Eugene COLVIN-EL v. STATE of Maryland.
No. 104, Sept. Term, 1992.
Court of Appeals of Maryland.
Sept. 16, 1993.
630 A.2d 725
Gwynn X. Kinsey, Asst. Atty. Gen. (J. Joseph Curran, Jr., Atty. Gen.), on brief, Baltimore, for appellee.
Argued before MURPHY, C.J., and ELDRIDGE, RODOWSKY, McAULIFFE, KARWACKI and ROBERT M. BELL and CHARLES E. ORTH, Jr. (Retired, Specially Assigned), JJ.
RODOWSKY, Judge.
This case is a direct appeal from a death sentence imposed by a jury at a resentencing hearing. We shall affirm.
The appellant, Eugene Colvin-el, was convicted in the Circuit Court for Anne Arundel County, in a prosecution removed
In post-conviction proceedings the trial court left the guilty verdicts unaffected, but vacated the death sentence. We affirmed because of Mills v. Maryland, 486 U.S. 367, 108 S.Ct. 1860, 100 L.Ed.2d 384 (1988), and because, under Raiford v. State, 296 Md. 289, 462 A.2d 1192 (1983), the use of “juvenile” convictions against Colvin-el violated equal protection. State v. Colvin, 314 Md. 1, 548 A.2d 506 (1988) (Colvin-el II). Colvin-el brought a second petition for post-conviction relief that the circuit court denied after trial. Colvin-el‘s application for leave to appeal from that denial was dismissed by this Court without hearing, and the circuit court judgment was vacated for lack of jurisdiction, because the Post-Conviction Procedure Act does not apply to one simply awaiting sentence. Resentencing pursuant to the mandate in Colvin-el II was held and resulted in a jury-imposed death sentence from which this appeal is taken.
On September 9, 1980, between approximately 1:00 and 2:30 in the afternoon Lena Buchman, aged eighty-two, was murdered in her daughter‘s home at 6806 Cherokee Drive in the Pikesville area of Baltimore County. Mrs. Buchman, a resident of Florida, had flown to Baltimore that morning to visit her daughter, Mrs. Marjorie Surell,1 and her family. When the murder occurred both Mr. and Mrs. Surell were at work. Mrs. Buchman was last seen alive, alone in the house, by her
Mrs. Buchman‘s body was found at approximately 2:30 p.m. by a neighbor who entered the house through the front doorway. The inner wooden door was standing open and the outer screen door was unlocked. Mrs. Buchman‘s body lay in a hallway that extended from the front door to the kitchen of the split level home. The victim had been stabbed approximately twenty-eight times with a serrated knife ordinarily kept in the Surells’ kitchen.
At the subject resentencing hearing, the legal issues were whether Colvin-el was a principal in the first degree to the murder of Mrs. Buchman, whether that murder was committed while Colvin-el was committing or attempting to commit robbery, whether there were any mitigating circumstances found by any juror, and whether the aggravating circumstances outweighed the mitigating circumstances.
The principal clues were latent fingerprints, particularly very clear fingerprints on pieces of glass from a broken pane in the door at the rear of the basement. The police concluded that that door was the point of entry. These pieces of glass were found stacked on the steps of the stairwell leading to the rear basement door, which was partially below ground level. The lock in the knob of the door was unlocked, and chain locks on the door frame were found unhooked and dangling. The inference was that the intruder had picked the pieces of glass out of the window after breaking it and before reaching through to unlock the door. The door, which opened inwardly, was closed, but an ironing board that was kept leaning against the inside of the door was found flat on the floor. The investigating officers’ report observed that the basement door “could be opened, but only approx. 4 inches as there was a white metal storage cabinet on the inside of the door. No
Excluding “elimination” fingerprints, i.e., those of family and friends, none of the latent prints found inside or outside of the Surell house initially were positively identified. Although Colvin-el had multiple prior convictions in Maryland, the capacity was apparently then unavailable to compare specific, unidentified latent fingerprints against a database of identified fingerprints. Over the months following the murder, the investigating police officers requested the Baltimore County Police Department latent fingerprint examiners to compare the latent prints from the Surell home against copies of the fingerprints of dozens and dozens of known persons who were suspected in any way of being connected to housebreakings in the northwest Baltimore region. This approach had no success. The Baltimore County fingerprint examiners were also routinely comparing the latent fingerprints from the Surell home with identified fingerprints with which they might be working in ordinary course. Further, many pieces of jewelry owned by the Surells were taken from their bedroom during the breaking and entering. That jewelry had recently been appraised, and the appraisal descriptions were circulated to businesses where one or more items of the jewelry might be presented for sale. That approach had no success.
In order to increase the number of identified fingerprints to which the latent fingerprints from the Surell home could be compared, in October 1980 Detective Michael R. Parks of the Baltimore County police enlisted the cooperation of a fingerprint examiner with the Baltimore City Police Department, Sharon Talmadge (Talmadge). Talmadge agreed to compare a photograph of the latent prints from the Surell home with identified prints with which she might be working in ordinary course. After comparing the copy against the fingerprints of approximately 625 people, Talmadge, on January 13, 1981, matched the right thumb of the latent prints with an inked print submitted to her by Baltimore City Detective Martin Colleran. The inked print bore the identification of Colvin-el.
When Talmadge matched fingerprints identified to Colvin-el with the latent prints from the Buchman murder scene, she advised Detective Parks. Colvin-el was arrested that day on the charge of murdering Mrs. Buchman, and he was processed by the Baltimore County Police Department. Processing included taking a full set of fingerprints that were personally rolled by Detective Parks. Identification cards for each hand were prepared and signed by Colvin-el and by Detective Parks. In addition to a full set of fingerprints and palm prints, the cards contain a description of Colvin-el, who is five foot seven inches in height. He weighed 135 pounds when arrested.
Thereafter Detective Parks, looking for Colvin-el‘s name, examined the daily transaction sheets submitted by pawnshop operators in Baltimore City to the Baltimore City Police Department. This review led the investigators to Northwestern Loan Company at 1701 Pennsylvania Avenue in Baltimore City. Ledger and pawn ticket records of Northwestern Loan Company record that two watches were pawned there on September 17, 1980, by Eugene Sherman Colvin-el of 615 Brice Street, Zone 17. In transaction 14717, the object pawned was a man‘s pocket watch that was still in the possession of Northwestern Loan Company when the investi
In the defendant‘s case the trial court accorded considerable liberty in allowing evidence of sightings of persons considered by the beholders to be “suspicious.” This evidence ranged well beyond the 6600 block of Cherokee Drive on the afternoon of September 9, 1980. The defense also produced evidence relating to police activity in investigating persons suspected of, or arrested for, breaking and entering, whose identified fingerprints were furnished for comparison with the latent prints from the Surell home in the course of the investigation.3
In his allocution Colvin-el included the statement, “I did not go into the Surell‘s house, rob, hurt or kill Ms. Buchman.” The testimony, exhibits, and the balance of Colvin-el‘s allocution concentrated on mitigating circumstances and the weighing process.
The resentencing jury found that the State had proven that Colvin-el was a principal in the first degree to the murder and that it was committed while perpetrating robbery. No statutory mitigating factors were found. Under the “catch-all”
“1. Evidence persuades that the Defendant is not likely to be a threat to others in prison society.
“2. Evidence persuades that the Defendant has some qualities that could be socially constructive and beneficial within the prison society.”
The jury unanimously found that the State had proven by a preponderance of the evidence that the aggravating circumstance outweighed the mitigating circumstances, and the jury unanimously determined the sentence to be death.
In this opinion we shall consider the issues raised in the order in which the events involved in the issues occurred at trial, as opposed to the order of presentation of issues in Colvin-el‘s brief. The exception is Colvin-el‘s ninth issue, alleging insufficiency of the evidence to prove first degree principalship, which we consider immediately below.
I
The insufficiency argument made in the appellant‘s brief has two aspects: (A) Colvin-el‘s presence at the murder was not proved; or (B) even if Colvin-el‘s presence was proved, his being the actual killer was not proved.
