154 N.Y.S. 951 | New York County Court, Lewis County | 1915
This action was brought in Justice’s Court of the Town of Lyonsdale, in this county, to recover damages for the shooting and killing by defendant of a dog owned by plaintiff. The defense, in substance, was that the dog was killed while chasing defendant’s turkeys, and that it was necessary to kill the dog to protect the turkeys. The action was tried before a justice of the peace and a jury. The jury returned a verdict of no cause of action, upon which judgment was rendered in favor of defendant and against the plaintiff for costs of the action, and from this judgment plaintiff appeals to this court. The grounds upon which appellant seeks to reverse said judgment are: (1) That the answer was not verified; (2) that the justice erred in the rejection of evidence; (3) that the verdict was contrary to the evidence; (4) that the jury was not sworn as required by law.
I have examined the rulings of the justice and find no error in same which calls for reversal of the judgment.
“I am a farmer and live in the town of Leyden, about 1% miles from Port Leyden; have a farm of 153 acres; had 72 turkeys; that on the 14th day of October, 1914, I returned from Port Leyden about 11 o’clock; heard the dogs barking in the meadow where the turkeys were; there were three dogs among the turkeys; went into the house and got my gun; as I came out of the house, one of the turkeys came through the yard running with its wings partly extended; two of the dogs were a few feet from the turkey, chasing it, perhaps six or eight feet; at the time I shot the dog as I did, he was a few feet from the turkey, chasing it.”
The justice also returns that the defendant testified, in substance, as follows:
“That at the time I shot plaintiff’s dog, said dog and another dog were chasing one of the defendant’s turkeys through the dooryard, and at the precise time of such shooting the plaintiff’s dog was a few feet, six or eight, from said turkey, which was running and the dog after it.”
In Hardenburgh v. Crary, 15 How. Prac. 307, one of the jurors who rendered the verdict was not sworn. The fact that he had not been sworn was unknown to the parties. Por this irregularity the defendant moved to set aside the verdict. The motion was denied. The. court said:
“So in respect to the absence of the proper qualifications to serve as a juror, the party may, when the" jurors are drawn, object that any juror has not the requisite property, or is tc-o old or too young, or otherwise disqualified to serve. If these objections are improperly disregarded, he will have his remedy. But, if he omit to take the objections in season, he cannot afterwards be heard to question the regularity of the proceedings. Even his ignorance will not be allowed as an excuse for not objecting at a time when the ground of objection might have been removed. He must show injury, as well as ignorance, before the court will interfere. The courts/ in this country, have uniformly acted upon this principle. In all cases where-the objection is technical, and might have been obviated upon the mere men- ion, at the time the irregularity occurred, and where such irregularity has not been productive of any injury whatever, the application has been refused.”
In Jenkins v. City of Hudson, 8 N. Y. Civ. Proc. R. 70, there was an omission to swear the entire jury. The defendant moved to set aside the verdict. The motion was denied. The court said, at page 71 :
“The question which this motion presents is: If a trial proceeds;" and a verdict be rendered without a jury being sworn, is such a verdict, irregular and void if neither party asked that the oath should be administered? In other words, is the swearing of the jury essential to the validity of the ver*954 diet? The question, though newel In the form in which it is presented—the omission to swear an entire jury—involves no new principle, hut one well settled. That which the law required to be done for the protection of a party may be waived, and the failure to object is a waiver. Neither can the failure to object be excused by alleged ignorance, for a party is presumed to know what he could easily have ascertained; and, if a party wishes for his protection that to be done which the law directs, ordinary diligence requires him to make inquiry whether or not the statute has been complied with, and not to sit with folded arms and assume that others will care for his rights, or to watch, with closed lips, to see if some omission does not occur which will render all that is done of no effect.”
This case was reversed in 40 Hun, 424, but on another point.
The two cases above cited arose in the Supreme Court, but were, decided independent of section 721 of the Code of Civil Procedure (2 Rev. St. p. 425, § 7, subd. 14), although reference was made to said section. Said section provides:
“In a court of record, where a verdict, report or decision has been rendered, the judgment shall not be stayed, nor shall any judgment of a court of record be impaired or affected by reason of either of the following imperfections, omissions, defects, matters, or things, in the process, pleadings or other proceedings; * * * (12) For an omission on the part of a referee to be sworn; or for any other default or negligence of the clerk, or any other officer of the court, or of a party, his attorney or counsel, by which the adverse party has not been prejudiced.” i
Section 3063 of said Code, which relates to appeals: from Justice’s Court, provides:
“The appellate court must render judgment according to the justice of the vase, without regard to technical errors or defects which do not affect the merits.”
While said section 721 applies to courts of record only, it would seem that the same defects should be disregarded under section 3063 as could be under said section 721, and there appears to be no reason why the rule as to failure to stvear the jury should be any different in Justice’s Court than in a court of record.
In Scott v. Moore et al, 41 Vt. 205, 98 Am. Dec. 581, the court held that the. failure to swear a jury was an irregularity Avhich a party might waive.
