435 Mass. 316 | Mass. | 2001
In the early morning hours of April 17, 1994, Donna Bianchi was beaten and choked with a night stick and sprayed with mace in her home by her estranged husband, Robert L. Bianchi, Jr. She became fearful that Bianchi was going to kill her and her child, and obtained an abuse prevention order against him the following day.
On May 6, 1994, Donna dropped her seven-month old son off at her sister-in-law’s house on her way to work. As she left the house, Bianchi, who had been following her for several days, confronted her. She began screaming and running away from him. As he pursued her, she tripped and fell. He picked her up by the hair, prodded her in the back with a gun, and herded her toward the street where he shot her twice in the back. After she fell to the ground, paralyzed by one of the first two bullets, Bianchi placed the muzzle of the gun on her chest, and fired three more times, pausing between shots.
A jury convicted Bianchi of murder in the first degree on theories of deliberate premeditation and extreme atrocity or cruelty. He was also convicted of violating a protective order issued pursuant to G. L. c. 209A, § 7.
Bianchi filed a timely notice of appeal which was stayed to allow him to file a motion for a new trial, later denied by the trial judge. Bianchi appealed from the denial of his motion, which has been joined with his direct appeal in this court.
Bianchi’s defense was, in essence, that he lacked the requisite malice to commit murder due to a mood disorder caused by steroid abuse. On appeal he claims that the judge erred by: (1) permitting testimony about the April 17 assault; (2) permitting several witnesses to testify to statements made by the victim about her fear of Bianchi in the weeks following April 17 and prior to her murder on May 6; (3) excluding a purported suicide note written by Bianchi after the murder; and (4) failing to instruct the jury on voluntary manslaughter. Bianchi also asks
All of the errors claimed by Bianchi were either preserved or resurrected by the trial judge in her decision on the. motion for a new trial. Accordingly, we review them to determine whether any error was prejudicial. See Commonwealth v. Vinnie, 428 Mass. 161, 163, cert, denied, 525 U.S. 1007 (1998). For the reasons set forth below, we affirm the convictions and decline to exercise our power under G. L. c. 278, § 33E.
1. Facts. We summarize the facts in the light most favorable to the Commonwealth, reserving certain details for discussion in conjunction with the issues raised. See Commonwealth v. Fowler, 431 Mass. 30, 31 (2000).
The victim began dating Bianchi when she was fifteen years old and he was twenty-two years old. They were married in 1992. She gave birth to a son in September, 1993. They struggled financially, and in February, 1994, moved to the victim’s father’s home in Medford. Sometime around April 10, 1994, the victim asked Bianchi to move out of the house. He moved out for a day or two, but returned even though the victim insisted that he sleep in a separate room.
At approximately 2 a.m. on April 17, 1994, Officer Caesar Delatorre of the Medford police department received a radio call instructing him to respond to the victim’s address. When he arrived, he found the victim lying on the hallway floor. She was hysterical — shaking and crying — and had bruises on her neck and torso. She also had lacerations on the back of her head that were bleeding profusely. Delatorre observed blood on the floor and walls, and he smelled mace in the air.
The victim told Delatorre that Bianchi hit and choked her with a night stick and had sprayed mace at her, and that in order to stop the beating she told Bianchi that she loved him and would never leave him. Delatorre recovered the night stick and the mace canister from one of the rooms on the second floor. Bianchi was arrested and the victim was transported to a hospital where photographs of her injuries were taken. On April
That same day, a victim-witness advocate (advocate) was referred to the victim by the District Court. During their initial telephone conversation, the victim told the advocate that she was terrified of Bianchi and that there was no doubt in her mind that he would kill her. On April 22, 1994, the advocate met with the victim and saw the bruises on her neck and torso. The victim described Bianchi as jealous, suspicious, and controlling. She reiterated her fear that Bianchi would kill her.
On April 26, Officer Matthew Insogna received a call to go to the victim’s home. Insogna approached the front of the house and he saw the victim standing in the doorway with her son in her arms and tears in her eyes. She told Insogna that she was afraid Bianchi was near her home and was going to kill her, and that she also feared for her son’s life. She asked Insogna to walk her to her automobile, and as they began down the walkway, she stayed so close to him that she was touching the back of his body and he could feel her shaking. Once she was inside her vehicle, she asked Insogna to follow her to the main street, which he did.
On April 27, Officers Paul Co vino and John Zifaris were instructed to go to the victim’s home so that Bianchi could collect his belongings. The victim described the April 17 incident to Covino and said that she was afraid that Bianchi would assault her again. When Bianchi arrived at the house, the officers explained to him that the protective order was in place and he responded that he understood.
On April 28, the victim met with the advocate for a second time and repeated her fear that Bianchi was going to kill her. She also told the advocate that when Bianchi came to her house to collect his belongings, he had taken a pair of her underwear, as well as a used condom from the trash.