A
In the opening statement for the defense, counsel agreed with the State that the evidence would show that Colvin-el‘s fingerprints were on the glass from the window in the rear basement door and that the evidence would show that Colvin-el pawned two of the seventeen items of jewelry taken from the Surells’ home. Before us Colvin-el contends that “there was no direct evidence linking Appellant to the crime scene at or around the time the offense was perpetrated.” Brief of Appellant at 45. This argument overlooks the direct evidence
Further, in Colvin-el I, we rejected the argument that the evidence was insufficient to show Colvin-el‘s criminal agency in the murder and robbery. Based on a review of the evidence, 299 Md. at 111, 472 A.2d at 964, we concluded “that the circumstances surrounding the fingerprints found on the glass broken from the basement door tend to exclude the hypothesis that the print was impressed at a time other than that of the crime.” Id. In Colvin-el II, we said that the fingerprint evidence made it “fanciful to suggest” that an adequate defense counsel would have created a reasonable doubt based on Colvin-el‘s being either a finder of lost property or a receiver of stolen goods. 314 Md. at 14, 548 A.2d at 512.
B
Alternatively Colvin-el points to evidence “suggesting the participation of someone other than Appellant.” Brief of Appellant at 45. A few, non-elimination, latent fingerprints that were obtained within the house could not be matched with those of Colvin-el or any other identified person. Of these, one fingerprint could also be excluded as definitely not that of Colvin-el. That fingerprint was on a single piece of paper that was recovered by the police from a small notepad that was in Mrs. Buchman‘s large, canvas handbag which was found on the counter in the Surells’ kitchen. The police found the handbag open. On the top of the inside of the handbag was an open wallet. Attached as part of the outside of the wallet was an open change purse. The only money in the wallet consisted of a few coins in the change purse.
Colvin-el‘s argument to the jury was that the unidentified fingerprint indicates the presence of some other person in the kitchen where the knife was obtained with which Mrs. Buchman was murdered. That argument failed with the jury, and it also fails to render the State‘s evidence legally insufficient as to first degree principalship. A reasonable juror could conclude that the unidentified fingerprint was left by the person who wrote the name Edith Kellerman. In any event, the jury was not compelled to find that, either before or after killing Mrs. Buchman, the person who opened the handbag, wallet, and change purse also went through her notebook and was sufficiently fascinated with the medicines that Mrs. Buchman took that that person impressed a clear fingerprint on the slip of paper while reading it.
Because the jury could find that no one was in the house at the time of the murder other than the victim and Colvin-el, the jury could reasonably conclude that the murder of Mrs. Buchman by Colvin-el, as previously established, was committed by him as a principal in the first degree.
C
The dissent in this case takes a somewhat different tack from that of defense counsel. In addition to emphasizing the absence of physical evidence demonstrating Colvin-el‘s presence inside of the Surells’ home, the dissent marshals the
From the standpoint of inferring the ultimate fact of first degree principalship, this case is not substantially distinguishable from Wiggins v. State, 324 Md. 551, 597 A.2d 1359 (1991), cert. denied, 503 U.S. 1007, 112 S.Ct. 1765, 118 L.Ed.2d 427 (1992). In that case the murder victim was a seventy-seven year old woman who lived alone in an apartment house unit. She was last seen alive late on Thursday afternoon. Her body was found sometime after 2:00 p.m. on Saturday afternoon in the bathtub of her apartment. She had been murdered by drowning. The medical examiner could not opine on the maximum length of time that the victim had been dead. The defendant had been employed as a day laborer for a contractor who was working on the apartment house. A child, age twelve at the time of trial, the victim, and the defendant were together in the hall outside of the victim‘s apartment at approximately 4:30 or 5:00 p.m. on the Thursday afternoon, attempting to lock the door to the apartment where the child lived. At approximately 5:00 or 5:30 p.m. that Thursday the same child heard the victim and the defendant converse briefly, apparently while they were in the hall. This witness‘s identification of the defendant was made at a pretrial photographic array, but the witness was unable to identify the defendant at trial.
The contractor testified that he had released the defendant from work between 4:00 and 4:45 p.m. that Thursday and that
The evidence also disclosed that on that Thursday evening, at about 7:45 p.m., the defendant drove the victim‘s automobile to the home of the defendant‘s girlfriend, and that they went shopping using the victim‘s credit cards. Use of the car and credit cards was repeated the next day, and on Saturday the defendant pawned an item of jewelry belonging to the victim.
In Wiggins there was no evidence directly placing the defendant in the victim‘s apartment.4 We held that the trier of fact could conclude that the defendant was the principal in the first degree, despite the circumstantial nature of much of the evidence, and despite the testimony of a friend of the victim who said that she spoke to the victim by telephone on Friday morning. Here, in the absence of any evidence clearly pointing to participation in the murder and robbery by some other person or persons, in addition to Colvin-el, the proof is sufficient to support a jury finding that Colvin-el alone murdered and robbed Mrs. Buchman.
II
In its opening statement the State told the jury that certain evidence about Colvin-el‘s prior convictions would be introduced, including the fact that, when Colvin-el murdered Mrs. Buchman, he had been out on parole for about one year. The prosecutor said that the confinement from which Colvin-el was paroled was “for committing a very similar crime where he did not injure a woman.” The defense objected, invoking Scott v. State, 297 Md. 235, 465 A.2d 1126 (1983), which
The prosecutor‘s statement at issue here is not detailed. Nor is it inflammatory. It could hardly be inflammatory when Colvin-el, while testifying at the original sentencing proceeding, invoked the same comparison, with details, to show that he was not a violent person. He said:
“In 1972 they speak of the robbery with a deadly weapon. I didn‘t hurt the lady. My intention was not to hurt her and I told her this.”
He further testified:
“I‘ve never harmed anyone. She said I throwed her on the floor and tied her up. I did not throw her on the floor. I told her to get on the floor and she got on the floor. I said, ‘Miss, I will not harm you. I just want to keep you from calling the police.’ I did not have to explain this to her. I am not violent!”
There was no error.
III
In the State‘s case in chief Mrs. Rubin testified as a fact witness for the State and was cross-examined. When the trial judge inquired if the State would examine on redirect, the prosecutor replied:
“Nothing further, Judge. I would just put on the record that I‘ve spoken to Miss ... Mrs. Rubin, and she has indicated that she doesn‘t feel capable of presenting ... victim impact testimony. That‘s why we haven‘t done it.”
The prosecutor‘s statement was clearly improper, as the trial court ruled, but the court did not abuse its discretion in denying the motion for mistrial.
“Where the motion [for mistrial] is denied and the trial judge gives a curative instruction, we must determine whether the evidence was so prejudicial that it denied the defendant a fair trial; that is, whether the damage in the form of prejudice to the defendant transcended the curative effect of the instruction.”
Medical Mut. Liab. Ins. Soc‘y v. Evans, 330 Md. 1, 19, 622 A.2d 103, 112 (1993) (quotations omitted); see also Rainville v. State, 328 Md. 398, 408, 614 A.2d 949, 953-54 (1992); State v. Hawkins, 326 Md. 270, 277, 604 A.2d 489, 493 (1992).
Here, the effect of Mrs. Buchman‘s death on Mrs. Rubin was not admissible through the prosecutor, but it was admissible through Mrs. Rubin who could have been cross-examined, assuming defense counsel considered cross-examination tactically advisable. If the State had put a proper question to Mrs. Rubin seeking to elicit that effect, a response that she was too distressed to discuss her feelings would have been admissible. See Payne v. Tennessee, 501 U.S. 808, 825, 111 S.Ct. 2597, 2609, 115 L.Ed.2d 720, 736 (1991). Further, in evaluating any prejudice and the efficacy of the curative instruction, the trial court could consider that the jury had already heard victim impact testimony from Mrs. Surell. That testimony included the statement: “I can‘t eat honeydew melon because that was the last thing that ... my daughter came to visit my mother, and they had honeydew melon that
IV
During the State‘s presentation in chief, Colvin-el objected to testimony from fingerprint examiner Talmadge of Baltimore City that the copy of the latent fingerprints left with her by Baltimore County Detective Parks matched the fingerprints furnished to her by Baltimore City Detective Colleran on a fingerprint card for Colvin-el. The ground was that it would be hearsay for Talmadge to say that the latent prints were those of Colvin-el, because Talmadge had no personal knowledge whether the fingerprints on the card bearing Colvin-el‘s name actually were those of Colvin-el. The State disclaimed any attempt to prove through Talmadge that the latent prints from the Surell home were those of Colvin-el, but the State asserted that the purpose of the proof was to explain how the investigation focused on Colvin-el, so that the name on the fingerprint card was admissible through Talmadge for that purpose. The court overruled the objection and offered to give the jury a limiting instruction, if the defense so requested, but no express request was made.
