Thе Syrian government responded with a strategy to quash the dissent using military
The CCMC used the reports it received from regional intelligence committees to inform President al-Assad's anti-opposition strategy. Barakat Decl. ¶ 15. Armed with information, the Syrian government engaged in widespread suppression of demonstrators and rebel groups, Compl. ¶ 28, and thousands were killed, detained, tortured, or kidnapped. Pls.' Mem. at 5; Ford Rpt. ¶¶ 37-40. Thе violence led to the formation of an armed opposition, called the Free Syrian Army ("FSA"), which consisted of civilians and defectors from the Syrian military and government. Ford Rpt. ¶ 36. By the end of 2011, the clash between the government and the FSA sent Syria into a full-scale armed conflict. Brown Rpt. ¶¶ 181-85; Kaye Rpt. ¶ 32.
B. Suppression of the Media and the Rise of the Independent Media
Suppression of traditional forms of media led to the rise of the "independent media," in which "citizen journalists" disseminated news through social media networks. Salah Decl. ¶¶ 17-19; Kaye Rpt. ¶¶ 12-13. Baba Amr, a district in the city of Homs, was "the heart of the independent media movement." Pls.' Mem. at 6. There, a local activist named Khaled Abu Salah (a pseudonym he used to protect his identity) and a group of citizen journalists formed the Baba Amr Media Center, where they would document and broadcast demonstrations occurring throughout the country and the government's response, using proxy internet servers to hide their location. Salah Decl. ¶¶ 17-20; Doe Decl. ¶¶ 7-10. These individuals were not part of the formal opposition, and they did not participate in the hostilities. Salah Decl. ¶ 23.
The Syrian government considered media activists to be the biggest threat to the regime, because it was through the media that demonstrators could organize protests. Barakat Decl. ¶¶ 30-32. Thus, media activists and journalists became high priority targets. Ford Rpt. ¶¶ 62-64 (detailing examples of arrests, disappearances, and deaths of journalists in 2011 and 2012); Ulysses Decl. ¶ 14. In August 2011, the CCMC issued orders to government forces to "[l]aunch daily joint security-military campaigns" against "those who tarnish the image of Syria in foreign media and international organizations." Brown Rpt. ¶¶ 173-77. This policy resulted in a pattern and practice of targeting journalists and other media personnel, "subjecting them to ... detention, torture, forced disappearance, extrajudicial killing, and other abuses." Kaye Rpt. ¶ 30; see Ford Rpt. ¶ 59; Ulysses Decl. ¶ 14.
C. The Government's Focus on Baba Amr and its Media Center
By the end of 2011, "Homs had become a key center" of the revolution, and "intelligence services in Homs were tasked with suppressing the opposition movement and ending the massive anti-government protests." Ulysses Decl. ¶ 8. The Syrian government formed a committee with the sole purpose of coordinаting the military and
From December 2011 to February 2012, the CCMC directed the HMSC to isolate Baba Amr. Brown Rpt. ¶¶ 256-59 ("[T]he CCMC instructed that military and security commanders were to ... wear[ ] down and drain[ ] the enemy."). Military surrounded the neighborhood, cutting off telecommunications, electricity, and food and water supplies. Ulysses Decl. ¶ 27. To protect themselves and civilians, rebel groups established a defensive perimeter around the neighborhood. Id. ¶¶ 26, 28; Doe Decl. ¶ 12; Brown Rpt. ¶¶ 252-54. The Syrian military shelled "the neighborhood on a daily basis with various forms of artillery, including ... rocket launcher systems ... and ... mortars." Ulysses Decl. ¶¶ 29-30; see Salah Decl. ¶¶ 29-30 ("It was the most intense shelling I had ever experienced. It was constant."); Doe Decl. ¶ 16 ("The shelling was systematic, it happened every day."); Nouar Decl. ¶ 20 ("We visited this neighborhood every day, and every day we observed bombardments and sniper fire."). The level of violence was extreme - "bombs were being fired into densely populated areas," and snipers were "targeting and killing small children, women and other unarmed civilians." Brown Rpt. ¶¶ 261-62. The government's "official line was that Baba Amr was full of terrorists." Ulysses Decl. ¶ 32; see Nouar Decl. ¶¶ 27-32 (describing conversations with Syrian government officials where they referred to media activists as terrorists).
Through intelligence sources, such as drone surveillance and informants, the Syrian government learned that media activists had smuggled in satellite transmitters that gave them access to the internet, and foreign journalists in Baba Amr were "reporting on the siege, uploading videos to the Internet, and talking to international news agencies like CNN and al-Jazeera." Ulysses Decl. ¶ 33.
