This is an appeal from a judgment of sentence. After a jury trial, appellant, Denise Blair, was convicted of driving
At approximately 2038 hours on June 17, 1988, appellant drove a Bayerische Motoren Werke automobile (BMW) into the rear of another automobile. Occupants of both automobiles were injured and both vehicles were damaged. Witnesses observed Ms. Blair at the scene in her BMW and described her as looking dazed and not responding to their statements. Appellant drove away without waiting for the police to arrive. A witness obtained the BMW’s plate number and informed the police.
The BMW was registered to a Steven Blair at 228 Southern Avenue in South Williamsport, Pennsylvania. Officer Kuhns and other officers arrived at that address and noticed the BMW at the rear of the property. It was damaged. Officer Kuhns was admitted to the residence by a neighbor. Almost immediately, he observed appellant. She was bleeding from the lip and chin, there was a strong to
Officer Kuhns had no doubt that appellant was the driver of the BMW. Sergeant Jett arrived and Ms. Blair was handcuffed. She had difficulty standing and both officers had to escort her to a patrol car. On the way to the patrol car, appellant became violent. She kicked, fought, and resisted all efforts of the officers. She called Sergeant Jett a “nigger,” used obscenities and made sexual comments to the officers. Upon being placed in the patrol car, she began kicking the windows. The police officers left after making sure that Ms. Blair’s children were cared for.
Sergeant Jett drove appellant to the Williamsport Hospital, where she managed to open the car door, tumble out, and run part way across the parking lot before he was able to apprehend and restrain her.
Inside the hospital, appellant continued her diatribe of obscenities and racial remarks. She refused a blood alcohol test and spat on officers, hospital personnel and a police chaplain who were attempting to help her.
After leaving the hospital, the officers had to resort to force to place appellant in the patrol car. While fighting the officers, Ms. Blair kicked Officer Henry in the side and in the face. Appellant’s ankles were handcuffed and she was placed in the cruiser.
Approximately one block away from the hospital, appellant’s spitting on the officer and the chaplain in the front seat became so persistent that they had to stop the cruiser and handcuff her arms and legs to the cage so that she was facing toward the rear and could not spit on them.
Outside City Hall, appellant calmed down; however, once inside she resumed her litany of obscenities and sexual and racial comments. Once again, her legs and wrists were shackled and she was placed in a holding cell.
Ms. Blair’s uncooperativeness made it impossible for Officer Kuhns to administer field sobriety tests. Ms. Blair was
ISSUE I.
Appellant argues that there was insufficient evidence for a jury to find beyond a reasonable doubt that she was driving while under the influence of alcohol. We disagree.
In evaluating a claim of sufficiency of the evidence to sustain a conviction, the evidence must be viewed in the light most favorable to the verdict winner, Commonwealth, and drawing all reasonable inferences favorable to the Commonwealth, we must determine whether the jury reasonably could have found that all of the elements of the crime were established beyond a reasonable doubt.
Commonwealth v. Edwards,
Driving under the influence is defined as follows:
(a) Offense defined. — A person shall not drive, operate or be in actual physical control of the movement of any vehicle while:
(1) under the influence of alcohol to a degree which renders the person incapable of safe driving;
75 Pa.C.S.A. § 3731(a)(1).
We have reviewed the testimony presented at trial and are satisfied that sufficient evidence was presented from which a jury could have found beyond a reasonable doubt that appellant was driving under the influence of alcohol to a degree which rendered her incapable of safe driving.
ISSUE II.
Appellant argues that all evidence obtained subsequent to the police officers’ entry into her residence should have been suppressed. We disagree.
The issue to be decided is whether the evidence
2
seized after the police entered 228 Southern Avenue should be suppressed because the individual authorizing the entry of the police did not have actual authority to consent to their entry. Stated another way, if a police officer is reasonably mistaken regarding the actual authority of a third party to consent to his entry into a building, should' the evidence obtained as a result of that entry be suppressed. Our
The suppression court upheld the search under two theories. We decline to follow the reasoning of the suppression court since there is only slight evidence
3
that the police entered Blair’s residence to aid an individual in distress, as required under
Commonwealth v. Silo,
The Fourth Amendment of the Constitution of the United States embodies the concern of our society for the right of each individual to be let alone.
Schneckloth v. Bustamonte,
A search conducted without a warrant issued upon probable cause is
per se
unreasonable under the Fourth and Fourteenth Amendments, subject only to a few specifically established and well-delineated exceptions.
Id.
at 222,
Third-party consent cases fall into four broad categories. Previous to this decision, cases in our Commonwealth concerned situations where: (1) the consenting party had “superior authority” to the party objecting to the search,
see, Commonwealth v. Latshaw,
The Commonwealth adopts the standard enunciated in Nix:
We now align ourselves with those authorities, representing the majority view, which hold that apparent authority alone is required. 9 We adopt this view because it is more consistent with the fourth amendment proscription of unreasonable searches and seizures than a rule requiring actual authority regardless of reasonable appearances.