The evidence was admissible for the limited purpose indicated by the State, and the defense waived any right to a limiting instruction.
Further, even if there were error, it was harmless beyond a reasonable doubt. The latent fingerprints found at the Surell home were identified at trial to be those of Colvin-el by James Simms (Simms), formerly a latent print examiner for the Baltimore County Police Department and currently the instructor in the use of the statewide, computerized, fingerprint identification system. Simms compared the latent fingerprints to a set of inked fingerprints, rolled from the fingers of Colvin-el by Detective Parks, who testified in person to having done so.
V
At the conclusion of the State‘s case in chief it introduced documentary evidence consisting of the presentence investigation report (PSI) and certified copies of court records evidencing Colvin-el‘s prior convictions for crimes of violence and other offenses. Included among these exhibits was a copy of a portion of the docket sheet from the file in the subject prosecution reflecting the jury verdict in Colvin-el‘s original guilt or innocence trial for the murder of Mrs. Buchman. The exhibit read, in relevant part: “Finding: Guilty 1st degree Murder; Guilty Felony Murder; Guilty Robbery with a deadly weapon; Guilty Daytime Breaking and Entering.” The PSI, which had been updated to May 1992, included the same information.
During the trial court‘s orientation instructions to the jury and again when the exhibits were offered, defense counsel took the position that the jury should not be advised of any guilty verdicts in the instant prosecution, other than for first degree murder, because the State had the obligation at a resentencing hearing to prove again that there was an aggravating factor to the murder. The objection is correct as a legal proposition. See Hunt v. State, 321 Md. 387, 445-46, 583 A.2d 218, 246-47 (1990), cert. denied, 502 U.S. 835, 112 S.Ct. 117, 116 L.Ed.2d 86 (1991); Colvin-el II, 314 Md. at 18-19, 548 A.2d at 513-14; cf. Tichnell v. State, 290 Md. 43, 63, 427 A.2d 991, 1001 (1981). In practical operation under the circum
In Part I hereof we explained why there was legally sufficient evidence to find that Colvin-el was the principal in the first degree to the murder of Mrs. Buchman, and how the defense argument to the jury sought to put a second person in the house through the unidentified fingerprint on the slip of paper from the notepad that was in the handbag of Mrs. Buchman. Even if the jury had accepted Colvin-el‘s argument that he was not the actual killer, it would not have had any effect on the overwhelming evidence that Colvin-el was, at least, an aider and abettor in the robbery.
Under all of the evidence the murder and robbery were part of one criminal episode that occurred between 1:10 p.m. and 2:30 p.m. on September 9, 1980. At the resentencing Colvin-el stood guilty of first degree murder, a fact of which the jury was necessarily advised. Thus the resentencing jury knew that a prior jury had already found that Colvin-el was at the scene of the murder and robbery at the time of the murder and robbery. The only disputed factual issue that the resentencing jury had to decide, bearing on the offenses within the criminal episode, was whether Colvin-el acted alone or whether he aided and abetted another in the murder. The trial court instructed the jury to consider first the issue of first degree principalship in the murder, and the jury found that Colvin-el was the first degree principal. But, even if the jury had found that someone else had actually killed Mrs. Buchman, that would not have disturbed the verdict that Colvin-el was guilty of murder, at least as an aider and abettor, and therefore guilty, at least as an aider and abettor, in the contemporaneous robbery.
Clearly there was no factual dispute about the robbery. In summing up and after arguing that Colvin-el was not a principal in the first degree to murder, defense counsel acknowledged to the jury that the aggravating factor of robbery was proven. Defense counsel said:
VI
When the PSI was introduced as State‘s Exhibit 46, Colvin-el objected to the portion of the section headed “MENTAL HEALTH” referring to a 1975 report by Dr. Neulander describing Colvin-el as “prone to lying.” The entire paragraph containing the challenged portion of the report is set forth below as it appears in State‘s Exhibit 46 (ellipsis in original).
“MENTAL HEALTH:
...
“During his last incarceration, Colvin received psychological evaluation on at least two occasions. A report dated June 11, 1975 by Dr. Neulander describe[s] Colvin as being a ‘very guarded and evasive person who is fearful of revealing his true characteristics and is prone to lying ... in order to present the best impression of himself.’ The defendant was also examined by Robert D. Matthews, Psychologist, in July, 1978. Dr. Matthews found the defendant to be a very passive aggressive person at times. He also notes that Colvin ‘can develop some paranoid posture’ when pressured and can be unpredictable at times. Dr. Matthews concludes that the defendant was in need of proper controls and needed to be closely monitored. If this was not done, Dr. Matthews relates that the defendant‘s behavior may easily regress.”
Lack of relevance was specified as the ground for the objection, in the sense that the proffered evidence did not bear on any issue in the hearing. In this respect Colvin-el cites Bohnert v. State, 312 Md. 266, 539 A.2d 657 (1988), for the proposition that, even if Dr. Neulander had been called as a witness, he could not opine upon the truthfulness of an account
A PSI, excluding any recommendation as to sentence, is presumptively admissible under
“[R]eliable information contained in a presentence investigation report, which is of probative value and relevant to sentencing, ordinarily is admissible provided the defendant is accorded a fair opportunity to rebut any statements.”
” ‘[T]o aid the sentencing [body] in fairly and intelligently exercising the discretion vested in [it], the procedural policy of the State encourages [the] consideration of] information concerning the convicted person‘s reputation, past offenses, health, habits, mental and moral propensities, social background and any other matters that a [sentencing body] ought to have before [it] in determining the sentence that should be imposed.’ ”
304 Md. at 577, 500 A.2d at 281 (emphasis added). Given the importance that the convicted person‘s mental and physical health and mental and moral propensities play in the sentencing determination, the mental health report contained in the PSI was germane.
Nor was the contested portion of the “MENTAL HEALTH” section of the PSI too remote. Dr. Robert Johnson, an expert called by the defense, opined that Colvin-el “is highly unlikely to pose a danger to others in the prison
“[T]hat sort of assertion is fairly common in institutional files and it has to do with the lack of trust that exists between inmates and the larger institution, particularly in a testing situation. I think it simply cautions you that you have to establish some trust and you also have to verify when possible. And I view that as just a caveat of any good interviewer. Any good interviewer goes into the situation knowing that you have to first of all establish a situation of trust, and then secondly you‘ve gotta let people speak openly, then you have to follow up and verify when you can.”
Thus, Dr. Johnson gave the excerpt from Dr. Neulander contemporaneous relevance to the issues in this case, and Dr. Johnson also explained why the excerpt was included in the “MENTAL HEALTH” segment of the PSI in the first instance.
VII
Three issues presented by Colvin-el involve evidentiary rulings during the testimony of Dr. Johnson, the defense‘s expert on prisoner behavior. Dr. Johnson holds a Ph.D. in criminal justice. He studies the behavior of incarcerated individuals, particularly “lifers.” On direct examination, Dr. Johnson testified that, over time, lifers adjust to prison life. They consider their cells their homes and their cellblocks their neighborhoods. Lifers get involved in work and education. Specifically, Dr. Johnson testified that Colvin-el conformed to that pattern. The witness noted the absence of violent infractions during the past eleven years and explained, as situation-
A
Dr. Johnson concluded his testimony on direct by opining that Colvin-el “is highly unlikely to pose a danger to others in the prison community. He has not in the past and I see no reason why he will in the future.”
