This сase concerns hazardous waste at the Rocky Mountain Arsenal, which is federally-owned land. Plaintiff's complaint alleges two claims implicating state and federal environmental laws. The matter is before the Court on the Recommendation of United States Magistrate Judge (the "Recommendation") (ECF No. 42). The Recommendation addresses two separate motions to dismiss-one by Defendant Shell Oil Company (ECF No. 12) and the other by the "Federal Defendants," which consists of the United States of America, United States Department of the Army, and the United States Fish and Wildlife Service (ECF No. 37). The Recommendation concluded that each motion be granted in part and denied in part. (ECF No. 42 at 37-38.) Plaintiff, Shell, and Federal Defendants each filed objections to the Recommendation. (ECF Nos. 45, 46, 47.) Federal Defendants responded to Plaintiff's objections. (ECF No. 48.) Plaintiff responded to Federal Defendants' and Shell's objections. (ECF Nos. 49, 50.)
For the reasons stated below, the Court SUSTAINS IN PART Plaintiff's objections, OVERRULES Shell's objections, OVERRULES IN PART and SUSTAINS IN PART Federal Defendants' objections, and AFFIRMS IN PART and REJECTS IN PART the Recommendation as provided herein. Shell's motion to dismiss is denied as to Plaintiff's first claim and granted as to Plaintiff's second claim. Federal
I. LEGAL STANDARDS
A. Review of the Magistrate Judge's Recommendation
When a magistrate judge issues a recommendation on a dispositive matter, Fed. R. Civ. P. 72(b)(3) requires that the district court judge "determine de novo any part of the magistrate judge's [recommendation] that has been properly objected to." "[T]he district court judge may accept, reject, or modify thе recommendation; receive further evidence; or return the matter to the magistrate judge with instructions." Id.
An objection is proper if it is filed timely in accordance with the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure and specific enough to enable the "district judge to focus attention on those issues - factual and legal - that are at the heart of the parties' dispute." United States v. One Parcel of Real Property ,
B. Rule 12(b)(1) Motion to Dismiss
On a motion to dismiss pursuant to Rule 12(b)(1), the court tests whether it has subject matter jurisdiction to properly hear the case before it. The party invoking the court's jurisdiction bears the burden to establish that federal jurisdiction exists, and "since the courts of the United States are courts of limited jurisdiction, there is a presumption against its existence." Basso v. Utah Power & Light Co. ,
Rule 12(b)(1) motions generally take two forms. The first form is a facial attack that challenges the sufficiency of the complaint's allegations as to subject matter jurisdiction. Holt v. United States ,
The second form is a factual attack that goes beyond the allegations in the complaint and challenges the facts on which subject mаtter jurisdiction is based.
The purpose of a motion pursuant to Rule 12(b)(6) of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure is to test "the sufficiency of the allegations within the four corners of the complaint after taking those allegations as true." Mobley v. McCormick ,
To survive a Rule 12(b)(6) motion, "[t]he complaint must plead sufficient facts ... to provide 'plausible grounds that discovery will reveal evidence to support the plaintiff's allegations." Shero v. City of Grove, Okl. ,
"A pleading that offers labels and conclusions or a formulaic recitation of the elements of a cause of action will not do. Nor does a complaint suffice if it tenders naked assertions devoid of further factual enhancement." Ashcroft v. Iqbal ,
II. FACTUAL AND PROCEDURAL HISTORY
The parties do not object to the factual or procedural background discussed in the Recommendation. Accordingly, the Court adopts and incorporates the factual and procedural background included within the Recommendation as if set forth herein. To put the Court's analysis in context, a brief overview follows.
The Rocky Mountain Arsenal is a hazardous waste treatment, storage, and disposal facility located near Commerce City, Colorado. The United States government has owned the facility since 1942 with the Army operating it from that time until the mid-1980's. Being one of the nation's most contaminated sites, a CERCLA interim response action was initiated in 1988 to remediatе the contamination. Basin F of the facility was certified closed on August 24, 2010. Plaintiff's claims are twofold: (1) that defendants have failed to obtain a post-closure permit (or substitute document) as required by
Shell moves to dismiss Plaintiff's complaint on several grounds pursuant to Fed. R. Civ. P. 12(b)(1) and (6). First, Shell argues that the Court lacks subject matter jurisdiction. (ECF No. 12-1 at 7-9.) Next, Shell contends that Plaintiff's second claim for the transfer of land should be dismissed because it never owned any portion of the Arsenal. (Id. at 9.) With regard to the first claim, Shell argues that it is not an "operator" of the Arsenal and, therefore, has no obligation to obtain a post-closure permit as Plaintiff alleges. (Id. at 10-18.) Finally, Shell argues that imposing any permit requirement on it conflicts with CERCLA's permit waiver provision. (Id. at 19-20.)