II. The Death of Marie Colvin
A. Marie Colvin and Her Assignment in Homs, Syria
Marie Colvin was a highly respected American war journalist, revered for her courage in reporting the humanitarian crises that result from war. Colvin Decl. ¶¶ 16-18. "Marie viewed it as her job to make the world aware of the impaсt war had on civilians, despite the risk. Occasionally, she also viewed it as her job to take action herself." Id. ¶ 18. She spent over twenty-five years writing for the British newspaper, The Sunday Times , covering conflict zones in Iraq, Chechnya, the Balkans, East Timor, Sri Lanka, Sierra Leone, and Libya. Compl. ¶ 21. She was in Baghdad through the Gulf War bombing in 1991, witnessed the American bombing of Tripoli in 1992, and interviewed both Muammar Gaddafi of Libya and Yasser Arafat of Palestine. Witherow Decl. ¶ 22. When a grenade blinded her in one eye in Sri Lanka, she became known for wearing a signature black eye patch. Id. ¶ 24. Colvin received dozens of accolades for her reporting, including the British Press Awards' Foreign Reporter of the Year (2000, 2009, and 2012), the Foreign Press Association's Journalist of the Year (2000),
Colvin and British photographer, Paul Conroy, traveled together to Syria on February 13, 2012. Conroy Decl. ¶ 6. They entered the country with the help of members of the FSA and a pacifist named Wael Fayez al-Omar. Id. ; al-Omar Decl. ¶ 15. Their journey took two days; they traveled to Homs through a smuggler's route, and in Homs, they used an underground water tunnel to reach the Baba Amr Media Center. Conroy Decl. ¶¶ 9, 11; al-Omar Decl. ¶¶ 15-16. The Media Center was located in an apartment building, offering foreign journalists a place to sleep and report. Conroy Decl. ¶ 13; al-Omar Decl. ¶ 16; Salah Decl. ¶ 20.
On February 16, the day after they arrived, Colvin and Conroy could hear the sound of randomized shelling throughout the neighborhood for most of the day. Conroy Decl. ¶ 14; al-Omar Decl. ¶ 17. Nonetheless, Colvin wanted to see the area and speak with the locals. With al-Omar's help, she visited an underground storage facility sheltering locals and an improvised field hospital located in an apartment building. Conroy Decl. ¶¶ 15-17; al-Omar Decl. ¶ 17.
That evening, rumors of an imminent invasion and possible gas attack forced Colvin and others to flee Baba Amr using the same tunnels through which they had arrived. Conroy Decl. ¶ 18; al-Omar Decl. ¶ 18. Colvin was able to dictate a story to The Sunday Times via satellite telephone. Conroy Decl. ¶ 19. The rumored invasion never transpired, and Colvin wanted to return to Baba Amr, despite being told that thе government would likely capture the neighborhood. Pls.' Mem. at 14; al-Omar Decl. ¶ 19. Colvin and Conroy returned to the Media Center on February 20, 2012, but because the shelling on the district was even more intense than before, they were unable to explore the neighborhood. Al-Omar Decl. ¶ 21.
B. Government Involvement in the Attack on the Baba Amr Media Center
The HMSC was aware that foreign journalists were traveling to Baba Amr and made it a priority to pin down the location of the Media Center. Ulysses Decl. ¶¶ 34-38. In January 2011, a memorandum circulated within the HMSC stating that it was aware that foreign journalists were entering Syria and Homs and directed military to "take all necessary measures" to capture them. Id. ¶¶ 35-36.
To trace the location of the journalists, Major General Shahadah directed intelligence to intercept the communications coming out of Baba Amr. Id. ¶ 39. A device that could intercept broadcasts from the signals of satellite phones was installed on a vehicle circling Baba Amr, and informants were recruited to spy on the Media Center to ascertain its location. Id. ¶¶ 39-40.
On February 21, 2012, the eve of the attack, an informant contacted [redacted], a "middle-man" in charge of gathering intelligence for the HMSC. Id. ¶ 51. After [redacted] spoke to the informant, [redacted] telling [redacted] that [redacted] had information on the location of the Media Center. Id. ¶ 53. [redacted] the boss," and sometime after that [redacted], Major General Shahadah [redacted], asking him and the informant to meet with him. Id. ¶¶ 53-54. After the meeting, the information was passed to the Computer and Signals Section of the Syrian Military Intelligence Department, to cross-check the purported location of the Media Center with the origination of the intercepted broadcasts. Id. ¶ 58. Later, [redacted] was
C. The Attack on the Baba Amr Media Center
On the morning of February 22, 2012, Colvin, Conroy, and their guide al-Omar awoke to the sound of a series of blasts. Conroy Decl. ¶ 22. Both Conroy and al-Omar realized that the shelling was different than the usual daily shelling that was scattered in nature and occurred in waves. This shelling was concentrated in one аrea and had a pattern recognizable as an artillery technique for targeting a specific location, called "bracketing." Id. ¶¶ 23-24; al-Omar Decl. ¶ 23 ("I recognized this as an artillery targeting method I had learned in the [Syrian] army: we had been trained to direct multiple salvos of fire at a specific target and to correct course between salvos until the target was successfully hit."). The rockets also made a whistling sound that al-Omar recognized as the sound made by rockets used by the Syrian army. Al-Omar Decl. ¶ 24.