On cross-examination the prosecutor established that Dr. Johnson had reviewed Colvin-el‘s entire base file. The colloquy set out below followed.
“[Prosecutor] You indicated that the defendant had no infractions for violence. Correct?
“[Dr. Johnson] Correct.
“Q That, I take it, doesn‘t mean the same thing as having an infraction for possession of a weapon?
“A No—
“[Defense Counsel] Objection, your Honor.”
A bench conference ensued. Defense counsel said that twenty years earlier, while Colvin-el was incarcerated on another offense, prison officials had found a penknife in his cell. The ground specified for the objection was that the inquiry was beyond the scope of the direct. The prosecution countered that Dr. Johnson had used the base file, in which the knife infraction was listed, when rendering his opinion. The court overruled the objection and the following ensued:
“[Prosecutor] ... So an inmate merely in possession of a weapon would not by you necessarily be considered violent. Is that correct?
“[Dr. Johnson] Would not necessarily be considered violent, but I should stress that ... during his eleven years in this penitentiary he had no such incident. That‘s an incident from a prior confinement.
“Q Oh, you were aware of that?
“A I was aware of that.”
Dr. Johnson said that the incident, as reported in the file, “was rather ambiguously described and it was unclear what the weapon was. It appears to have been something on the order of a penknife which Mr. Colvin-el claimed he used to clip his nails.” Dr. Johnson explained that he gave the infraction little weight in evaluating Colvin-el‘s adjustment as a “lifer,” because Colvin-el had no similar infractions during his current confinement.
Appellate review of an evidentiary ruling, when a specific objection was made, is limited to the ground assigned. Calhoun v. State, 297 Md. 563, 601, 468 A.2d 45, 62 (1983), cert. denied, 466 U.S. 993, 104 S.Ct. 2374, 80 L.Ed.2d 846 (1984). The rule invoked by the objection is that “cross-examination ordinarily may only be used to explore the subject matter covered by the witness in his direct examination and for impeachment purposes.” Thomas v. State, 301 Md. 294, 308, 483 A.2d 6, 13 (1984), cert. denied, 470 U.S. 1088, 105 S.Ct. 1856, 85 L.Ed.2d 153 (1985). Here the State was entitled to explore the basis for Dr. Johnson‘s opinion, and the State was entitled to suggest through its examination that Dr. Johnson was selective in what the witness considered to be important in the base file. “Wide latitude must be given a cross-examiner in exploring a witness’ bias or motivation in testifying.” Bruce v. State, 318 Md. 706, 727, 569 A.2d 1254, 1265 (1990). What Dr. Johnson considered to be relevant in forming his opinion does not define the scope of legal relevance. In evaluating Dr. Johnson‘s opinion the jury was entitled to consider the persuasiveness of his reasons for giving little or no weight to the knife incident, as well as to the drug incidents.
In this Court the emphasis in Colvin-el‘s argument in support of the objection is on remoteness. The evidence was not remote, for the reasons given above and given in Part VI hereof concerning the admission of the mental health history in the PSI.
During the cross-examination of Dr. Johnson, Colvin-el unsuccessfully made and renewed a motion for mistrial. The circumstances are set out below.
On direct examination Dr. Johnson had recognized that “[s]ometimes people say to themselves, if you give a man life in prison he has nothing to lose.” Dr. Johnson‘s studies, and his description of the studies by others, concerning “lifers” contradicted that impression held by some people. On cross-examination the State elicited that Dr. Johnson had been a researcher in a major study spanning four years and involving hundreds of inmates, of whom “lifers” were one subsample. When asked how “lifers” were defined for that study, Dr. Johnson said they were “people serving twenty or more years as a reasonable expectation [and l]ong-termers were those serving ten or more years as a reasonable expectation.” The cross-examination continued as follows:
“Q Okay. So someone serving twenty years know[s] they‘re gonna get out sooner or later, right, unless they get killed in jail?
“A Uh-huh.
“Q All right. Someone serving life knows they‘re gonna get out probably?
“[DEFENSE COUNSEL]: Objection.”
At the ensuing bench conference Colvin-el moved for a mistrial, contending that the State was conveying the impression that Colvin-el would be released. It appears that, at that stage of the resentencing, the trial court had not yet advised counsel how it would instruct the jury with respect to Colvin-el‘s eligibility, based on qualifying convictions already in evidence, for life imprisonment without parole pursuant to
“It depends in part on the sentencing structure. If you think you‘ll be paroled in six years then you may not react that way.”
...
A few questions later the prosecutor began a question, “So when you talk about twenty years or more ... that inmate knows without a doubt....” The defense again objected and moved for mistrial. In colloquy at the bench the trial court commented to defense counsel, “I think you‘ve created—at least in my mind you‘ve created part of the box that you‘re fighting against now.” The trial court again deferred ruling on the instruction to the jury and reserved on the motion for mistrial. Later, when denying a motion for new trial, the court also denied the motion for mistrial.
In this Court Colvin-el recognizes that the way in which “lifer” was defined for purposes of studies reinforcing Dr. Johnson‘s opinion was a proper subject of cross-examination. Colvin-el emphasizes, however, the question, “Someone serving life knows they‘re gonna get out probably?“. In context, the question simply borrowed the definition of “lifer” furnished by Dr. Johnson.
Colvin-el contends that the prejudice lies in the possibility that the jury interpreted the comment to apply to the life sentence that the jury had the option to impose at the resentencing hearing. There can be no prejudice because the trial court, at the close of the evidence, instructed the jury that the trial court would impose life without parole if the jury returned a verdict of life imprisonment.6
On redirect examination of Dr. Johnson one of the four questions put to him by defense counsel was the following:
“Q When this period of crisis is over, can you predict how many infractions [Colvin-el] will have following the period of crisis?”
The State lodged a general objection which the court sustained. Defense counsel made no proffer of proof. The question is bad in form. Obviously, no one can predict “how many” infractions Colvin-el would have: There was no error in sustaining the objection.
...
At oral argument in this Court counsel for Colvin-el admitted that “it would be absurd to suggest that [Dr. Johnson] was going to say 7.2 or 15 or 5. What he was going to say ... most likely was, ‘Not many.‘” The argument confirms that the question was bad in form. Even if we were to accept the appellate proffer, the error, if any, would be harmless. The appellate proffer reiterates the substance of Dr. Johnson‘s previous testimony.
VIII
Colvin-el also argues two exceptions taken to the jury instructions, one relating to allocution and the other to the length of jury deliberations.
A
Set forth below is the instruction on Colvin-el‘s right of allocution.
“However, if you impose a life sentence in this case, I shall tell you that there is evidence that has been presented, which would permit me to require that the life sentence would be served without the possibility of parole. Life imprisonment without the possibility of parole means that the imprisonment would be for the natural life of Mr. Colvin-el, and that he would not be eligible for parole consideration, and that he cannot be granted parole at any time during his natural life.
“I instruct you that if you return a sentence of life imprisonment, that I intend to impose that life sentence without the possibility of parole.”
“In a sentencing proceeding such as this, Mr. Colvin-el will have a right, which we call a right of allocution, which means that he will have an opportunity to address you.... “In making your decision on whether the appropriate sentence is life imprisonment or death, you must consider the testimony from the various witnesses who have appeared and testified from the witness stand, the physical evidence and exhibits which have been admitted into evidence and which will be available to you during your deliberations, the stipulations which the attorneys have entered into and which are evidence for your consideration, as well as Mr. Colvin-el‘s statements and allocution to you in mitigation of punishment.
“The truthfulness and accuracy of the matters which Mr. Colvin-el may relate to you and the weight you give to his statements are for your determination and your decision. But you may not disregard his statements in allocution merely because they are not under oath and he will not be subject to the penalties of perjury or cross-examination by the State‘s prosecutor as have been other witnesses.”
(Emphasis added). Relying on Harris v. State, 312 Md. 225, 539 A.2d 637 (1988), Colvin-el argues that the italicized language rendered his allocution a “second-class form of proof.” Brief of Appellant at 34.
