284 N.E.2d 219 | Mass. | 1972
COMMONWEALTH
vs.
NATHAN ANDERSON.
Supreme Judicial Court of Massachusetts, Suffolk.
Present: TAURO, C.J., SPIEGEL, BRAUCHER, & HENNESSEY, JJ.
Thomas G. Shapiro for the defendant.
Alfred E. Saggese, Jr., Legal Assistant to the District Attorney, for the Commonwealth.
TAURO, C.J.
The defendant appeals under G.L.c. 278, *75 §§ 33A-33G, from convictions on indictments charging him with unlawful possession with intent to sell a narcotic drug, cocaine, and with unlawful possession with intent to sell a narcotic drug, cannabis (marihuana). G.L.c. 94, §§ 197, 217B, both as amended. The defendant argues that the trial judge erred in admitting in evidence certain property seized and certain statements made by the defendant as a result of an alleged illegal search and seizure. Specifically, the defendant urges that the affidavit in support of the search warrant did not contain facts, information, and circumstances sufficient to establish grounds for the issuance of the warrant and further that it did not establish probable cause for the date that the warrant was applied for and issued. The pertinent portions of the affidavit are set forth in the margin.[1]
In determining the sufficiency of the affidavit, we are guided by the often quoted language in United States v. Ventresca, 380 U.S. 102, 108, and United States v. Harris, 403 U.S. 573, 577: "[A]ffidavits for search warrants ... must be tested and interpreted by magistrates and courts in a commonsense and realistic fashion." The affidavit is based in part on hearsay information; therefore, we must first determine its adequacy under the standards of Aguilar v. Texas, 378 U.S. 108.[2] If the *76 informant's tip is inadequate under the Aguilar case, other allegations which corroborate the informant's tip are then to be considered. Spinelli v. United States, 393 U.S. 410, 415. See United States ex rel. Kislin v. New Jersey, 429 F.2d 950, 952 (3d Cir.); United States v. Fuller, 441 F.2d 755, 759 (4th Cir.).
The informant's reliability was established by setting forth previous examples of his assistance in apprehending drug offenders. See United States v. Dunnings, 425 F.2d 836, 839 (2d Cir.), cert. den. sub nom. Dunnings v. United States, 397 U.S. 1002; United States v. Shipstead, 433 F.2d 368, 372 (9th Cir.); United States v. Becker, 334 F. Supp. 546, 550 (S.D.N.Y.). Cf. Von Utter v. Tulloch, 426 F.2d 1, 3 (1st Cir.), cert. den. sub nom. Tulloch v. Von Utter, 400 U.S. 826. The tip by itself does not contain sufficient information of the "underlying circumstances" required to support the informant's conclusion that the defendant was selling narcotic drugs at a particular time. Although it does contain an averment that the defendant offered to sell some heroin to the informant, it fails to specify the time and location where the offer occurred. See Rosencranz v. United States 356 F.2d 310, 316-317 (1st Cir.). It does not follow, however, that the search warrant was issued without probable cause. See Commonwealth v. Moran, 353 Mass. 166, 171.
Other allegations in the affidavit provided a substantial basis for crediting the informer's tip. The tip was corroborated "through other sources of information ... [thus reducing] the chances of a reckless or prevaricating tale...." United States v. Harris, 403 U.S. 573, 581, quoting from Jones v. United States, 362 U.S. 257, 271. See United States ex rel. Kislin v. New Jersey, 429 F.2d 950, 953-955 (3d Cir.); United States v. Singleton, 439 F.2d 381, 384-385 (3d Cir.). There was a police surveillance of the premises during which time known drug users were observed entering and leaving the defendant's apartment. A magistrate is permitted to rely on a policeman's knowledge of a suspect's reputation, *77 United States v. Harris, supra, at 583, and we therefore perceive no reason why reliance cannot be placed on a policeman's knowledge of the reputations as drug users of persons frequenting the defendant's apartment in assessing the reliability of the informant's tip. In addition, one officer overheard an argument outside the defendant's apartment relative to the quality of cocaine that was sold.
Reasonable inferences may be drawn by the magistrate from all the information submitted in the affidavit in assessing its sufficiency. Rosencranz v. United States, 356 F.2d, 310, 314 (1st Cir.). See Commonwealth v. Brown, 354 Mass. 337, 345. The affidavit was capable of the legitimate inference that there was only one third floor apartment in the building. The defendant's argument that there was no probable cause existing on the date of the issuance of the warrant is not persuasive. The affidavit stated that the surveillance occurred "within the past twenty-five days," and this could well include observations up to the date of the affidavit. See United States v. Harris, supra, at 579. The affidavit alleges that the informant "now states ... [the defendant] is selling" which indicates that the selling was presently occurring and which was corroborated by the police surveillance. Admittedly, it is difficult to state with any certainty when the "one occasion ... [the defendant] offered to sell [to] the informent [sic]" occurred; however, when the statement is considered with other portions of the affidavit, it is capable of an interpretation which supports the finding of probable cause. It indicates that the defendant was a seller of narcotics even though it is not definite when a sale was made to the informant. When read in conjunction with the word "now" in the first part of the sentence, the sale could be inferred to have occurred recently. "[W]here ... circumstances are detailed, where reason for crediting the source of the information is given, and when a magistrate has found probable cause," the warrant should not be invalidated "by interpreting the affidavit *78 in a hypertechnical, rather than a commonsense, manner." United States v. Ventresca, 380 U.S. 102, 109. Sufficient allegations were made which when combined with the informant's tip "would permit ... a judgment that a crime was probably being committed." Spinelli v. United States, 393 U.S. 410, 418.
Judgments affirmed.
NOTES
[1] "As a result of an investigation into the 3rd floor apt. located at 29 Creston St. Roxbury I have reason to believe and do believe that Narcotic Drugs are being stored in said apt. by a colored male known as Nate. My belief is based on the following facts. Known Drug users have been observed by myself and other officers within the past twenty-five days entering and leaving the above apt. On one occasion officer Thomas Moran of CID overheard 2 men engaged in an argument with a third man outside the 3rd floor apt. relative to the poor quality of Cocaine they had been sold. An informant who has proved reliable in the past in connection with the arrest and convection [sic] of Danny Griffin, Louis Jones, John L. Anderson and others for the illegal sale of Narcotic Drugs, now states that a colored male by the name of Nate is selling Cocaine and Marijuana from the above apt. and on one occasion Nate offered to sell the informent [sic] some Heroin."
[2] "[T]he magistrate must be informed of some of the underlying circumstances from which the informant concluded that the narcotics were where he claimed they were and ... that the informant ... was `credible' or ... `reliable.'" Id. at 114.