During the onslaught of rockets, journalists and activists ran to evacuate through the front hall of the Media Center. Id. ¶ 25. The evacuation was conducted in pairs: each pair would first run into the foyer of the building and then across the street, toward a building with an underground shelter. Id. ¶ 26. Al-Omar, Colvin, and French photographer, Rémi Ochlik, held hands, awaiting their turn to run, but because they were a group of three, al-Omar was separated from them. Id. ¶ 27. Colvin and Ochlik started to run out of the building. But, before they could, a rocket hit the front of Media Center, and its blast killed both Colvin and Ochlik. Conroy Decl. ¶ 27. Those who were not in the front of the building - Conroy, al-Omar, and another journalist, Edith Bouvier - were injured by the shock wave. Conroy Decl. ¶ 26; al-Omar Decl. ¶ 28.
Incoming artillery fire continued for more than seventeen minutes. Doe Decl. ¶¶ 25-27. The shelling eventually ceased, and Javier Espinosa Robles (a Spanish journalist who had made it across the street to the shelter) took a photo of the damaged façade of the Media Center showing its complete devastation. Robles Decl. ¶ 19, Ex. A. Salah, a founding member of the Media Center who had been in a nearby building during the attack, arrived shortly after and dictated his observations to a cameraman filming the bodies of Colvin and Ochlik lying in rubble. Salah Decl. ¶¶ 38-39. Those that survived, Conroy, Bouvier, and al-Omar, were taken to a makeshift field clinic for treatment. Robles Decl. ¶ 22; Conroy Decl. ¶ 31. Eventually, they were able to leave the country with the help of the FSA. Robles Decl. ¶ 24; Conroy Decl. ¶¶ 32-33.
D. The Celebration of the Attack by Syrian Government Officials
After the attack, the Homs Security Chief Major General Shahadah convened a group of military and intelligence officers to celebrate their succеss in locating and attacking the Media Center. Ulysses Decl. ¶ 62. Major General Shahadah thanked and congratulated them, and they drank to a successful operation. Id. ¶¶ 63-65. They specifically spoke about Colvin's death; Major General Shahadah stated, "Marie Colvin was a dog and now she's dead. Let the Americans help her now." Id. ¶ 65. [redacted] Maher al-Assad, the president's brother and commander of the Fourth Division of the Syrian Army, gave him a new car as a reward for the successful attack. Id. ¶ 66. Major General Shahadah was later promoted and named the head of the Syrian Military Intelligence Department. Id. ¶ 67.
Plaintiffs brought this case against Syria on July 9, 2016 asserting that defendant committed an extrajudicial killing in violation of the FSIA. Compl. ¶¶ 81-91. After almost two years and several attempts to serve the defendant, plaintiffs filed proof of service. See Service Aff. The Clerk of the Court entered default against defendant on July 11, 2017. See Default Entry. On March 22, 2018, plaintiffs moved for default judgment. Pls.' Mot. for Default J. [Dkt. # 42].
STANDARD OF REVIEW
Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 55(a) provides that the Clerk of the Court must enter a party's default "[w]hen a party against whom а judgment for affirmative relief is sought has failed to plead or otherwise defend, and that failure is shown by affidavit or otherwise."
Under the Foreign Sovereign Immunities Act, a court may not enter default judgment against a foreign state "unless the claimant establishes his claim or right to relief by evidence satisfactory to the court."
