse to put special questions to prospective jurors in addition to those questions required by G.L.c. 234, § 28. Commonwealth v. Ricard, 355 Mass. 509, 510-511. Commonwealth v. Smith, 357 Mass. 168, 176.
5. In the course of his charge, subject to Brunelle's exception, the trial judge stated that the "intent and purpose" of G.L.c. 272, § 19, "is to prevent attempts to destroy unprotected human beings in the womb of the mother." Brunelle contends that this statement, not only was inaccurate, but also was prejudicial as bringing into the case an "emotionally charged" issue about which many sincere and conflicting views are entertained. The statute was first enacted over 125 years ago (St. 1845, c. 27). Although the legislative purpose does not appear from the legislative documents in the State Archives, at least one reason for its enactment may have been the desire to protect women from the risks of what was then a dangerous surgical procedure.[9]
*12 A judge may inform a jury about the legislative purpose of a statute, if he does so accurately. See Commonwealth v. Sansone, 252 Mass. 71, 75. The purpose behind this statute, on its original enactment, is not certain and some reasons for continuing it have become increasingly controversial. The trial judge would have been wiser to have avoided entirely the risk of prejudice from a wholly unnecessary remark. "The test of the charge," however, "is the impression created by it as a whole." See Commonwealth v. Kelley, 359 Mass. 77, 92. See also Commonwealth v. Pinnick, 354 Mass. 13, 15. So viewed, and in the context of otherwise proper instructions on relevant legal issues, the remark was harmless in the circumstances of this case.
6. After deliberating for four and one-half hours, the jury asked the judge for further instructions on two issues. The judge answered these questions and the jury conferred for about an hour more. The jury then again appeared before the judge (we assume at his request). He suggested that they were perhaps having difficulty agreeing upon a verdict and read them the charge in Commonwealth v. Tuey, 8 Cush. 1, 2-4. The jury returned ten minutes later with a verdict of guilty. The use of the Tuey case charge necessarily is a matter which rests largely in the sound discretion of the trial judge. We perceive no special circumstances which made its use inappropriate in the present case. Commonwealth v. Rollins, 354 Mass. 630, 636-638.
Judgment affirmed.
NOTES
[1] General Laws c. 272, § 19, reads: "Whoever, with intent to procure the miscarriage of a woman ... unlawfully uses any instrument or other means whatever, or, with like intent, aids or assists therein, shall ... be punished...."
[2] The motion alleged c. 272, § 19, to be unconstitutional (1) as expressing in a statute a "solely moral judgment peculiar to one religion," (2) as "not suited to achieve any valid legislative" purpose in view of the absence of evidence that medically supervised miscarriages constitute a threat to health, (3) that the statute goes beyond protecting against dangers to the public health, safety, or morals, (4) that, on moral grounds, the statute "interferes with the free exercise of [a] doctor's medical judgment and with the rights of the patient to health and happiness," (5) that § 19 "discriminates against poor people" who cannot afford to retain physicians and psychiatrists, forcing them "to resort to ... untrained, criminal abortionists," (6) that it compels citizens "to complete an unwanted pregnancy," (7) that § 19 invalidly proscribes freedom of speech concerning abortions, (8) that § 19 imposes "cruel and unusual punishment," (9) that it violates the right of privacy and freedom of choice in "the area of private morality," and (10) that § 19 is "arbitrary and vague." See, however, United States v. Vuitch, 402 U.S. 62, 71-73.
[3] On this subject the motion judge gave one medical expert from New York, who testified on December 10, 1969, substantial leeway to testify about the restraints imposed by G.L.c. 272, § 19, upon "the free exercise of ... [his] medical judgment in prescribing for ... patients."
[4] Brunelle's counsel submitted an extended offer of proof concerning the expected testimony of certain theological witnesses, not permitted to testify. These included the Right Reverend Anson Phelps Stokes, Episcopal Bishop of Massachusetts; Rabbi Sanford Seltzer of Brookline; Dr. Robert West, President of the Unitarian Universalist Association; The Reverend Edward Wright, Jr., Acting Dean of Students, Harvard Divinity School; the Reverend Armand Morissette, Rector of St. Jean the Baptist Church, Lowell; Rabbi David Feldman; Algernon D. Black, Senior Leader of the New York Society for Ethical Culture; and Professor Joseph Fletcher of the Episcopal Theological School, Cambridge. Each of these witnesses was prepared to testify, among other things, (a) in effect that the principles expressed in c. 272 § 19, concerning abortion were in substantial conflict with religious, moral, and sociological views entertained by them, their respective coreligionists, and others, and (b) that § 19 was a serious obstacle to advising persons turning to them for pastoral or professional advice.
[5] See discussion in Am. Law Inst., Model Penal Code (Tent. Draft No. 4, April 25, 1955), § 1.13 (2), pp. 7, 108-114; (Proposed Official Draft, May 4, 1962), §§ 1.12, 3.02. See also Kadis v. United States, 373 F.2d 370, 372-374 (1st Cir.); United States v. Rodrigues, 433 F.2d 760, 761-762 (1st Cir.).
[6] We need not discuss the very different considerations which apply to the acts of a licensed physician. See Commonwealth v. Wheeler, 315 Mass. 394, 395; Kudish v. Board of Registration in Medicine, 356 Mass. 98, 99-100.
[7] The requirement of registration is constitutionally valid. Fogland v. Board of Registration in Medicine, 357 Mass. 624, 628-629. A license once issued may be revoked. See Lawrence v. Board of Registration in Medicine, 239 Mass. 424, 427-430; Kudish v. Board of Registration in Medicine, 356 Mass. 98, 99-100.
[8] We also need not consider whether other persons, such as a licensed physician or a pregnant woman seeking an abortion would have standing to seek declaratory or other relief concerning the constitutionality of § 19. See e.g. Sturgis v. Attorney Gen. 358 Mass. 37, 42; Griswold v. Connecticut, 381 U.S. 479, 481. See also two three-judge court decisions, Roe v. Wade, 314 F. Supp. 1217 (N.D. Tex.); Doe v. Bolton, 319 F. Supp. 1048 (N.D. Ga.), argued on appeal before the Supreme Court of the United States December 13, 1971, New York Times, December 14, 1971, p. 21. [The opinion of the Supreme Court was reported at 410 U.S. 179. REPORTER.] Other recent decisions dealing with this general area include Rosen v. Louisiana State Bd. of Medical Examrs., 318 F. Supp. 1217 (E.D. La. three-judge court); Steinberg v. Brown, 321 F. Supp. 741 (N.D. Ohio); Corkey v. Edwards, 322 F. Supp. 1248 (W.D.N.C. three-judge court); See Vuitch v. State, 10 Md. App. 389. See also United States v. Vuitch, 402 U.S. 62.
[9] The statute was passed at a time when the causes of infection (and appropriate precautions to prevent it) were not well understood. See Commonwealth v. Parker, 9 Met. 263, 265; Commonwealth v. Morrison, 16 Gray, 224, 225. Doubtless, other considerations have helped to retain the statute substantially unchanged today, in a period when (as the evidence on the motion to dismiss showed) there has been great reduction of the risks of an abortion performed by a competent surgeon in a properly run hospital within the first three months of pregnancy.