On May 5, the victim spoke with the advocate for the last
On the morning of May 6, the victim brought her son to her sister-in-law’s house. They talked for ten or fifteen minutes and discussed the fact that Bianchi was scheduled to visit the baby around 11 a.m. The victim told her sister-in-law that she was afraid that Bianchi would kidnap her son and try to kill her. She then left the house to go to work.
As the sister-in-law was taking the baby’s sweater and hat off, she heard screaming outside, as did her next door neighbor. When the neighbor went to the window, she saw two adults facing each other in the backyard. She initially turned away from the window, but when the tone of the screaming changed, she ran back and saw the victim trying to run away but tripping on tree stumps and old chicken wire that were along the side of the house. The victim appeared desperate and was screaming, “[N]o, no, please, no.”
She also saw Bianchi following behind the victim, holding her by the hair and prodding her in the back with a gun. He appeared to be calm, composed, and determined. The neighbor started to scream as Bianchi herded the victim back toward the street, and she then telephoned 911. As she dialed, she heard a shot. She looked back out the window and saw the victim lying on her back on the sidewalk. The defendant knelt over her and looked directly in her face. The sister-in-law came out of her house and yelled to Bianchi to leave the victim alone. Bianchi looked over, made eye contact with the sister-in-law, and then turned back and shot the victim three more times at point blank range,
At 4 p.m. that same day, a police officer in Elizabeth, New Jersey, and his partner received a radio call and responded to a gasoline station where they saw Bianchi’s rental van. Bianchi was vomiting into a barrel. He told the officers that he had killed his wife. He also told the officers that he was sick and
At trial, Bianchi asserted that his conduct in April and May, 1994, was the result of his use of steroids. He testified that he started using steroids in 1988 to help improve as á competitive power weight lifter. The steroids increased his strength and aggressiveness, but made him “excitable,” increased his appetite, and disturbed his sleep. In July, 1988, he received medical treatment at Lemuel Shattuck Hospital after complaining of side effects of steroid use, but following his release from the hospital he continued using steroids.
In late 1992, Bianchi stopped using steroids while he and the victim were trying to conceive a child, but he resumed using them in January, 1993, and consistently increased the doses and types of steroids that he took, which caused him to become “a little wild eyed,” develop a “huffy attitude,” feel depressed, and experience a change in his eating and sleeping habits. He testified that by the end of 1993, he weighed over 300 pounds
Bianchi offered expert testimony about the effects of steroid use on his state of mind, and, in particular, that in April and May, 1994, he suffered from a ‘ ‘ sub stance-induced mood disorder.”
2. Evidence of the April 17 assault. Bianchi argues that the judge erred in allowing witnesses to testify about the April 17 assault because the testimony was unduly prejudicial and largely hearsay. The jury heard two types of testimony about the April 17 incident: testimony recounting what the victim said about the assault, and testimony from witnesses describing their observations of the victim’s demeanor and injuries after the assault. Evidence of the assault was relevant and both types of evidence were properly admitted.
The April 17 assault was relevant to show the hostile nature of the relationship between Bianchi and the victim. See Commonwealth v. Seabrooks, 425 Mass. 507, 512 n.6 (1997), S.C., 433 Mass. 439 (2001); Commonwealth v. Andrade, 422 Mass. 236, 239-240 (1996); Commonwealth v. Gil, 393 Mass. 204, 215-217 (1984).
The victim’s statements about the April 17 incident were admissible under the spontaneous exclamation exception to the ■ hearsay rule. Immediately after the April 17 incident, while she was shaking, crying, and bleeding, the victim told Officer Dela-
The testimony of witnesses concerning the victim’s demeanor and injuries after the April 17 assault were also admissible. Officer Delatorre, the first officer to respond to the victim’s home, noticed the injuries to the victim’s head, neck, and torso. At the emergency room immediately after the April 17 incident, the victim’s sister-in-law saw that the victim was “bruised from her head to her feet,” and she saw blood on the pillow and bruises and cuts on the victim’s neck, shoulder blades, chest, and arms.
The determination by the judge that evidence regarding the April 17 assault was more probative than prejudicial is a determination left to her sound discretion. Commonwealth v. Cyr, 425 Mass. 89, 95-96 (1997), S.C., 433 Mass. 617 (2001). On the record before us, we do not find that she abused that discretion in admitting the evidence, and therefore find no error.
3. Evidence of the victim’s fear. Bianchi next argues that the judge erred in allowing witnesses to testify about the victim’s fear after the April 17 assault.