In Harris we reaffirmed that it is permissible for a prosecutor to contrast testimony with allocution and to urge rejection of the allocution in part based on the absence of an oath and of cross-examination. 312 Md. at 254, 539 A.2d at 651; see also Booth v. State, 306 Md. 172, 199, 507 A.2d 1098, 1112 (1986), vacated on other grounds, 482 U.S. 496, 107 S.Ct. 2529, 96 L.Ed.2d 440 (1987). The error in Harris, which is not present here, was that the court had told the jury “to decide the case only on ... evidence,” but then had instructed that the defendant‘s “statement in allocution is not evidence or testimony.” 312 Md. at 254, 539 A.2d at 651.
We said in Harris:
”Booth makes it plain that the credibility of what is said at allocution may be questioned, but Booth makes it equally plain that statements made at allocution may not be disregarded merely because they are not under oath.”
Id. at 254-55, 539 A.2d at 651.
The instruction given in this case was proper. See Hunt v. State, 321 Md. at 439-41, 583 A.2d at 241-42.
B
Colvin-el proposed, and the trial court refused to give, the following instruction:
“If for any reason you are unable within a reasonable degree of time to reach a unanimous judgment as to the balancing required by Section IV of the form, I will sentence Eugene Colvin-el to life without parole.”
In Bruce v. State, 328 Md. 594, 621-22, 616 A.2d 392, 406 (1992), we again rejected the notion that this instruction must be given. See also Oken v. State, 327 Md. 628, 642-43, 612 A.2d 258, 265 (1992), cert. denied, ___ U.S. ___, 113 S.Ct. 1312, 122 L.Ed.2d 700 (1993); Booth v. State, 327 Md. 142, 153-54, 608 A.2d 162, 167 (1992), cert. denied, ___ U.S. ___, 113 S.Ct. 500, 121 L.Ed.2d 437 (1992); Grandison v. State, 305 Md. at 771, 506 A.2d at 623; Calhoun v. State, 297 Md. at 593-95, 468 A.2d at 58-60. We again reject it.
IX
The State‘s closing argument to the jury has generated two issues.
A
The first of the disputed statements is the following:
“[Prosecutor]: I think that most people would stand up here and say, you know, the Surells and the Buchmans have a right to demand revenge. And if we were living a hundred years ago and they demanded it, they would probably get it, ladies and gentlemen, but our system of justice
doesn‘t work that way. They can‘t have it. But you know what, ladies and gentlemen, they don‘t want it. They don‘t want revenge, and they have never wanted revenge. “All they‘re asking—
“[Defense Counsel]: Your Honor, that‘s not in evidence. It‘s not arguable.
“Court: Move on to the next area.”
After the argument, Colvin-el unsuccessfully moved for a mistrial, based on the foregoing.
Colvin-el argues that this statement was calculated to inflame the jury by invoking a revenge motive for a death sentence and that the comment contains matter not in evidence—none of the victim‘s family testified to a lack of desire for retribution.
Colvin-el refers to Hunt v. State, 321 Md. at 435, 583 A.2d at 241, for the proposition that the prosecutor should not “make remarks calculated to inflame the jury and prejudice the defendant.” Brief of Appellant at 30. In Hunt the prosecutor, referring to the defendant‘s allocution, had stated “it is worthless, it is trash, it is an attempt to manipulate you ..., it is insulting, it is demeaning, ... written by God knows who....” 321 Md. at 434, 583 A.2d at 241. We held in Hunt that the argument there came close to, but did not cross, the line between the wide latitude allowed in presenting closing argument and the impermissible. Id. at 435-36, 583 A.2d at 241-42. From the standpoint of the words used to communicate the idea presented in this case, the argument here is not presented in an inflammatory manner.
Further, if any juror at the resentencing accepted as fact the matter not in evidence, it could hardly be prejudicial to Colvin-el. Under that assumption the credulous juror would believe that no one in Mrs. Buchman‘s family wanted her death avenged.
Colvin-el‘s basic argument is that improper prejudice lies in injecting indirectly into the argument an appeal to the jurors to give the victim‘s family revenge. But a prosecutor is not
In Gregg v. Georgia, 428 U.S. 153, 96 S.Ct. 2909, 49 L.Ed.2d 859 (1976), the opinion announcing judgment explained that retribution and deterrence underlie the death penalty, saying:
“In part, capital punishment is an expression of society‘s moral outrage at particularly offensive conduct. This function may be unappealing to many, but it is essential in an ordered society that asks its citizens to rely on legal processes rather than self-help to vindicate their wrongs.
” ‘The instinct for retribution is part of the nature of man, and channeling that instinct in the administration of criminal justice serves an important purpose in promoting the stability of a society governed by law. When people begin to believe that organized society is unwilling or unable to impose upon criminal offenders the punishment they “deserve,” then there are sown the seeds of anarchy—of self-help, vigilante justice, and lynch law.’ Furman v. Georgia, 408 U.S. [238,] 308, 92 S.Ct. [2726], 2761[, 33 L.Ed.2d 346, 389 (1972)] (Stewart, J., concurring).
” ‘Retribution is no longer the dominant objective of the criminal law,’ Williams v. New York, 337 U.S. 241, 248, 69 S.Ct. 1079, 1084, 93 L.Ed. 1337[, 1343] (1949), but neither is it a forbidden objective nor one inconsistent with our respect for the dignity of men. Furman v. Georgia, 408 U.S. at 394-395, 92 S.Ct. at 2806-2807[, 33 L.Ed.2d at 438-39]
(Burger, C.J., dissenting); id. at 452-454, 92 S.Ct. at 2835-2836[, 33 L.Ed.2d at 472-74] (Powell, J., dissenting); Powell v. Texas, 392 U.S. [514,] 531, 535-536, 88 S.Ct. [2145,] 2153, 2155-2156[, 20 L.Ed.2d 1254, 1266-67, 1269-70 (1968)] (plurality opinion).”
Id. at 183-84, 96 S.Ct. at 2930, 49 L.Ed.2d at 880 (footnote omitted).
In Trimble v. State, 300 Md. 387, 425, 478 A.2d 1143, 1162-63 (1984), cert. denied, 469 U.S. 1230, 105 S.Ct. 1231, 84 L.Ed.2d 368 (1985), this Court quoted approvingly the passage from Gregg set forth above, thereby recognizing that retribution and deterrence underlie the Maryland death penalty statute. Trimble considered a challenge on cruel and unusual punishment grounds to imposition of the death penalty for a rape-murder committed by a person four months shy of his eighteenth birthday. Rejecting the challenge under the facts in that case, Judge Cole, speaking for the Court, concluded the operative principle to be that “[i]n extreme cases, the benign goals of the juvenile system are subordinated to the more broad-based and immediate interest in retribution.” Id. at 427, 478 A.2d at 1163.
Retribution is not a per se unmentionable in a death penalty case. The manner in which the subject was handled in the case before us was not impermissible.
B
In the rebuttal portion of the State‘s closing argument, the prosecutor commented on the testimony of Detective Sturgeon, one of the investigators at the murder scene, who placed the point of entry at the rear basement door.
...
“[Prosecutor]: Number one, do you think that Detective Sturgeon, a seasoned investigator, ... would have said the door only opened four inches? To this day, he‘s sorry he ever used that term. I guarantee you.
“[Defense Counsel]: Objection, Your Honor.
“[Prosecutor]: Because he said to you—
“[Defense Counsel]: That‘s not in evidence. “Court: This is argument.
“[Prosecutor]: Because he said to you he didn‘t measure it.”
Colvin-el argues that a key issue was whether he was the first degree principal, and that it was important how far the door could open. Construing the comment as the prosecutor‘s personal guarantee that Sturgeon “had not meant to say in his original report that the door opened only about four inches,” Brief of Appellant at 33, Colvin-el concludes that the comment was prejudicial.
Colvin-el misconstrues the remark which, against the background of this case, simply infers Sturgeon‘s great annoyance with himself for having failed to measure the opening.