Federal Defendants separately move to dismiss Plaintiff's complaint on several grounds pursuant to Fed. R. Civ. P. 12(b)(1) and (6). Federal Defendants maintain that both of Plaintiff's claims are barred by the applicable statute of limitations-claim one by
Both motions were referred to the magistrate judge. (ECF Nos. 20, 37.) A hearing on the motions was held on December 15, 2017. (ECF No. 39.) Supplemental briefing was filed before the hearing. (ECF Nos. 26, 27.) On March 5, 2018, the magistrate judge issued a Recommendation that each motion be denied in part and granted in part.
The Recommendation advised that thе claims, in some permutation of defendants and claims, should go forward. As should always be the case, the parties filed focused objections to some-but not all-findings and conclusions of the magistrate judge. Rather than set forth the magistrate judge's Recommendation as to all matters and how each objection implicates (if at all) the overall recommendations, the Court concludes that the magistrate judge's analysis was thorough and sound, and that there is no clear error on the face of the record with regard to portions of the Recommendation to which neither party objected. See Fed. R. Civ. P. 72(b) advisory committee's note ("When no timely objection is filed, the court need only satisfy itself that there is no clear error on the facе of the record in order to accept the recommendation."); see also Summers ,
III. SHELL'S OBJECTIONS
A. Does the complaint allege that Shell is an "operator?"
"Operators" of hazardous waste management units must have permits during
Plaintiff alleges that "Shell makes environmental compliance decisions concerning ongoing funding of the [CERCLA] remedy and participates in decisions regarding the Facility's compliance with environmental regulations." (ECF No. 1 at ¶ 39.) CHWA's definition of operator does not answer the question at hand: " 'Operator' means the person operating a hazardous waste management facility or site either by contract or permit."
First, Shell's plain-language/present-tense argument is rejected. Plaintiff's allegations are in the present tense-е.g., Shell makes environmental compliance decisions and participates in decisions regarding the compliance with environmental regulations. (ECF No. 1 at ¶ 39.) Although the allegations can be read to mean that Shell currently makes environmental compliance decisions based on obligations imposed by a past CERCLA remedy, that only explains how Shell came to make current (i.e., present) environmental compliance decisions. But the critical allegation remains, which is that Shell "makes decisions about compliance with environmental regulations." Bestfoods ,
Second, the Recommendation does not disregard Shell's cited caselaw. The Recommendation discussed, but rejected, Shell's reliance on United States v. Friedland ,
Shell's final argument relates to a "factual gap" in the complaint. (ECF No. 47 at 5-6.) Specifically, Shell asserts that the complaint does not "allege that Shell makes decisions specific to Basin F." (Id. ) Shell is technically correct; however, the
B. Does CERCLA's permit waiver рreclude Plaintiff's first claim that Shell is required to obtain a post-closure permit?
CERCLA provides that "[n]o Federal, State, or local permit shall be required for the portion of any removal or remedial action conducted entirely onsite, where such remedial action is selected and carried out in compliance with [§ 9621]."
The Recommendation concludes that "the CERCLA permit waiver does not preempt permitting requirements for units that are being regulated under RCRA/CHWA at the time the CERCLA action commences." (ECF No. 42 at 14.) And because Plaintiff alleges that it regulated hazardous waste units under RCRA
First, Shell simply repeats arguments that have been fully considered, properly analyzed, and rejected by the magistrate judge. (Compare ECF No. 26 with ECF No. 42 at 13-17.) Other than reiterating its position and disagreeing with the Recommendation, Shell cites no legal authority to support its objection. After reviewing the briefs, Recommendation, and objection, the Court finds no reason to depart from the Recommendation's conclusions.
Moreover, Tenth Circuit caselaw does not support Shell's reading of the interplay
IV. PLAINTIFF'S OBJECTIONS
A. Is Plaintiff's first claim barred by
The post-closure permit requirement states that "[o]wners and operators of surface impoundments, landfills, land treatment units, and waste pile units [ ] that certified closure [ ] after January 26, 1983, must have post-closure permits[.]"