Given the considerations of sovereign immunity that pertain notwithstanding the default, a court must carefully scrutinize the plaintiff's allegations and "may not unquestioningly accept a complaint's unsupported allegations as true." Reed v. Islamic Republic of Iran ,
ANALYSIS
I. The Court has jurisdiction over plaintiff's claims under the FSIA.
At the outset, рlaintiffs must demonstrate that the Court has jurisdiction to hear their claims and that Syria is not immune from suit. The Foreign Sovereign Immunities Act ("FSIA"),
Under the FSIA, "a foreign state is presumptively immune from the jurisdiction of United States courts; unless a specified exception applies, a federal court lacks subject-matter jurisdiction over a claim against a foreign state." Saudi Arabia v. Nelson ,
The terrorism exception to immunity of the FSIA provides that:
A foreign state shall not be immune from the jurisdiction of courts of the United States ... in which money damages are sought against a foreign state for personal injury or death that was caused by an act of torture, extrajudicial killing, aircraft sabotage, hostage taking, or the provision of material support or resources for such an act if such act or provision of material support or resources is engaged in by an official, employee, or agent of such foreign state while acting within the scope of his or her office, employment, or agency.
28 U.S.C. § 1605A(a)(1). Because plaintiffs have demonstrated all of these elements, the Court finds that Syria is not immune from suit.
First, plaintiffs bring this case against the Syrian Arab Republic, a foreign state, seeking money damages for Colvin's death. See Compl. at 31-32. Second, plaintiffs allege that the defendant committed an extrajudicial killing when it launched an artillery strike against the Baba Amr Media Center knowing that it housed forеign journalists. Compl. ¶¶ 84-85.
Third, plaintiffs have adequately shown that defendant caused the attack. Claims brought under the FSIA do not require "but-for" causation. See In re Islamic Republic of Iran Terrorism Litig. ,
Because plaintiffs have adequately demonstrated that the terrorism exception to the FSIA applies, defendant is not entitled to sovereign immunity, and this Court has subject matter jurisdiction over the case.
B. Additional Requirements under the FSIA
The FSIA lists a set of additional conditions that must be met before a federal district court may hear a claim: (i) the foreign country must be designated a "state sponsor of terrorism at the time [of] the act" giving rise to the claim, (ii) the "claimant or the victim" must be a "national of the United States," a member of the armed forces, or a government employee at the time of the act, and (iii) the claimant must have afforded "the foreign state ... a reasonable opportunity to arbitrate the claim in accordance with the accepted international rules of arbitration." 28 U.S.C. § 1605A(a)(2) ; see Mohammadi v. Islamic Republic of Iran ,
With respect to the first provision, the FSIA dеfines a "state sponsor of terrorism" as "a country the government of which the Secretary of State has determined ... is a government that has repeatedly provided support for acts of international terrorism." 28 U.S.C. § 1605A(h)(6). Syria has been designated a state sponsor of terrorism since December 29, 1979. See
Second, a "national of the United States" means "a citizen of the United States or ... a person who ... owes permanent allegiance to the United States."
Finally, plaintiffs offered to arbitrate with Syria pursuant to international rules of arbitration. Offer to Arbitrate [Dkt. # 2]; see Arbitration Rules: Article IV , International Chamber of Commerce Rules of Arbitration (March 1, 2017), https://iccwbo.org/dispute-resolution-services/arbitration/rules-of-arbitration/; see also Simpson v. Socialist People's Libyan Arab Jamahiriya ,
C. Personal Jurisdiction
Under
Because no "special arrangement" existed between the parties, see § 1608(a)(1), Syria is not a party to any "international convention on service of judicial documents," see § 1608(a)(2), and plaintiffs could not effectuate service within 30 days, see § 1608(a)(3), plaintiffs sought to transmit the summons, complaint, and notice of suit through diplomatic channels as prescribed under section 1608(a)(4). See Status Report, Oct. 28, 2016 [Dkt. # 21] ("10/28/16 SR") ¶ 5.
On September 27, 2016, the Clerk of the Court sent two copies of the summons, complaint, notice of suit, and translations to the Office of Legal Affairs at the State Department. Certificate of Mailing [Dkt. # 20]; see also 10/28/16 SR ¶ 6. The package eventually reached the Czech Republic Embassy
Plаintiffs have satisfied their burden to show that the Court may hear plaintiffs' claim, and the Court can proceed to the merits of plaintiffs' motion for default judgment.
II. The Court will grant plaintiffs' motion for default judgment because plaintiffs have successfully proven liability with evidence satisfactory to the Court.
Default judgment may not be entered against a foreign state "unless the claimant establishes his claim or right to relief by evidence satisfactory to the court."
Under section 1605A(c), a foreign state is liable to (1) "a national of the United States" (2) "for personal injury or death [ (3) ] caused by" (4) "an act of torture, extrajudicial killing, aircraft sabotage, hostage taking, or provision of material support or resources for such an act," (5) committed by "that foreign state, or an official, employee, or agent of that foreign state" (6) "for which the courts of the United States may maintain jurisdiction under this section for money damages." 28 U.S.C. §§ 1605A(c), (a)(1). These elements are disсussed in more detail below.