In the original written report of investigation, Sturgeon said that the basement door could open “approx.” four inches. No point was made of this at the original trial or in the Colvin-el I appeal. On the appeal from post-conviction proceedings we noted that one of the arguments advanced to support the alleged ineffectiveness of Colvin-el‘s original defense counsel was that “Det[ective] Sturgeon was not cross-examined concerning the apparent impossibility that the basement door was the point of entry.” Colvin-el II, 314 Md. at 13, 548 A.2d at 512.7
The resentencing jury also knew that, when arrested on January 13, 1981, Colvin-el weighed 135 pounds on a five foot seven inch frame.
Defense counsel‘s closing argument at the resentencing presented to the jury the following suggested explanation of the facts:
“[W]hat difference does the point of entry make? It makes—I mean, somebody got into the house and killed Ms. Buchman. It makes a difference because if Mr. Colvin-el did not go in through the basement door, there is absolutely no evidence whatsoever to suggest that he ever went in the house. Circumstantial or otherwise then. That‘s why it makes a difference.
“And if that‘s so, the State‘s theory of this case goes up in a four inch wide puff of smoke. Then how did the people get in if all the doors, including the front, were locked, as the witnesses have said? The only possible explanation is that Ms. Buchman let them in. And I say them, because it appears to me that the facts suggest that one person could not have done this.”
After three trials (with jurisdiction) and two appeals, the best that the defense could do on the first degree principalship issue with the approximately four inch opening was to argue
X
Batching under the label, “prosecutorial overreaching,” the arguments considered in Parts II, III, VII-B, IX-A, and IX-B of this opinion, Colvin-el submits that the cumulative effect of the prosecutor‘s alleged misconduct produces a reversal. But we have not agreed with Colvin-el‘s assertions that there was improper conduct on the part of the prosecutor, other than in Part III, dealing with Mrs. Rubin‘s emotional inability to give victim impact testimony. There we also held that a mistrial was not required. Under these circumstances, there is no merit in Colvin-el‘s contention that the whole exceeds the sum of its parts.
XI
Following argument, the jury began its deliberations at approximately 3:45 p.m. The court furnished the jury with a verdict sheet, per
“Section IV
“Each individual juror shall weigh the aggravating circumstances found unanimously to exist against any mitigating circumstances found unanimously to exist, as well as against any mitigating circumstance found by that individual juror to exist.
“We unanimously find that the State has proven by A PREPONDERANCE OF THE EVIDENCE that the aggravating circumstances marked ‘proven’ in Section II outweigh the mitigating circumstances in Section III. yes ____ no ____
“Section V
“Enter the determination of sentence either ‘Life Imprisonment’ or ‘Death’ according to the following instructions:
....
“4. If Section IV was completed and marked ‘no‘, enter ‘Life Imprisonment‘.
“5. If Section IV was completed and marked ‘yes‘, enter ‘Death‘.
“We unanimously determine the sentence to be __________”
The jury deliberated until approximately 9:07 p.m. on the first calendar day of deliberations. The next morning, the jury resumed deliberating at approximately 9:00 a.m. At 3:00 p.m. the jurors sent the following note:
“To the Judge[:]
“IF in Section IV pg 8 we are not unanimous[,] does this default to ‘NO‘[?]
“IF it does default to ‘NO[,]’ how can we answer the question on page 9 (after # 5) ‘Unanimously[?]’ ”
In colloquy with counsel the court indicated that it would advise the jury to answer “no” to Section IV if the jury could not unanimously agree that the aggravating factor outweighed the mitigating circumstances, and that the jury should then proceed to Section V where they would insert “Life Imprisonment.”
During that colloquy defense counsel moved that the jury be dismissed and that the court enter a sentence of life imprisonment. The court ruled that it would not “dismiss the jury at this point,” noting that it had deliberated approximately eleven and one-half hours.
In Booth v. State, 327 Md. 142, 154, 608 A.2d 162, 167 (1992), cert. denied, ___ U.S. ___, 113 S.Ct. 500, 121 L.Ed.2d 437 (1992), we held that it was “the court‘s function to determine whether the jury‘s total deliberations have extended beyond a reasonable time.” In the case before us voir dire and the argument of jury challenges had required four days. Opening statements, testimony, final argument, and instructions consumed five days. There were twelve witnesses for the State, and seventeen witnesses for the defendant. That degree of investment of time, effort, and resources by all concerned certainly weighed heavily, and properly so, in the trial court‘s decision.
Further, in Booth, there was also a note sent from the jury after that jury had deliberated approximately the same length of time as had the jury in the instant matter before the above-described note was sent. In Booth, the note advised, “We are unable to come to an agreement” on whether Booth was a first degree principal. 327 Md. at 151, 608 A.2d at 166. Unlike the note in Booth, there was no categorical statement of inability to agree in the instant matter. In addition, in Booth, unlike the instant matter, the trial court then gave a modified Allen instruction. We found there was no abuse of discretion in Booth, where the jury came in with a death verdict in the middle of the afternoon of the third calendar day of deliberations. In the instant matter the jury returned its verdict some time later on the second calendar day of deliberations.
That verdict answered Section IV “yes,” and inserted in the blank in Section V, “Death.”
XII
Colvin-el further submits that the verdict at the resentencing must be set aside because it is inconsistent with the verdict at the original trial on guilt or innocence. The initial
As a matter of law, the issue of guilt or innocence of murder in the first degree, whether premeditated or felony murder, was not before the resentencing jury. That jury had no power to alter the guilty verdict, affirmed as part of the judgment in Colvin-el I and left undisturbed by Colvin-el II. Because premeditation, as used to distinguish one type of first degree murder in the law of homicide, was no part of the resentencing, the resentencing jury was not instructed on the law of premeditation. The jury at the trial on guilt or innocence of murder was so instructed. The earlier jury‘s finding represents an application of the law to the facts. The resentencing jury‘s use of the term, “premeditation,” necessarily represents a legally uninformed, layperson‘s use of the term. There is no evidence that Colvin-el went to the Surell home in order to kill Mrs. Buchman. The evidence compels the inference that he seized the knife from the kitchen as a weapon of opportunity, most probably when he was surprised by his victim in a house that he thought was unoccupied. That represents a lay impression of a lack of premeditation. In law, twenty-eight stab wounds is sufficient evidence to find premeditation.
XIII
At the argument on the motion for new trial the prosecutor, while discussing the note set forth in Part XI, supra, recount-
“My point is I was curious. I certainly was curious about that note. And I asked him specifically. And his response was, ‘Oh, no, we didn‘t have any problem with section four, we had unanimously found beyond a reasonable doubt’ ... excuse me, ‘to a preponderance of the evidence that the aggravating factors outweighed the mitigating factors.’ He said, ‘The problem came when we went to section five.’ He said, ‘Because there were some of us who still didn‘t want to give him the death penalty.’ Told me two things; number one, the form works, the form works.”
Defense counsel made no point of the prosecutor‘s comments to the circuit court. On this appeal Colvin-el interprets the prosecutor‘s description to mean that “some of the jurors clearly believed the death penalty inappropriate but nevertheless felt compelled to vote for it because of the operation of the form.” Brief of Appellant at 42. Citing, inter alia, Mills v. Maryland, 486 U.S. 367, 376-77, 108 S.Ct. 1860, 1866-67, 100 L.Ed.2d 384, 394-96 (1988), Colvin-el contends that “the necessary degree of certainty and reliability was undermined by the possibility that the jurors (or some of them) believed that they were compelled to vote for death by the operation of the form, thus rendering the statute mandatory in its application to this case.” Brief of Appellant at 42-43.
The well-settled Maryland rule is that jurors cannot be heard to impeach their verdict. Wernsing v. General Motors Corp., 298 Md. 406, 411-12, 470 A.2d 802, 804-05 (1984) (collecting cases); Oxtoby v. McGowan, 294 Md. 83, 101, 447 A.2d 860, 870 (1982). A fortiori, a verdict may not be impeached by hearsay attributed to a juror declarant.