In analyzing the foregoing statute of limitations, the Recommendation concludes that the "failure to obtain a post-closure permit is a single, continuing violation." (ECF No. 42 at 25.) And "[b]ecause the failure to obtain a post-closure permit can be discovered only once, the two-year limitations period begins to run when [Plaintiff] first discovers the failure to obtain a post-closure permit, regardless of the fact that the violation is continuing." (Id. at 26.) But the Recommendation did not find that the claim was time-barred because the statute of limitations defense did not appear on the face of Plaintiff's complaint. (Id. ) Thus, it advised that should the defendants "present undisputed evidence after discovery indicating that [Plaintiff] knew of the alleged violation before 2015, [defendants] may be entitled to summary judgment on their statute of limitations defense." (Id. ) Plaintiff agrees that the failure to obtain a post-closure permit constitutes a continuing violation, but disagrees that the statute of limitations period begins to accrue from the date the permit violation was first discovered-in other words, the limitations period begins anew each day that defendants fail to obtain the required permit. (ECF No. 45 at 4-5.) Defendants contend that the two-year limitations period in
First, under either reading of the statute of limitations, Federal Defendants' motion to dismiss must be denied because the statute of limitations defense is not apparent on the face of the complaint. Dummar v. Lummis ,
The failure to obtain a permit is not clearly a single, continuing violation with but one accruаl point in time. The nature of Plaintiff's first claim is important in analyzing this issue. Plaintiff seeks an injunction compelling defendants to "[s]ubmit an application for a post-closure permit as required by [CHWA.]" (ECF No. 1 at Prayer, ¶ 1(a).) Plaintiff does not challenge anything that Federal Defendants did in 2010 or 2011-the injunctive relief does not seek to prohibit or abate a discrete past action. Instead, Plaintiff challenges what Federal Defendants have failed to do: obtain a permit or other enforceable document. No party argues that the obligation to obtain a post-closure permit does not continue to this day. Nor is it disputed that the obligation to obtain that permit first arose in 2010 or 2011. But the arising of an obligation is not synonymous with the accrual of a claim.
The relevant statute of limitations runs from "the date upon which the department discovers an alleged violation of this part 3 or within five years after the date upon which the alleged violation occurred, whichever date occurs earlier[.]"
The Recommendation cites Sierra Club v. Oklahoma Gas & Elec. Co. ,
The challenge in this case emanates from trying to locate a discrete violation at a particular point in time-there is none. As noted in Sierra Club , to be considered a single violation, "[t]he violation must involve some affirmative conduct within the limitations period and not merely the abatable but unabated inertial consequences of some pre-limitations action." Sierra Club ,
This case is different. Plaintiff's claim alleges a failure to act. Because the Federal Defendants failed to take required action, there is no way to identify a discrete act at a specific point in time. The post-closure permit requirement states that "[o]wners and operators of surface impoundments, landfills, land treatment units, and waste pile units [ ] that certified closure [ ] after January 26, 1983, must have post-closure permits[.]"
If the issue in this case were when Plaintiff's cause of action under § 1007-3:100.10 first accrued , it may be that the statute of limitations began running upon closure of Basin F. But what is at issue is the absence of any action to obtain the required permit. The Regulation compels an owner or operator to obtain such a permit-that obligation continues to exist until the required permit or substitute documents are obtained. Stated differently, the violation is ongoing every day that Basin F is in рost-closure status without the required permit. Accordingly, Section 25-15-308 arguably may not expire as long as the abatable but unabated violation continues. To be clear, the Court reads Plaintiff's claim as seeking relief for the ongoing and current violation. For example, if Plaintiff were suing to enjoin the Federal Defendants' failure to obtain the required permit in 2011 , and the facts established that Plaintiff had discovered the violation in 2011 , such a claim would present a different question which is not before the Court. Plaintiff does not seek to reach back in time beyond the applicable two-year statute. Ultimately, the Court advises the parties that it will consider subsequent limitations arguments de novo , without concluding that legal determinations as to the interpretation of the twо-year statute of limitations is law of the case.
B. Has the United States of America waived sovereign immunity for RCRA claims?
The Recommendation finds that the United States has not waived sovereign immunity as to Plaintiff's claims under RCRA/CHWA and CERCLA. (ECF No. 42 at 17-20; 31-33.) Plaintiff protests that the Recommendation erred in both regards. (ECF No. 45 at 8-14.) The Federal Defendants agree with the Recommendation. (ECF No. 49 at 10-19.) The Court addresses sovereign immunity under Plaintiff's RCRA/CHWA claim and then CERCLA.