As noted above, supra at 154, all of the plaintiffs are nationals of the United States because, like the decedent, they are U.S. citizens. Compl. ¶¶ 19, 20.
B. Defendant caused the death of Marie Colvin.
As explained in Part I.A, supra , Syria coordinated and carried out a carefully planned attack on the Baba Amr Media Center. Ulysses Decl. ¶¶ 50-62. As a result of that attack, Marie Colvin was killed.
Elements 2 and 3 of this statutorily created federal cause of action, "[w]hen viewed together ... require plaintiffs to prove a theory of liability under which defendants cause[d] the requisite injury or death." Valore ,
Plaintiffs advance two theories for recovery: wrongful death and intentional infliction of emotional distress. Compl. ¶¶ 92-95. Because the FSIA-created federal cause of action does not provide any guidance on the substantive bases for liability to determine plaintiffs' entitlement to damages, courts have applied "general principles of tort law," rather than any particulаr state law, which "in effect instructs federal judges to find the relevant law, not to make it." Estate of Heiser v. Islamic Republic of Iran ,
i. Wrongful Death
All plaintiffs claim recovery under a theory of wrongful death. Compl. ¶ 92. Under section 1605A of FSIA, heirs-at-law and beneficiaries of the decedent's estate are entitled to recover compensatory damages resulting from a wrongful death. See Flatow v. Islamic Republic of Iran ,
Here, plaintiffs Cathleen Colvin, on her own behalf and on behalf of minor L.A.C, Justine Araya-Colvin, and Christopher Araya-Colvin are suing in their capacity as heirs-at-law and beneficiaries of Marie Colvin's estate, and they seek to recover for Colvin's premature death. Compl. ¶¶ 19-21. As plaintiffs note, an extrajudicial killing under 1605A is a wrongful death:
It is axiomatic that acts of terrorism under section 1605A-including extrajudicial killing or material support thereof-are, by definition, wrongful. Any deaths resulting from an act of terrorism under section 1605A are properly considered wrongful dеaths, and a plaintiff's recovery under a wrongful death theory is appropriate. Thus, where a foreign state or an agency/instrumentality thereof is liable for an extrajudicial killing, or the provision of material support thereof, it may be liable for the economic damages experienced by the decedents heirs under ... FSIA.
Shoham v. Islamic Republic of Iran , No. 12-cv-508 (RCL),
Plaintiff Cathleen Colvin has asserted intentional infliction of emotional distress ("IIED") as a theory for recovery. Compl. ¶¶ 93-95. Syria could be liable under such a claim if it: (1) engaged in extreme and reckless conduct, (2) that was directed at a person or persons other than plaintiff, (3) which intentionally or recklessly caused severe emotional distress, (4) to immediate family members who were present at the time the conduct occurred. Restatement (Second) of Torts § 46(1) ; see also Bettis ,
"Acts of terrorism are by their very definition extreme and outrageous and intended to cause the highest degree of emotional distress." Belkin v. Islamic Republic of Iran ,
Third, Syria intentionally carried out an attack that caused plaintiff Cathleen Colvin severe emotional distress. In her sworn declaration, Cathleen describes the grief she has experienced since losing her sister in considerable detail.
Fourth, because plaintiff Cathleen Colvin is Marie Colvin's sister,
Finally, while Marie Colvin's relatives were not personally at the scene at the time of the attack, that does not mean that Cathleen cannot establish the presence requirement. Commentators on the Restatement have agreed that "[i]f the defendant's conduct is sufficiently outrageous and intended to inflict severe emotional harm upon a person who is not present, no rule, nor any essential reason of logic or policy prevents liability." Dan B. Dobbs, The Law of Torts § 389 (2d ed. 2018). As another court in this district noted, "[t]errorism, unique among the
Thus, the Court concludes that plaintiff Cathleen Colvin may recovery under a theory of intentional infliction of emotional distress. The damages due to Cathleen for intentional infliction of emotional distress will be discussed infra , in Part III.B.
C. Marie Colvin's death was an extrajudicial killing attributable to Syria.
Finally, to establish liability under the FSIA, plaintiffs must assert "an act" such as "torture, extrajudicial killing, aircraft sabotage, hostage taking, or provision of material support or resources for such an act." 28 U.S.C. § 1605A(a)(1). Here, plaintiffs assert that Colvin's death was an extrajudicial killing.