In any event, the description related by the prosecutor does not indicate that any juror was compelled by the form, or otherwise, to impose a death penalty. Consistent with the prosecutor‘s description is that there was a further discussion
We know from the verdict sheet that one or more, but less than all, of the jurors had found two nonstatutory mitigating factors. The trial court had instructed the jury that “[e]ach one of you should individually consider each [mitigating] circumstance.” The court further instructed “that the burden of proof operates with respect to each juror individually, and you must not surrender your honest conviction as to the existence or non-existence of a mitigating circumstance solely because of the opinion of your fellow jurors.” Whether one or more of the jurors took longer than others to join in the unanimous verdict is quite immaterial. Each juror signed the verdict sheet. The jury was individually polled in open court, and each juror confirmed the verdict.
We shall not disturb the verdict.
XIV
We have also considered the factors enumerated in
JUDGMENT AFFIRMED.
ROBERT M. BELL, Judge, in part I. of which ELDRIDGE, J. joins.
I respectfully dissent from the affirmation of the death penalty in the case sub judice. I do so for two reasons: (1)
I.
A.
This is the third time this case has reached this Court for review. On the first occasion, see Colvin v. State, 299 Md. 88, 472 A.2d 953 (1984) (Colvin-el I), the petitioner‘s convictions and death sentence were affirmed. Pertinent to the issues sub judice, the majority in that case held that the evidence that the petitioner‘s fingerprints were on broken glass from the basement door, the supposed point of entry, and the petitioner pawned two items taken in the daytime housebreaking and robbery sufficiently proved the petitioner‘s criminal agency. 299 Md. at 110-112, 472 A.2d at 964. As to the former, relying on, among others, the facts that the premises were a private residence not generally accessible to the public and the basement was located in the back of the house, the Court concluded “that the circumstances surrounding the fingerprints found on the glass broken on the basement door tend to exclude the hypothesis that the print was impressed at a time other than that of the crime.” Id. at 111, 472 A.2d at 964.
The petitioner filed post conviction proceedings, alleging the incompetency of his counsel. The hearing court granted him a new sentencing hearing but denied relief as to the convictions. We reviewed those proceedings at the instance of the State. State v. Colvin, 314 Md. 1, 548 A.2d 506 (1988). (Colvin-el II) We affirmed.
The Court was not impressed insofar as the petitioner‘s incompetency of counsel claim was directed to the petitioner‘s convictions. It noted:
None of the foregoing demonstrates the reasonable probability that Colvin-El would have been found innocent of first
degree murder and of the underlying felonies if Payne [the petitioner‘s counsel] had utilized the specified information for cross-examination or as evidence in a defense case. First, none of the Monday morning quarterbacking casts any doubt on the fact that Colvin-El was present at the basement door of the Sorrell home after Ms. Susan Sorrell had left and before Mrs. Buchman‘s body was found. . . . Thus, it is fanciful to suggest, as Colvin-El does, that Payne should have caused the jury to be uncertain whether Colvin-El was the thief because he might have found the jewelry or might have received it from the true thief sometime after the crime. That does not explain away the fingerprints.
314 Md. at 14, 548 A.2d at 512 (footnote omitted). Moreover, the Court observed:
The information developed at the post conviction hearing does not generate any reasonable probability that Colvin-El was not at least an accomplice in the murder. If the basement door was only a point attempted entry, and not a point of actual entry as Detective Sturgeon testified, the discrepancy does not undermine the fact that someone entered the house, murdered Mrs. Buchman and stole jewelry and other property. There is no reasonable probability that Payne could have done anything to alter the fundamental fact that Colvin-El was present and at least aiding and abetting the daytime housebreaking and robbery.
Id. at 15-16, 548 A.2d at 513.
As regards the sentencing phase of the proceedings, the Court assumed that counsel‘s ineffectiveness may have resulted in the jury not concluding that there was more than one person involved in the murder and that, but for that ineffectiveness, counsel would have been able to adduce sufficient evidence to generate a reasonable doubt as to whether the petitioner was the actual killer. To the extent that the petitioner was prejudiced by that there was prejudice, “if any,” Id. at 16, 548 A.2d at 513. Curiously, while mentioning,
B.
To be eligible for the death penalty, a defendant must have been a principal in the first degree; he or she must be shown to have been the actual perpetrator of the murder.
In reviewing the sufficiency of the evidence of the petitioner‘s principalship in the first degree, we apply the test enunciated in Jackson v. Virginia, 443 U.S. 307, 318-19, 99 S.Ct. 2781, 2789, 61 L.Ed.2d 560, 573 (1979): “Whether, after viewing the evidence in the light most favorable to the prosecution,
C.
The majority rejected the petitioner‘s argument that the State did not sufficiently prove that he was a principal in the first degree on two grounds. First, relying on the testimony of the victim‘s granddaughter, it held that it was established that the petitioner‘s fingerprints were impressed on the basement door glass at the time of the crime. Then, reasoning from the nature of the document and its location, the majority opines that the jury could logically have determined that the fingerprint on the notebook page had nothing to do with the
It is not disputed that the petitioner possessed within eight days of the murder, two items which were among the pieces of jewelry taken from the Surell home. Nor is it disputed that the petitioner‘s fingerprints were impressed on pieces of glass from the basement door window. From this, the State theorizes that the petitioner broke the glass in the door, placed it on the steps, reached into the house and undid the security locks, opened the door, and entered the Surell home. While in the home, it continues, he was surprised by the victim. Grabbing a knife from the kitchen, he stabbed her 28 times, causing her death. Then, the petitioner took the money from the victim‘s handbag and wallet and went into the master bedroom and took the jewelry. Thus, critical to the State‘s theory of the case is that the petitioner entered the house through the basement door.
During the resentencing proceeding, the issue whether the petitioner could have gained entry through the basement door was hotly contested. Unlike at his original trial and sentenc-
Detective Sturgeon‘s testimony revealed the reason the door could not be fully opened—a white metal storage cabinet was up against the door. A photograph of that area of the basement confirms Detective Sturgeon‘s observation with regard to the white metal storage cabinet.4 Indeed, in Colvin-el II, 314 Md. at 10, 548 A.2d at 510, the Court described that photograph as showing
a white metal storage cabinet in front of the hinged side of the door standing to a height slightly above that of the door knob. The back of the cabinet is flush against a wall which is perpendicular to the exterior wall in which the door is set. The front of the metal cabinet extends beyond the hinged edge of the door to a point approximately half way across the width of the door. On the opposite side of the door from the storage cabinet and extending perpendicularly from the exterior wall were a clothes dryer and a clothes washer.5 The distance between those two machines and
the storage cabinet is only several inches more than the width of the ironing board.6
The Court also assessed the conclusions that the jury could properly have drawn from the testimony and photograph,
A fact finder could find that one attempting to open the basement door from the outside would not see the storage cabinet because of the curtain over the windows of the door. Furthermore, even if all of the locks on the door had been unlocked, a fact finder could conclude that the door would not open more than the four inches described in Det. Sturgeon‘s report because the door would strike the cabinet and the cabinet would not move because it butts against the wall. A fact finder could also believe that, had the folded ironing board been leaning against the knob side of the door in its described, customary position, anyone attempting to enter the basement by opening the door would knock the folded ironing board to the floor.
Id.
Although Detective Sturgeon testified initially that he could not tell if the cabinet had been moved, when pressed, he indicated that he did not find any evidence that it had been. Moreover, Detective Sturgeon also acknowledged under cross-examination that, while the ironing board was lying on the floor in front of the door, the ironing board cover did not appear to have been disturbed, i.e., there were no footprints on it. Sturgeon was not able to testify that the items on top of the washer and dryer, which were within a very few inches of the door frame and, thus, very close to the knob side of the door, had been disturbed. The only explanation for Detective Sturgeon‘s conclusion that the basement door was the point of entry is his testimony that: “I could not find any other way into the house. The . . . I said approximately four inches. It
Four inches is an extremely small space through which to pass. The petitioner at the time of the offense was 5‘7” and weighed 135 lbs. It is inconceivable that a man of that size could pass through an opening of only four inches. There was no testimony in the record that the petitioner was unusually thin or adept at passing through small spaces. But even if there were, an opening of four inches, or in Detective Sturgeon‘s words, “a little more,” will not accommodate a man‘s head. As the petitioner‘s counsel argued in closing argument, perhaps Gumby, given the flexibility of its body, including its head, could have passed through such a small opening, but no adult could.