Each department, agency, and instrumentality of thе executive, legislative, and judicial branches of the Federal Government (1) having jurisdiction over any solid waste management facility or disposal site, or (2) engaged in any activity resulting, or which may result, in the disposal or management of solid waste or hazardous waste shall be subject to, and comply with, all Federal, State, interstate, and local requirements, both substantive and procedural (including any requirement for permits or reporting or any provisions for injunctive relief and such sanctions as may be imposed by a court to enforce such relief), respecting control and abatement of solid waste or hazardous waste disposal and management in the same manner, and to the same extent, as any person is subject to such requirеments, including the payment of reasonable service charges. The Federal, State, interstate, and local substantive and procedural requirements referred to in this subsection include, but are not limited to, all administrative orders and all civil and administrative penalties and fines, regardless of whether such penalties or fines are punitive or coercive in nature or are imposed for isolated, intermittent, or continuing violations. The United States hereby expressly waives any immunity otherwise applicable to the United States with respect to any such substantive or procedural requirement (including, but not limited to, any injunctive relief, administrative order or civil or administrative penalty or fine referred to in the preceding sentence, or reаsonable service charge) ....
The Court reads the statute differently than the Recommendation. The first sentence of Section 6961 mandates that each department, agency, and instrumentality of the Federal Government "shall be subject to, and comply with" all State and local permitting requirements. Thus, it imposes obligations on those specified arms of the Federal Government. Reading on, the "United States" then "expressly waives any immunity ... with respect to any such substantive or procedural requirement[.]" Reading the provisions together, the statute expressly waives sovereign immunity as to the "United States" as a whole while specifying that the Federal Government and its agencies must comply "with, all Federal, State, interstate, and local requirements, both substantive and procedural[.]" Several things support the Court's conclusion.
For one, the statute uses different words-department, agency, and instrumentality of the Federal Government when discussing obligations to comply with State and local permit requirements; but the United States (as a whole) when waiving sovereign immunity. To equate United States with department, agency, and instrumentality of the Federal Government, would not give effect to every clause and word of the statute. Moskal v. United States ,
Moreover, the Tenth Circuit has interpreted Section 6961(a) in a similar way. In Colorado Dep't of Pub. Health & Env't, Hazardous Materials & Waste Mgmt. Div. v. United States ,
C. Has the United States waived sovereign immunity for Plaintiff's CERCLA claim?
The Recommendation concludes that CERCLA only allows an illegal transfer of property claim against departments, agencies, and instrumentalities of the United States, but not directly against the United States. (ECF No. 42 at 31-32.) Plaintiff principally relies on Chevron Mining Inc. v. United States ,
In Chevron Mining , the Tenth Circuit acknowledged that under Section 9620 "[t]he United States ... shall be subject to, and comply with, this chapter in the same manner and to the same extent, both procedurally and substantively, as any nongovernmental entity, including liability under section 9607 of this title." Chevron Mining ,
A similar result is warranted here with respect to Plaintiff's property transfer claim. First, as in Chevron Mining , the text of Section 9620 obligates the United States to comply with the substantive and procedural rules in the chapter-Plaintiff's claim is based on Section 9620(h), which is part of that same chapter. And 9620(h)(3)(A) specifies the contents that must be included in certain deeds: "in the case of any real property owned by the United States on which any hazardous substance was stored for one year or more ... each deed entered into for the transfer of such property by the United States to any other person or entity shall contain...."
V. FEDERAL DEFENDANTS' OBJECTIONS
A. Two-Year Statute of Limitations- Colo. Rev. Stat. Section 25-15-308(4)(a)
Federal Defendants, like Plaintiffs, object to portions of the Recommendation's
B. CERCLA Permit Waiver
Federal Defendants first "object to certain factual findings or interpretations of the Complaint concerning the Army's compliance with RCRA and CHWA at the Rocky Mountain Arsenal[.]" (ECF No. 46 at 6-7.) Federal Defendants request that the Court "not adopt the Recommendation's findings with respect to disavowed allegations regarding the landfills and vague allegations regarding unidentified SWMUs that do not require post-closure permits." (Id. at 9.) Plaintiff responds that it has "adequately plead that State law and regulations require Defendants to obtain a post-closure permit for Basin F." (ECF No. 50 at 7-8 (citing Compl. at ¶¶ 34, 43, 45, 47).)