Nix, supra,
In adopting the majority position, we are not allowing
carte blanche
consent entries into residences with the police officer being able to ratify his entry at a later date suppression hearing by merely stating that he was mistaken as to the actual authority of the consenting party. We hold that the police officer’s~reasonable mistake must be judged from an objective standard based on the totality of the circumstances. Although the police officer’s state of mind is one factor to be considered in determining the reasonability of the mistake, it is not the only factor. Moreover, the police officer’s mistake must be reasonable. In ambiguous situations, those situations which would cause a reasonable
Our holdings in this case buttress a person’s reasonable expectation of privacy as to a given area or in things by continuing to deter unreasonable police searches and seizures. Although we could require police officers to secure both actual and apparent authority before entering a residence, we do not believe the police should have to institute an action for declaratory judgment to determine the authority of the third party or individual giving consent to enter or search.
Effective law enforcement must be balanced against an individual’s right to be let alone. By holding that a reasonable mistake regarding actual authority to consent does not invoke the exclusionary rule, the police are deterred from undertaking unreasonable searches and seizures. Effective law enforcement is also promoted since fortuitous findings of evidence are not excluded. In fact, where an officer reasonably believes that his search is a legitimate third-party consent search, excluding evidence seized would not further the goal of deterring illegal searches since the officer believed his search was legal. In other words, the police officer could not have been deterred since he believed that he was conducting a permissible consent search. Investigating authorities can only be deterred from making searches and seizures they know are outside the framework of a proper search and seizure.
To remove some of the ambiguity inherent in third-party consent searches, we hold that it is reasonable for police
We must now apply the facts of this case to the law. The police officer knew that the woman who had answered the door was not Mrs. Blair. Furthermore, he did not know the relationship of Steven Blair to this residence other than the fact that the BMW was registered at that address. The officer then inquired whether the individual who had been driving the wrecked automobile was in the house. The woman who had answered the door indicated yes. The officer then asked- to speak to the driver. There is no evidence that he asked to enter or search the residence. At this point in time, it would be reasonable for the officer to assume he was talking with someone who lived in the residence. The woman who had answered the door then took it upon herself to voluntarily usher him into the residence where the officer almost immediately saw Ms. Blair (the evidence) in plain view. We find that under these facts, the police officer was reasonably mistaken when he assumed that the woman who answered the door had actual authority to admit him. The suppression court did not err in denying appellant’s motion to suppress the evidence seized after the police officer entered her residence.
Regarding issues III, IV, and V, we adopt the reasoning of the trial court contained in issues VII, VIII, and IX of its 1925(b) statement, respectively. 11
Appellant argues that the sentence of the court was too harsh.
To reach the merits of a discretionary sentencing issue, we conduct a four-part analysis to determine: (1) whether appellant has filed a timely notice of appeal,
see
Pa.R. App.P. 902 and 903; (2) whether the issue was properly preserved at sentencing or in a motion to reconsider and modify sentence,
see
Pa.R.Crim.P. 1410,
Commonwealth v. Boone,
The issue concerning the excessiveness of sentence was properly preserved and appellant filed a timely notice of appeal; however, there is a defect in appellant’s brief. In
Tuladziecki, supra,
our Supreme Court stated that pursuant to Pa.R.A.P. 2119(f), an appellant who challenges the discretionary aspect of a sentence in a criminal matter must set forth in his/her brief, immediately preceding the argument on the merits, a concise statement of the reasons relied upon for the allowance of appeal with respect to the discretionary aspects of the sentence.
Tuladziecki, supra, 522 A.2d
at 19-20.
See also,
42 Pa.C.S.A. § 9781(b). This statement allows us to determine whether we will exercise our discretion to reach the merits of the issue. Appellant’s brief does not set forth in a separate section a concise statement of the reasons relied upon for allowance of appeal. This omission ordinarily would be fatal, but the Commonwealth has failed to object to this omission because it did not file a brief; therefore, appellant’s failure to comply with this procedural requirement is waived.
Krum, supra,
We now reach the fourth part of our analysis: whether there is a substantial question that appellant’s sentence is not appropriate under the Sentencing Code. We must determine whether any of the sentencing judge’s actions were inconsistent with a specific provision of the Sentencing Code.
We have reviewed the transcript of sentence and the reasons stated for the judgment of sentence, and do not find a colorable argument that the sentencing judge’s actions were either inconsistent with specific provisions of the Sentencing Code or contrary to the norms which underlie the sentencing process. We, therefore, decline to exercise our discretion to hear Ms. Blair’s appeal of her sentence.
Judgment of sentence affirmed.
Notes
. Officer Kuhns categorically stated that when he was standing at the doorway of Blair’s residence, he did not know that the neighbor was not the owner of the residence. He stated that he knew the person he was talking to was named Barbara and that the driver of the car was in the house. (Suppression transcript, 10/25/88 at 15.) It would appear that he also knew that the driver was probably injured. (S.T. at 12.) Elsewhere in the suppression transcript, Officer Kuhns states that he knew Barbara was a neighbor and that her daughter who was babysitting Ms. Blair’s children had called Barbara to come over because of Ms. Blair’s condition. (S.T. at 13-14.) After reading the transcript, we are convinced that Officer Kuhns learned of this information after he was admitted to the residence.