The State apparently concedes that it would be impossible for an adult man to pass through a four inch opening. It relies, however, on Detective Sturgeon‘s conclusion that the opening was wide enough for a man, not him, but presumably the petitioner, to pass through. The State is obviously of the view that Detective Sturgeon, an experienced police officer and lab technician, is more adept at determining whether an opening will accommodate a man than in characterizing, in inches, the width of a particular opening. But there is simply no basis for that conclusion. Presumably, the detective utilized his concededly vast police and lab technician experience when he estimated how far the door would open. Indeed, the fact that the metal cabinet extended to the middle of the door, at a height higher than the door knob, is corroborative of Detective Sturgeon‘s estimate as to how far the door would open. Logic teaches that a door so obstructed could not open very far. Moreover, the detective‘s testimony that the metal storage cabinet had not been moved is even more corroborative.
Without a predicate more substantial than, “it opened wide enough for a man to pass through,” there simply was no basis for any rational trier of fact to find that the opening was sufficiently wide to allow the petitioner to pass through. The jury could only have adopted the State‘s theory that the petitioner entered the house through the basement door by crediting Detective Sturgeon‘s conclusion that the door opened wide enough to admit an adult man. That, in turn, required the jury to reject both Detective Sturgeon‘s initial conclusion and the objectively verifiable evidence bearing on the issue, upon which, by the way, Detective Sturgeon relied for both opinions. Permitting a jury to make a factual finding on the basis of conclusions for which the record offers no support cannot be justified or countenanced.
The state‘s point of entry evidence was insufficient for another reason. The area immediately in front of the basement door showed no signs of entry. Detective Sturgeon testified that there were no footprints on the ironing board and the items on the washer/dryer “didn‘t look disturbed.” This is important because the ironing board took up all but a couple of inches of the walking surface immediately in front of the door, presenting no room for one entering through that door to proceed except by walking over the ironing board or climbing over the washer and dryer, thereby disturbing the material that was on top of the washer and dryer.
D.
Like the point of entry, the fingerprint evidence bears significantly on the question whether the State produced sufficient circumstantial evidence of the petitioner‘s criminal agency to exclude a reasonable hypothesis that he was not the actual murderer. That the State‘s case against the petitioner was purely circumstantial cannot be doubted. There was no direct evidence of the petitioner‘s involvement in the murder, only inferences to be drawn from his fingerprints being on the broken glass from the basement door and his possession of property taken during the daytime housebreaking and robbery. The petitioner denied that he committed the murder. To support that contention and his further contention that someone else did, the petitioner relied on the State‘s inability to match his fingerprints with those latent non-elimination fingerprints, of comparison value, lifted from various places inside the house.
A number of latent prints was lifted from various locations in the house. With the exception of the fingerprints lifted from the broken glass from the basement door, none of them could be matched with the petitioner‘s prints. As to most of them, and, in particular, the palm print lifted from the refrigerator, the fingerprint lifted from kitchen door frame, and the fingerprints and partial palm print lifted from the lawn chair, Mr. Simms, formerly the supervisor of the latent print section of Baltimore County Crime Lab and the fingerprint expert, testified that this meant that it could not definitively be said either that they were the petitioner‘s or that they were not. There simply were not enough points of comparison to permit a positive identification with known prints with which they were compared, he said. In other words, failure to obtain a match did not eliminate either petitioner or any other person who did not belong in the house, including those suspects with whose prints the latent prints were compared, as the source of the prints.
One fingerprint, that lifted from a page in the victim‘s notebook, found in the victim‘s handbag, was definitely deter-
Notwithstanding the State‘s theory, apparently adopted by the jury, that the fingerprint on the notebook page was most probably that of the person whose name appeared on that page and, consequently, had no relevance to the murder, the mere presence of that fingerprint and its lack of connection with petitioner, as well as the presence of other non-elimination, comparison value prints also found inside the house, support the petitioner‘s argument that he did not commit the murder, i.e., that he was not a principal in the first degree.7 That evidence, taken together, also supports the hypothesis that someone other than the petitioner was in the house and that that someone committed the murder. In that regard the fingerprint on the notebook page is particularly important. From it could be inferred that the murderer left his or her fingerprint when, in the course of looking for money, he or she ransacked the victim‘s handbag and its contents. Notwithstanding, and perhaps because of its inconclusiveness, the other fingerprint evidence is also important. Because the source of those prints could not be definitively established, they cannot be the basis for the jury finding that the petitioner was inside the house. Therefore, unless there is evidence that otherwise places the petitioner inside the house, this evidence is an insufficient predicate from which to infer that the petitioner committed the murder. In other words, inconclusive fingerprint evidence does not become sufficient simply
Because the fingerprint and other evidence developed inside the house do not link the petitioner to the murder, his death sentence can be sustained only if the evidence that does link him to the crime is sufficient to place him inside the house. While in the context of the guilt-innocence phase of a trial, it may be, ordinarily, appropriate to be less concerned with the petitioner‘s actual entry into the house, it being unnecessary in that proceeding to prove that he actually killed the victim, that is not true in the context of this capital sentencing proceeding. The recognition and proof that “someone entered the house, murdered [the victim], and stole jewelry and other property,” Colvin-el II, 314 Md. at 15-16, 548 A.2d at 513, does not establish, for sentencing purposes, who the first degree principal was; thus, it does not help the State. The critical issue that leaves unanswered is who that someone was that murdered the victim. Consequently, unless the State‘s evidence permitted a rational jury to find that the petitioner actually entered the house through the basement door, that being its only theory of entry, the issue of the petitioner‘s criminal agency as a first degree principal should not have been submitted to the jury. The jury is required to resolve issues presented to it on the basis of evidence, not speculation.
The majority does not address the petitioner‘s point of entry argument in the context of the petitioner‘s challenge to the sufficiency of the evidence; rather, it touches on the issue only in connection with the petitioner‘s claim that the State engaged in improper jury argument. But that issue is extremely critical to the propriety of the death sentence imposed in this case.
As the petitioner argued in closing argument, unless, given the State‘s theory, he can be placed in the house through the
The inferences to be drawn from the circumstantial evidence connecting the petitioner to the crimes may suffice to sustain the petitioner‘s guilt of first degree murder. Given the fingerprint evidence, they clearly do not suffice to prove the petitioner‘s first degree principalship. Indeed, on that issue, the best that can be said is that the case is exceedingly weak. Moreover, the evidence as to the point of entry, indicating as it does that the point the State identifies could only be a point of attempted entry, further exposes the weakness of the State‘s circumstantial case against the petitioner as the actual perpetrator of the murder. It becomes weaker still when the evidence of other suspects, combined with the neighbors’ testimony concerning the presence in the area, at about the time the crimes occurred, of other persons who could possibly have committed the offenses, are considered.
Merely because the petitioner‘s first degree murder conviction has twice been affirmed does not mean the jury finding that he was a principal in the first degree must be upheld. The proof necessary to establish those two propositions may be, and, in this case, is, quite different. To sustain the former, proof that the petitioner aided and abetted the daytime housebreaking and the robbery is enough; the State need not prove, in other words, that the petitioner was a principal in
To reiterate, tending to prove that the petitioner was a principal in the first degree in the victim‘s murder are the petitioner‘s fingerprints found on broken glass taken from the
II.
For the reasons I stated in my dissents in Bruce v. State, 328 Md. 594, 632, 616 A.2d 392, 411 (1992), cert. denied, 508 U.S. 963, 113 S.Ct. 2936, 124 L.Ed.2d 686 (1993); Oken v. State, 327 Md. 628, 683-89, 612 A.2d 258, 285-88 (1992), and Booth v. State, 327 Md. 142, 203-17, 608 A.2d 162, 192-99 (1992), cert. denied, 506 U.S. 988, 113 S.Ct. 500, 121 L.Ed.2d 437 (1992) I also dissent from Part XI of the majority opinion. It is a perfectly acceptable outcome for the jury not to agree, see
ELDRIDGE J. concurs in all but part II. of this dissenting opinion.