An extrajudicial killing is defined as the "deliberated killing not authorized by a previous judgment pronounced by a regularly constituted court affording all the judicial guarantees which are recognized as indispensable by civilized peoples." Torture Victim Protection Act 1991, Pub. L. No. 102-256, § 3(a),
A "deliberated killing" has been recognized by a court in this jurisdiction as one that is "arrived at or determined upon as a result of careful thought and weighing of considerations for and against the proposed course of action." Flanagan v. Islamic Republic of Iran ,
Here, plaintiffs have provided satisfactory evidence to show that Marie Colvin's killing was "deliberated." The individual who provided a declaration under the name Ulysses is a defector from the Syrian intelligence services. Ulysses Decl. ¶¶ 2, 4. Throughout 2011 and 2012, he reviewed intelligence memoranda, reports, and surveillance orders as part of his job, and he regularly attended meetings with officers assigned to monitor the opрosition in the city of Homs. Id. ¶ 11. [redacted] Id. ¶¶ 50-60. [redacted] an informant's tip relaying the location of the Media Center to Syrian military officials, [redacted] Id. [redacted] verbal confirmation of Marie Colvin's death and [redacted] the celebration that followed. Id. ¶¶ 62-67. Thus, the Ulysses declaration, read in conjunction with reports of those present at the attack, shows that officials at the highest level of the Syrian government carefully planned and executed the artillery assault on the Baba Amr Media Center for the specific purpose of killing the journalists inside.
Also, two individuals present at the attack, Paul Conroy and Wael al-Omar, described the pattern of the shelling on the Media Center as consistent with a technique used "to ensure that shells hit their intended target." Conroy Decl. ¶ 24. Both Conroy and al-Omar were former soldiers trained in artillery and reconnaissance and were aware of this technique. Id. ; al-Omar Decl. ¶ 23. Indeed, al-Omar learned this technique during his time in the Syrian Army. Al-Omar Decl. ¶ 23.
Reports detailing Syria's long-standing policy of violence towards media activists provide additional evidence of the "deliberated" nature of the attack. Media personnel were often targets and labeled enemies of the state and terrorists. Kaye Rpt. ¶¶ 25-30; Ford Rpt. ¶¶ 62-66; Brown Rpt. ¶¶ 66, 169-78. Senior government officials openly announced, in diplomatic discussions, their intention to target the Baba Amr Media Center because it hosted foreign journalists. Nouar Decl. ¶¶ 28-32. The CCMC also authorized joint military-security campaigns against those who "tarnish[ed] the image of Syria in the foreign media and international organizations." Brown Rpt. ¶ 117, Ex. C-40. Taking all of this into account, the Court finds that Marie Colvin's death was a "deliberated" killing.
Finally, Colvin's death was not lawful in any way. It was not authorized by a judgment pronounced by any court. Syria did not charge Marie Colvin with any crime nor was she ever called to appear or stand trial before any court in Syria. And, this killing was not lawfully carried out under the authority of the foreign nation pursuant to international law. See, e.g. , Letelier v. Republic of Chile ,
Considering the very detailed affidavits, declarations, and expert reports filed by plaintiffs, this Court finds that plaintiffs have provided more than satisfactory evidence to demonstrate that the death of Marie Colvin resulted from an extrajudicial killing committed by defendant.
III. The Court will award plaintiffs economic, solatium, and punitive damages.
In creating a private right of action in Section 1605A(c), Congress provided that foreign states are liable for money damages, including "economic damages, solatium, pain and suffering, and punitive damages." 28 U.S.C. § 1605A(c). "To obtain damages against a non-immune foreign state under the FSIA, a plaintiff must prove that the consequences of the foreign state's conduct were reasonably certain (i.e., more likely than not) to occur, and must prove the amount of damages by a reasonable estimate consistent with this [Circuit]'s application of the American rule on damages." Roth v. Islamic Republic of Iran ,
The consequences of Syria's actions were certainly known. The government perpetrated an artillery assault that was reasonably certain - and, indeed, intended - to kill Marie Colvin and other journalists. Thus, all that remains is an evaluation of the amount of damages.
A. Economic Damages
All plaintiffs, as heirs-at-law and beneficiaries of Marie Colvin's estate, seek economic damages for Colvin's wrongful death. Under a wrongful death theory, plaintiffs are entitled to monetary damages for both reasonable funeral expenses and the loss of prospective income, benefits, and retirement pay "reasonabl[y] estimate[d]" by an expert аnd based on well-founded assumptions. See Thuneibat ,
Maria Tsennykh, PhD, the plaintiffs' proffered expert on valuation,
Dr. Tsennykh then reasonably assumed a retirement age of 70 and a lifespan of 84 based on a 2012 Life Table published by the U.S. National Center for Health Statistics. Id. ¶¶ 28-30. While the typical retirement age is 65, both Colvin's sister and editor indicated that the 56-year-old journalist had no plans to retire at 65. See Colvin Decl. ¶¶ 26, 29; Witherow Decl. ¶¶ 35, 37. The expert used these ages to determine when Colvin would have stopped drawing a salary from The Sunday Times and when she would have stopped receiving any income at all. Tsennykh Rpt. ¶ 25. Colvin's total amount of lost wages was then adjusted to account for the risky nature of her job (the "probability of survival") and the time value of money, resulting in a total economic loss of $ 2,370,640. Id. ¶¶ 39-41, App'x D, Schedule 1.
