204 P. 1037 | Mont. | 1922
delivered the opinion of the court.
This action was brought to recover upon a promissory note executed and delivered by the defendant to the Great Northern Surety Company of Great Falls, and indorsed and delivered to plaintiff before maturity for a valuable consideration. The indorsement is in the following form: “J. H. Irwin, Presdt. Great Northern Surety Co., Great Falls, Mont.” It is conceded that the indorsement was made by Irwin, that he was president of the surety company, that he had authority to indorse the note for the company, and that plaintiff is a holder in due course, if the note bears the indorsement of the company, the holder at the time the transfer was made.
It is the contention of the defendant that, if Irwin intended to act in his representative capacity in making the indorsement, he failed of his purpose; that he bound himself personally, and did not bind his principal; that the added words, “Presdt. Great Northern Surety Co., Great Falls, Mont.,” are merely descriptio personae; that the special defenses pleaded are therefore available; and that the district court erred in permitting Irwin to testify that he intended to bind the com
The single question presented is: Does the note bear the indorsement of the Great Northern Surety Company % • The trial court answered in the affirmative, and found the issues for the plaintiff. Defendant has appealed from the judgment and from an order denying his motion for a new trial.
By making this note, the defendant admitted the existence
Prior to the enactment of the Negotiable Instruments Law
Typical of the decided cases invoking the rule just adverted to is Burbank v. Posey, 7 Bush (Ky.), 373. The instrument there involved was signed, “D. R. Burbank, Pres’t of the Henderson Coal Co.,” and it was held to impose individual liability, and not to bind the company. In Reeve v. Bank, 54
Other courts, with a higher regard for general commercial usage, would have held the indorsement now under consideration to bind the company, and not Dr. Irwin. In Slawson v. Loring, 5 Allen (Mass.), 340, 81 Am. Dec. 750, there was involved a draft at the top of which were printed these words, “Office of Portage Lake Manufacturing Company,” and the draft itself was signed, “I. R. Jackson, Agt.” It was held to be the obligation of the company, and in disposing of the question the court, through Chief Justice Bigelow, said: “No one can doubt that on bills thus drawn the agent fully discloses his principal, and that the drawer could not be personally chargeable thereon.”
In Hitchcock v. Buchanan, 105 U. S. 416, 26 L. Ed. 1078, the draft in question had printed upon the top of it the following: “Office of Belleville Nail Mill. Co.”—and was signed: “Wm. C. Buchanan, Pres’t. James C. Waugh, Sec’y-” This was held to be the obligation of the company and not of the individual signers.
Still another group of courts held that in a signature of this character there is an ambiguity, and accordingly admitted evidence to show the intention of the agent, and this rule was adopted by the early territorial court of Montana (Gerber v. Stuart, 1 Mont. 172), and applied in Knippenberg v. Greenwood M. & M. Co., 39 Mont. 11, 101 Pac. 159.
After reviewing the decisions to a much greater extent than is here attempted, Mechem in his work on Agency (section 443), says: “To extract general principles from these cases whose conflict is so great as to amount, in the language of a recent ease, almost to anarchy, is manifestly difficult.”
Upon the immediate subject under review, the Act speaks in no uncertain terms. Section 20- N. I. L. (sec. 5868, Rev. Codes 1907; sec. 8427, Rev. Codes, 1921) provides: “Where the instrument contains or a person adds to his signature words indicating that he signs for or on behalf of a principal, or in a representative capacity, he is not liable on the instrument if he was duly authorized; but the mere addition of words describing him as an agent, or as filling a representative character, without disclosing his principal, does not exempt him from personal liability.”
Applying that rule to the instrument before us, there does not appear to be room for a difference of opinion upon the question presented. The noté is payable to the Great Northern Surety Company, and Dr. Irwin added to his own signature words indicating that he signed for and on behalf of the company. The indorsement is prima facie the indorsement of the surety company and, in the absence of any evidence to the contrary, conclusive of plaintiff’s right to recover. To adhere to the ancient dogma that the added words are merely descriptio personae defeats the manifest purpose of the law and renders the last clause of section 20 above superfluous, if not meaningless. The addition of this clause was rendered necessary, for the rule of undisclosed principal has never applied to negotiable instruments, and cannot be applied to them without impairing their value for the purpose of circulation.
In most of the cases decided since the Negotiable Instruments Law became effective, the courts have given to this section the construction indicated. In Jump v. Sparling, 218 Mass. 324, 105 N. E. 878, the note involved was signed: “J. H. Sparling,
Evidence was admitted upon the trial of this cause to show
The judgment and order are affirmed.
'Affirmed.