So far as I am a.Me to find, there are but two cases arising in Justice’s Court, in. this state, where the question as to effect of the failure to swear the jury has been considered, and they are Fulton v. Yuill, 24 Misc. Rep. 285, 53 N. Y. Supp. 767, decided in the Sullivan County Court in July, 1898, and Cahill v. Delaney, 68 N. Y. Supp. 842, decided in the Fulton County Court in 1901. These cases are in conflict and reach opposite conclusions. In Fulton v. Yuill it was held that the failure to swear the jury on the dal of an action in Justice’s Court is a fatal error and cannot be disgarded. In Cahill v. Delaney, the facts of which nse are'very similar to the case at bar, it appeared that br-6: parties irejent and represented by counsel; that a jury was st m vmed m -.cepted but not sworn; that the jury retired in charge o- , rom »;.iucer and returned a verdict which was accepted and judgn- ", ente: ce thereon. I.t was held that the failure of the justice to s - ear the jury was an irregularity only which the parties
The case of Fulton v. Yuill is the only case arising either in Justice’s Court or in a court of record, of this state, so far as I am able to find, which holds that the failure to swear the jury where no objection is made is a fatal error and cannot be disregarded.
The Revised Statutes (2 R. S. p. 541, § 4) provided that:
“Before proceeding to hear any testimony, the arbitrators shall be sworn faithfully and fairly to hear and examine the matters in controversy,” etc.
Nothing was said in said statute as to whether or how the oath of the arbitrators might be waived. It was held under this statute that the parties might waive the oath, either by express agreement, or by going on with the proceedings without objection on that account, and that the omission of the oath would be an irregularity merely, not affecting the jurisdiction of the arbitrators. 2 Wait’s Law and Practice (8th Ed.) 1711, 1712, and cases there cited.
In Flannery v. Sahagian, 134 N. Y. 85, at page 89, 31 N. E. 319, at page 320, the court said:
“We are aware that it has often been held, under the Revised Statutes, that where the parties have appeared before arbitrators and have entered upon the trial of their case, sworn and examined witnesses, and waited until an award or a report has been served, without calling the arbitrators’ attention to the fact that an oath is required, they will be deemed to have waived it.”
The Revised Statutes (2 R. S. p. 384, § 44) provided that “before proceeding to hear any testimony in the cause, the referees shall be severally sworn,” etc. Nothing was said in this statute as to whether or how the oath of the referees might be waived. Under this statute, it was held that the failure of a referee to be sworn was a mere irregularity, not a jurisdictional defect, and might be waived by implication. Nason v. Luddington, 56 How. Prac. 172, and cases cited.
A person elected to the office of justice of the peace, but who has neglected to take the oath of office, is nevertheless in office by color of title, and his acts are valid as regards the public and third persons, and a judgment rendered before him would be valid. Greenleaf v. Low, 4 Denio, 168; Weeks v. Ellis, 2 Barb. 320.
It. has been repeatedly held in both civil and criminal cases that the failure; to swear a witness who gave evidence in the presence of the parties without objection was an irregularity and waived by not objecting. Southern Ry. Co. v. Ellis, 123 Ga. 614, 51 S. E. 594; Moore v. State, 96 Tenn. 209, 33 S. W. 1046; Rhodes v. State, 122 Ga. 568, 50 S. E. 361.
The failure to object to the qualifications of a juror is a waiver of all objections, although the disqualification is not known at the time of the trial. People v. Thayer, 132 App. Div. 593, 116 N. Y. Supp. 821; Bennett v. Matthews, 40 How. Prac. 428; Clark v. Van Vrancken, 20 Barb. 278; Salisbury v. McClaskey, 26 Hun, 262.
In Dayharsh v. Enos, 5 N. Y. 531, the action was commenced in
“I think the defendant, having failed to take his objection at the proper time, must be regarded as waiving the irregularity of the trial by the court and jury, and acquiescing in, or consenting to, such trial. This is not a jurisdictional question. The court had jurisdiction both of the cause and of the parties, but, by a mistake in the adoption of the Code, it had no power to try the cause by a jury. We must regard the trial as a trial by the consent of the parties. A party may silently acquiesce in, or expressly consent to, an irregular impaneling of the jury, or to a trial by a jury of less than the legal number, or by incompetent jurors. Consent, either express or by implication, waives all objections to irregularities which occur in the progress of a cause.”
An implied waiver arises from an omission to object when the occasion gives proper opportunity. Matter of Investigation, City and County of Albany, 74 Misc. Rep. 170, 182, 132 N. Y. Supp. 908.
A “waiver” is implied whenever it may be reasonably and fairly inferred from the act or omission or silence of the party who has the power of waiving. Roumage v. Mechanics’ Fire Ins. Co., 13 N. J. Law, 110, 124.
It seems to me on principle and authority, and especially in view of said section 3063, that the failure under the circumstances of this case of the justice to swear the jury impaneled to try the case is, at most, an irregularity, and the failure of the parties to' the action to make objection in the court below is a waiver of their right to do so thereafter.
The judgment of the court below must be affirmed, with costs, and an order and judgment may be entered accordingly.