. That evidence was appellant Denise Blair. She was bleeding from the chin, had a strong to moderate odor of alcohol emanating from her, and her eyes were bloodshot.
. S.T. at 14.
. After reviewing the facts in Silo and comparing them to the instant facts, we do not believe that the exigent circumstances which permitted a warrantless entry in Silo are present in the instant case.
.
See also, United States v. Bradley,
.
See also, People v. La Peluso,
. Clearly, Ms. Blair’s neighbor had inferior authority to Ms. Blair to consent to the police officer’s entry into Blair's residence.
. In
Matlock,
the Supreme Court left open the question of whether a warrantless search may be upheld upon a showing that the police officers reasonably believed that the consenting party had actual
United States v. Peterson,
.
See also, People
v.
Adams,
. For example,
see
the fact picture in
People v. Misquez,
. VII
WHETHER THE EVIDENCE USED AT TRIAL TO ESTABLISH THE COMMONWEALTH’S BASIS FOR ENTRY INTO THE DEFENDANT’S HOME WAS INADMISSIBLE HEARSAY?
Defendant objects to the admission of the testimony of Officer Kuhns in which he recited the statements made to him by Barbara Snauffer. Mrs. Snauffer was present at the Blair residence when Officer Kuhns arrived. When Officer Kuhns knocked on the door, Mrs. Snauffer was the individual who answered it. Officer Kuhns testified that the following conversation ensued between Mrs. Snauffer and himself;
"I asked if she was Denise Blair, she said no. I asked if in fact, that was the residence of Denise Blair, she said yes, it is. I asked her if Denise was here, the driver of the car, I should say, and she said yea. I said, well can I talk to her, and she said, well, she had been called over by her daughter who was babysitting.” (N.T. p. 48)
Defendant argues that the above statements are hearsay. Hearsay is "an out-of-court statement offered to prove the truth of the matter asserted.”
Commonwealth v. Cassidy,
VIII
WHETHER, DUE TO THE DEFENDANT NOT BEING GIVEN HER MIRANDA RIGHTS, THE COURT ERRED IN NOT SUPPRESSING THE ENTIRE VIDEOTAPE RECORDING OF HER CONDUCT WHILE IN CUSTODY?
The night of the accident, police officers placed Mrs. Blair in a holding cell. The officer set up a video recorder in the cellblock, informed Blair that the machine was on and that her actions would be recorded. The tape ran for one hour. Approximately 45 minutes into the recording, Blair asked for an attorney. The portion of the tape, up to the point where Blair made her request, was shown to the jury. Blair argues that her Motion to Suppress the entire video should have been granted for the reason that she was not advised of her Miranda rights. First of all, Defendant’s Motion to Suppress the entire video tape was not included in her Omnibus Pre-Trial Motion and was, therefore, not timely filed. However, the motion will be considered on its merits.
For purposes of the requirement that Miranda warnings be given prior to in custody interrogation, the interrogation must reflect a measure of compulsion above and beyond that inherent in custody itself. Interrogation is defined as "express questioning and words or actions that the police should know are reasonably likely to [elicit] an incriminating response from the suspect.”
Commonwealth v. [Bracey],
The Thompson case is consistent with the [Bracey ] decision. In Thompson, the situation went beyond mere custody. The officers made statements and gave instructions which indirectly compelled or, at least, were reasonably likely to [elicit] a response. In this case, Blair had been arrested and placed in a cellblock and was, therefore, in the custody of the police. However, the situation did not go beyond custody. The Defendant was not interrogated directly or indirectly. The police officers made no comments, and asked no questions and gave no instructions. To the contrary, with the exception of three times when officers came in briefly to inquire as to whether the Defendant was all right, none of the officers were present during videotaping. Therefore, Blair was not subjected to interrogation as that term is defined in [Bracey] and Thompson, and the portion of the videotape, up to the point where Blair requested counsel, is admissible.
IX
WHETHER THE COURT ERRED IN DENYING DEFENDANT’S MOTION FOR A MISTRIAL BASED ON THE COMMONWEALTH’S USE OF TESTIMONY REFERRING TO THE DEFENDANT’S SILENCE AFTER HER ARREST, NOT WITHSTANDING THE FACT THAT THE COURT GAVE A CAUTIONARY INSTRUCTION?
During the course of the Commonwealth’s direct examination of Officer Kuhns, the following ensued:
BY MR. HOLMES TO OFFICER KUHNS:
Q At that point what did you do?
A After observing her appearance and description that was given to me, I had no question at that time that she was the driver of the car and she appeared intoxicated and I placed her under arrest at that time, and advised her that I did want her to submit to the blood test and refusal to do so she would lose her licence for a year if found guilty or innocent of the charge. Again, she said absolutely nothing, no reply.
There is no question that reference to Blair’s silence after arrest violated her constitutional right against self-incrimination and may have prejudiced her in the eyes of the jury.
Miranda v. Arizona,
First, as stated, there was clearly a reference to the Defendant’s silence that violated her constitutional rights. Second, the reference to Blair’s silence was not deliberately [elicited]. The statement was in
Trial court opinion at 12-17.