We have reviewed the entire record and conclude that the evidence of the victim’s fear was merely cumulative of properly admitted evidence in this case from which the jury would inevitably infer that the victim was afraid of Bianchi. See Commonwealth v. Andrade, supra at 240. See also Commonwealth v. Jenner, 426 Mass. 163, 165 (1997). The jury properly heard descriptions and saw photographs of the victim’s injuries from the April 17 incident. They learned that the victim obtained a protective order against Bianchi. They also properly heard Officer Insogna testify that the victim was shaking when he walked her to her car on April 26, and that on April 27, while Officer Covino waited in the victim’s home for Bianchi to gather his belongings, he noticed the victim’s frightened demeanor. The testimony also did not undermine Bianchi’s defense that increased steroid use had had an impact on his mood and impulse control, negating malice. Bianchi and his expert testified that the deleterious effects of steroid abuse changed Bian-chi’s mood and behavior during the period in which both assaults on the victim occurred. That the victim began to fear for her life after the brutal assault on April 17 is not inconsistent with Bianchi’s assertion that he was losing control and his mood was like a “roller coaster” during this same period. Indeed, evidence that the victim told both her sister-in-law and the advocate that before April 17 Bianchi had never been physi
This case is distinguishable from Commonwealth v. Cyr, supra, where we found that hearsay evidence admitted to show that the victim feared her assailant prior to the murder both undermined the defense of provocation and was prejudicial to the defendant. In that case, the improper evidence was not cumulative of properly admitted evidence. Id. at 94. In this case, unlike in Cyr, the evidence negating provocation and loss of control included the testimony of eyewitnesses to the murder that Bianchi was careful, calm, and composed during the shooting. Finally, the evidence of the victim’s fear was not inconsistent with the defense, as we held in Cyr, because the victim’s fear did not predate the period during which, Bianchi asserts, he was not in control" of himself as the result of steroid use.
The evidence that Bianchi planned the murder was overwhelming. There was also substantial evidence that undermined the defense, unrelated to any testimony about the victim’s fear. The evidence of planning began with Bianchi’s trip to Maine on May 1 to purchase a gun that he would not be required to register in Massachusetts. There was evidence that Bianchi telephoned three rental companies to obtain information about the availability and price of different vans, and that when he rented the van on May 3, he scheduled its return on May 7, the day after the murder. The contents of the van on the day of the murder also provided evidence of planning. When the police searched the van, they found notes in Bianchi’s handwriting about the victim’s daily habits, a flashlight, wire, duct tape, a knife, “nunchucks,” and binoculars. Although Bianchi testified that he rented the van to take photographs of the victim with another man to use in the divorce and custody proceedings, no camera was found in the van.
In contrast to the strength of the evidence of premeditation, Bianchi’s defense of steroid use was substantially undermined by his own testimony and that of his expert. Bianchi provided inconsistent descriptions of his steroid use. After his arrest, he told a Massachusetts State trooper that he had not used steroids
Bianchi’s expert testimony did not bolster his defense. His expert testified that there are certain physical characteristics that are indicative of steroid use,
In the circumstances of this case, the error in admitting hearsay evidence of the victim’s fear was not prejudicial.
4. Excluded suicide note. When the police officers searched Bianchi’s van, they found a pad of blue-lined, letter-sized paper. The judge allowed the Commonwealth to introduce the first two pages from the pad, which contained Bianchi’s handwritten notes about his search for a rental van and information about the victim’s health insurance, credit cards, payroll checks, and
Bianchi contends that these two pages were admissible because they were relevant to his state of mind at the time of the killing.
*327 “I’ve lost all hope and took it out on her, the one I love most. I can’t bear being away from her[.] ... I can’t live with myself any longer[.] What have I done[.] God have mercy on me. Donna please forgive me. . . . My only wish is that we be buried together for the sake of my son. Please tell him we went in an accident. If he finds out he [szc] be like me.”
“In deciding whether the judge should have charged on manslaughter, we assume the version of the facts most favorable to the defendant.” Commonwealth v. Rosado, 434 Mass. 197, 204, cert, denied, 122 S. Ct. 372'(2001), quoting Commonwealth v. Maskell, 403 Mass. 111, 116 (1988). Even if there is evidence of hostile verbal or physical interaction between the parties preceding the killing, a manslaughter instruction is not required unless the evidence of provocation is deemed adequate in law “to cause the accused to lose his self-control in the heat of passion, and if the killing followed the provocation before sufficient time had elapsed for the accused’s temper to cool.” Commonwealth v. Pierce, 419 Mass. 28, 31 (1994), quoting Commonwealth v. Halbert, 410 Mass. 534, 538 (1991). “A jury must be able to infer that a reasonable person would have become sufficiently provoked, and that the defendant was in fact provoked” in order to warrant a manslaughter instruction. Commonwealth v. Pierce, supra. In other words, “[tjhere must be evidence that would warrant a reasonable doubt that something happened which would have been likely to produce in an ordinary person such a state of passion, anger, fear, fright, or nervous excitement as would eclipse his capacity for reflection or restraint, and that what happened actually did produce such a state of mind in the defendant.” Commonwealth v. Walden, 380 Mass. 724, 728 (1980).