Federal Defendants' objection is not specific enough to enable the Court to focus attention on those issues - factual and legal - that are at the heart of the parties' dispute. One Parcel of Real Property ,
Federal Defendants' remaining arguments take issue with whether CERCLA's permit waiver applies to units that were regulated under RCRA/CHWA prior to CERCLA. (ECF No. 46 at 10-12.) The Court has rejected such position above at Section III.B and agrees with the Recommendation that "the permit waiver does not apply to hazardous waste units that were regulated under RCRA/CHWA prior to CERCLA." (ECF No. 42 at 13-17.) Therefore, this objection is overruled.
C. Claim 1 Against FWS
Federal Defendants again argue that Paragraphs 43 and 44 of the complaint are not "tied together"-this time, however, they conclude that the failure requires dismissal of the FWS as to the first claim. (ECF No. 46 at 13-17.) The Court disagrees for the reasons stated above and because Plaintiff's complaint alleges that the FWS manages portions of the Facility. (ECF No. 1, Compl. ¶ 41.); Bestfoods ,
D. Six-Year Statute of Limitations-
The Recommendation concludes that the six-year statute of limitations in
The Recommendation hinges on the contention that Plaintiff's claim accrues when Plaintiff knew or should have known of the allegedly illеgal transfer. But the statute states that "every civil action commenced against the United States shall be barred unless the complaint is filed within six years after the right of action first accrues. "
Here, the complaint alleges that Federal Defendants did not comply with CERCLA 120(h) when property was transferred "from the federal government to Commerce City, Colorado on August 20, 2007." (ECF No. 1, Compl. at ¶¶ 52, 54.) Plaintiff had an actionable claim against the Federal Defendants as soon as the land was transferred on August 20, 2007. And there is no allegation that Plaintiff was prevented from discovering, within six years, that it had an actionable claim for the allegedly improper property transfer. Because Section 2401(a) requires that suit be filed within six years of when the right of action first accrues , and Plaintiff filed suit more than six years after that date, its claim is now time-barred to the extent it is based on failing to comply with the provisions of CERCLA 120(h).
VI. CONCLUSION
Based on the foregoing and a de novo review of the portions of the Recommendation to which the parties properly objected, the Court:
(1) SUSTAINS IN PART Plaintiff's objections to the Recommendation as provided herein (ECF No. 45);
(2) OVERRULES IN PART and SUSTAINS IN PART Federal Defendants' objections to the Recommendation as provided herein (ECF No. 46);
(3) OVERRULES Shells' objections to the Recommendation (ECF No. 47);
(4) ADOPTS and REJECTS the Recommendation as provided herein (ECF No. 42);
(5) DENIES Shell's motion to dismiss as to Plaintiff's first claim and GRANTS Shell's motion to dismiss as to Plaintiff's second claim (ECF No. 12); and
(6) DENIES Federal Defendants' motion to dismiss Plaintiff's first claim and GRANTS Federal Defendants' motion to dismiss Plaintiff's second claim as untimely pursuant to
IT IS SO ORDERED.
Notes
Magistrate Judge Michael E. Hegarty presided at the hearing and issued the Recommendation. However, this action was subsequently reassigned to Magistrate Judge S. Kato Crews on August 6, 2018. (ECF No. 51.)
Federal Defendants also filed supplemental authorities on November 19, 2018, which the Court has reviewed and considered. (ECF No. 52.)
Congress еnacted the Resource Conservation and Recovery Act ("RCRA") "to assist the cities, counties and states in the solution of the discarded materials problem and to provide nationwide protection against the dangers of improper hazardous waste disposal." H.R.Rep. No. 1491, 94th Cong., 2d Sess. 11 (1976), reprinted in 1976 U.S.C.C.A.N. 6238, 6249. Once the EPA authorizes a state to carry out the state hazardous waste program (CHWA in this case) in lieu of RCRA, "[a]ny action taken by [the] State [has] the same force and effect as action taken by the [EPA under RCRA.]"
The Court is mindful of Plaintiff's interpretation that no claim accrued until the State Director requested a permit. That matter can await further proceedings and resolution of any objection to such an argument is not required at this time.
As discussed below, this finding does not mean the claim is timely.
The Court adopts the magistrate judge's analysis as it pertains to the Colorado Executive Order and Joint Policy at issue in Claim 2. (ECF No. 42 at 31-33.)