To calculate funeral expenses, Dr. Tsennykh examined materials provided by Colvin's estate and factored in the costs of the service, memorial, and travel, and then adjusted the amount for the time value of money and exchange rates. Id. ¶ 43; see
What plaintiffs' expert does not account for in calculating economic damages, however, is Colvin's expected "consumption costs."
Because plaintiffs' expert only calculated lost income, without adjusting for Colvin's personal consumption costs, the Court finds that the estimated damages of $ 2,370,640 of economic harm is too high. The Court will assess the amount to be awarded for loss of income once an updated report has been provided that accounts for Colvin's consumption costs. It will, however, award $ 11,836 in funeral expenses.
B. Solatium Recovery
Section 1605A explicitly provides for solatium recovery. 28 U.S.C. § 1605A(c). Here, only Cathleen Colvin seeks solatium damages. Courts have granted such awards to plaintiffs who experience severe distress over the death of a sibling with whom they had a "close personal relationship." Belkin ,
Cathleen and Marie Colvin had a very close relationship; Colvin was more than a sister to Cathleen, she was her best friend, idol, and confidant. Colvin Decl. ¶ 12. Because Colvin was nine years older than Cathleen, she became a sort of second mother, always looking out for Cathleen. Id. ¶ 9. For example, when their father died, Colvin had Cathleen live with her at Yale for a few weeks. Id. ¶ 10. Cathleen was Colvin's emergency contact for most of her career, and despite Colvin's demanding career, they talked as often as they could. Id. ¶ 11. The record presented shows that the February 22, 2012 attack and the death of Marie Colvin has caused and continue to cause Cathleen Colvin significant mental anguish and emotional distress. Id. ¶ 45. After Colvin's death, Cathleen was "barely functioning" and "suffered through many sleepless nights." Id. ¶ 46. The intense and graphic media coverage in the аftermath of Colvin's death made the loss even more painful. Id. ¶ 50. Also, while grieving, she had to attend to her children's grief as well, and she feels intense guilt and anguish for not being able to be there for them more. Id. ¶ 47-50. She feels her sister's lack of presence intensely - Cathleen thinks of Colvin every day. Id. ¶¶ 50, 52-53.
"Solatium damages, like damages for pain and suffering, are by their very nature unquantifiable." Moradi ,
In this case, while the Court is impressed by the genuinely close relationship Cathleen enjoyed with her globetrotting sister, and it does not doubt the sincerity of Cathleen's declaration in any way, it will award the $ 2.5 million solatium award in the absence of the sort of unique
C. Punitive Damages
Section 1605A authorizes punitive damages to be assessed against foreign state sponsors of terrorism. 28 U.S.C. § 1605A(c). Punitive damages, unlike compensatory damages, are intended to "punish and deter" defendants for their bad acts. Valore ,
All four factors weigh in favor of awarding punitive damages against the defendant. First, a targeted attack on a media center hosting foreign journalists that resulted in two fatalities and multiple injuries is an unconscionable act. Second, the harm to plaintiffs was significant: Cathleen lost a sister and second mother, and Justine and Christopher lost a beloved aunt. The plaintiffs continue to feel the effects of this loss. J. Araya-Colvin Decl. ¶ 13; C. Araya-Colvin ¶ 8. Third, as courts of this district have repeatedly held, the need for deterrence for terrorist acts is high. "[O]nly a large amount of punitive damages can serve as an effective deterrent against future terrorist acts." Bodoff v. Islamic Republic of Iran ,
Courts have taken varying approaches to determine punitive damages. One approach is to calculate the total award based on the ratio between punitive and compensatory damages used in earlier cases, "if similar conduct has been previously litigated." Thuneibat ,
Because this attack does not fall within what courts have described as "exceptionally deadly" terrorist acts that have resulted in multiple deaths, and because this conduct has not been the subject of litigation before, the Court finds that the appropriate method to determine punitive damages would be to impose a fixed amount per decedent.