6. Section 33E. Bianchi argues that pursuant to G. L. c. 278, § 33E, we should reduce the murder verdict because there is
Judgments affirmed.
Order denying motion for a new trial affirmed.
The order directed Bianchi not to abuse the victim, not to contact her, to leave and stay away from her residence, to stay away from her workplace, and to surrender custody of their son.
These items were found in Bianchi’s van after his arrest for the murder.
The medical examiner testified that the victim was shot five times, the first two in the back, one of which would have paralyzed her.
Bianchi told an emergency medical technician that he had tried to commit suicide by taking 150 aspirin.
The victim weighed approximately 130 pounds in 1994.
On cross-examination, the expert testified only that it was “probable” that Bianchi’s reported steroid use “may have affected his mood,” but could not render an opinion that the steroid use definitely affected his mood.
The judge gave the jury limiting instructions relating to the April 17 incident several times during trial: “[Y]ou may consider it solely on the limited issue as you may find it relates to motive and/or state of mind of the defendant”; “you may consider it on limited issues as you find they may reflect on the defendant’s motive, his state of mind on the issue of malice and deliberate premeditation if you find it to be relevant.”
See also Commonwealth v. Magraw, 426 Mass. 589, 599 (1998) (evidence that victim found defendant’s rifle on her bed properly admitted “to show discord between the defendant and the victim in the face of the defendant’s claim that he and the victim ‘were so happy’”); Commonwealth v. Haley, 363 Mass. 513, 524 (1973), S.C., 413 Mass. 770 (1992) (evidence not offered to show bad character of defendant but to show intensity of discord between him and his wife).
See also Commonwealth v. Squailia, 429 Mass. 101, 105 (1999) (prior bad act evidence properly admitted, within judge’s discretion, to show defendant’s intent or state of mind); Commonwealth v. Arce, 426 Mass. 601, 602 (1998) (evidence of hostile relationship admissible to show motive to kill).
The jury also saw photographs of the victim’s injuries.
The victim’s brother testified: “She knew that [Bianchi] was going to kill her if he found her” and that “[s]he was scared to death.” The sister-in-law described several conversations in which the victim said that she feared that Bianchi was going to kill her and kidnap the baby. Officer Insogna described a conversation with the victim on April 26 in which she said that she feared that Bianchi would kill her and the baby. Officer Covino described a conversation
These characteristics include an increase in lean muscle mass, gynecomastia (occurrence of female-like breast tissue in males), male pattern baldness, acne, stretch marks around the muscles, high blood pressure, and testicular atrophy.
Bianchi does not challenge the admission of these two pages.
Although the record does not indicate precisely when Bianchi wrote the second set of blue pages, the context indicates they were written after the victim was already dead:
In support of this argument, Bianchi cites Commonwealth v. Fernandes, 427 Mass. 90, 94 (1998), where we examined a declarant’s threat to “get” or kill someone, and found it to be admissible “to show that the declarant had a particular state of mind and that he carried out his intent.” Id. at 95.
“A statement is admissible under the penal interest exception if (1) the declarant’s testimony is unavailable; (2) the statement so far tends to subject the declarant to criminal liability that a reasonable person in his position would not have made the statement unless he believed it to be true; and (3) the statement, if offered to exculpate the accused, is corroborated by circumstances clearly indicating its trustworthiness.” Commonwealth v. Charles, 428 Mass. 672, 677 (1999).
See Commonwealth v. Carmona, 428 Mass. 268, 271-272 (1998), quoting Commonwealth v. Robles, 423 Mass. 62, 69 (1996) (“When a party introduces a portion of a statement or writing in evidence the doctrine of verbal completeness allows admission of other relevant portions of the same statement or
Among other things, when he went to the victim’s home on April 27 to collect his belongings, Bianchi found a used condom in the victim’s trash can. He took the condom, along with a pair of the victim’s soiled underpants, as proof that the victim had been unfaithful to him. In addition, Bianchi testified that he had been secretly following the victim for several days in his rental van to get a photograph of her and “this gentlemen” for use in divorce and custody proceedings.
See Commonwealth v. Parker, 402 Mass. 333, 344 (1988), S.C., 412 Mass. 353 (1992), and 420 Mass. 242 (1995) (although defendant testified that victim struck him twice, no reasonable jury could have accepted suggestion that he was provoked into brutal killing). See also Commonwealth v. Curtis, 417 Mass. 619, 629 (1994) (attempt by victim to strike defendant with bottle of liquor inadequate provocation); Commonwealth v. Garabedian, 399 Mass. 304, 313-314 (1987) (scratches to face of male attacker by female victim inadequate); Commonwealth v. Brown, 387 Mass. 220, 227 (1982) (evidence that victim choked defendant with shirt insufficient).