147 P. 542 | Or. | 1915
delivered the opinion of the court.
The complaint, in effect, charges that the size and general outward appearance of the block made by defendant, the number 1118 on the shell of the block,
The shell of the block numbered 18 by plaintiff is solid so as completely to cover one-half the side of the sheave. The mold in which the shell of the pulley block is cast is so made that across the face of the shell, in raised letters and figures, the following plainly appears: “Columbia 18 Extra Skookum, Pat. Dec. 5, 1905” — and raised in a similar manner, for the purpose of reinforcing the shell, a band or strip extends from the hub along the middle of the shell and to the shackle.
The pulleys manufactured by defendant are placed on the market with two styles of pulley blocks. One block has a solid shell covering more of the side of the inclosed sheave than does No. 18 made by the plaintiff ; and across the face of this shell in raised letters and figures much more distinct than in No. 18 the following appears: “Mallory’s Steel Block No. 1118.” The other style made by defendant has an open or skeleton shell. The defendant has a copyrighted trademark thus <m>. On the face of this skeleton shell plainly appears the trademark <m> and the number 1118. The manner in which this skeleton shell is reinforced, when compared with the reinforcement appearing on No. 18, is a matter of contrast, rather than comparison. The trademark used by defendant is indented in the rim of the sheave. As is to be expected, the .functional parts of all the pulleys
The defendant, who is a subsequent manufacturer, cannot palm off his goods as those of his rival, the plaintiff, and escape the restraining hand of equity. It is not necessary to show by specific instances that purchasers have actually been deceived; but a court of conscience is justified in stamping the brand of commercial piracy upon the wares of defendant if he puts them upon the market in such form and manner as to deceive the purchasing public into the belief that such wares were made by plaintiff: Fuller v. Huff, 104
“Rival manufacturers may lawfully compete for the patronage of the public in the quality and price of their goods, for the beauty and tastefulness of their inclosing packages, in the extent of their advertising, and in the employment of agents, but they have no right, by imitative devices, to beguile the public into buying their wares under the impression they are buying those of their rivals”: Coats v. Merrick Thread Co., 149 U. S. 562, 566 (37 L. Ed. 847, 13 Sup. Ct. Rep. 966, 967).
The rule is even more stringent than thus far stated, for the doctrine of probability prevails. A terse statement of the scope and extent of the rule governing unfair competition is found in 38 Cyc. 773:
“In order to make out a case of unfair competition, it is not necessary to show that any person has been actually deceived by defendant’s conduct and led to purchase his goods in the belief that they are the goods of the plaintiff, or to deal with defendant thinking he was dealing with plaintiff. It is sufficient to show that such deception will be the natural and probable result of defendant’s acts. But either actual or probable deception and confusion must be shown; for, if there is no probability of deception, there is no unfair competition. In close cases, where the deceptive tendency is not clear, equity will withhold its hand until actual deception has resulted. Mere possibility of deception is not enough.”
If it is probable that the ordinary buyer in the ordinary course of business will be deceived into buying the pulleys of defendant with the belief that he is purchasing the pulleys of plaintiff, then equity, in the interest of common business honesty and integrity, will interpose a restraining hand: McLean v. Fleming, 96
The pulleys in dispute are used chiefly and almost exclusively in logging operations. No logger who testified said that the color of the sheave carried with it. in his mind, any suggestion of the origin of the sheave. Most of the loggers testified that they paid no attention to the color. The primary object of painting the sheaves red was to denote manganese as the quality: Lawrence Mfg. Co. v. Tennessee Mfg. Co., 138 U. S. 547 (34 L. Ed. 997, 11 Sup. Ct. Rep. 396). From a consideration of the evidence, the most that can possibly be said is that the trade came to know red sheaves as being made of manganese. Anyone had the right to manufacture manganese sheaves.
The person buying upon inspection is served with notice of the origin of the pulley the moment he looks at the shell, because he could not help seeing the words “Mallory’s Steel Blocks” on one shell and <3> prominently displayed on the other; and on the full width of the rim of the sheave appears the indented trademark used by the defendant.
The essence of the whole inquiry is whether deception is likely or probable. From the evidence sub
The decree is affirmed. Affirmed.