However, the Court notes that other courts have awarded punitive damages in the amount of $ 300 million in some cases involving a single victim, because the victim was targeted by the foreign state for a particular reason. For example, higher awards wеre imposed where the victim was a high ranking official, a dissenter, or an individual conducting humanitarian services. See Oveissi v. Islamic Republic of Iran ,
Additionally, when calculating punitive damages, the Court may consider whether the foreign statе itself conducted the attack, or whether it funded a third-party terrorist organization to carry out the attack. See Cohen ,
An award of punitive damages must be "reasonably predictable in its severity ... so that [a] ... 'bad man' can look ahead with some ability to know what the stakes are in choosing one course of action or another." Exxon Shipping Co. v. Baker ,
CONCLUSION
For the reasons outlined above, plaintiffs' motion for default judgment is granted. The plaintiff has established to the Court's satisfaction, pursuant to
Funeral Expenses $11,836 Solatium - Cathleen Colvin $2,500,000 Punitive Damages $300,000,000
The amount of compensatory damages remains to be determined. A separate order will issue.
SO ORDERED .
Notes
The CCMC oversaw the operations of the HMSC. Barakat Decl. ¶¶ 37-39; Brown Rpt. ¶¶ 196, 210.
Under
(1) by delivery of a copy of the summons and complaint in accordance with any special arrangement for service between the plaintiff and the foreign state or political subdivision; or
(2) if no special arrangement exists, by delivery of a copy of the summons and complaint in accordance with an applicable international convention on service of judicial documents; or
(3) if service cannot be made under paragraphs (1) or (2), by sending a copy of the summons and complaint and a notice of suit, together with a translation of each into the official language of the foreign state, by any form of mail requiring a signed receipt, to be addressed and dispatched by the clerk of the court to the head of the ministry of foreign affairs of the foreign state concerned, or
(4) if service cannot be made within 30 days under paragraph (3), by sending two copies of the summons and complaint and a notice of suit, together with a translation of each into the official language of the foreign state, by any form of mail requiring a signed receipt, to be addressed and dispatched by the clerk of the court to the Secretary of State in Washington, District of Columbia, to the attention of the Director of Special Consular Services - and the Secretary shall transmit one copy of the papers through diplomatic channels to the foreign state and shall send to the clerk of the court a certified copy of the diplomatic note indicating when the papers were transmitted.
The Czech Republic represents the interests of the United States in Syria. Status Report, Dec. 28, 2016 [Dkt. # 22] ¶ 2.
The case also falls within the limitations period. All cases brought under section 1605A face a ten-year statute of limitations period, which begins to run as of the date on which the cause of action arose. 28 U.S.C. § 1605A(b). The attack occurred on February 22, 2012, and so this case is timely.
The Court discusses Cathleen's emotional distress in further detail in Part III.B, infra , when evaluating solatium damages.
Only Cathleen Colvin claims recovery under IIED, and only Cathleen would be able to recover under IIED because the other plaintiffs, the decedent's niece and nephew, are not "immediate family members." See Bettis ,
Dr. Maria Tsennykh is a Senior Director of Forensics Technologies International (FTI) Consulting's Dispute Advisory Services, which provides valuation services in various litigation projects. Tsennykh Rpt. ¶ 8. She received the U.S. equivalent of a doctorate degree in economics from the Russian University of Economics in Moscow. Id. ¶ 7. She has been in the valuation field for over ten years and has participated in hundreds of valuation-related projects around the world. Id. ¶ 6.
Dr. Tsennykh took a conservative approach in determining expected income; she did not acсount for prospective professional earnings beyond employment at The Sunday Times , because "it was not possible" for her to quantify with "a reasonable degree of certainty" any future book deals or film contracts that Marie could have received. Tsennykh Rpt. ¶ 21.
Consumption costs are only relevant in the context of a wrongful death. Where the claim is for lost income as a result of a personal injury, consumption costs "simply [do] not come into play" because the recovery will go to the injured party rather than its heirs. "[I]t makes no sense to deduct the plaintiff's own consumption costs from her award, as she is the one who will be using the lost wages for maintenance of herself." Rhodes v. United States ,
For example, in Kilburn v. Islamic Republic of Iran , the court increased an award of $ 2.5 million to $ 5 million for four reasons: (1) the decedent was held for a prolonged period of time, approximately 503 days, thus exacerbating a family member's anguish; (2) the decedent and plaintiff were very close; (3) the plaintiff was informed that the decedent would be released, only to hear that he had been murdered during the midst of negotiations for his release, and (4) the decedent suffered from a number of health problems that likely compounded his suffering during captivity.
This method is appropriate for the additional reason that if the Court were to adopt the terrorism expenditure times three formula, the total punitive damages would be $ 1.8 billion, see Thuneibat ,