Collins v. State

88 Ala. 212 | Ala. | 1889

SOMERVTLLE, J.

The controlling point of contention in. tbe present case is tbe alleged unconstitutionality of tbe act approved February 20th, 1889, entitled “An act to regulate the trial of misdemeanors in Barbour county.” — Acts 1888-89, pp. 501-508.

This statute confers on tbe County Court of Barbour county jurisdiction of all misdemeanors committed in that county, and provides for tbe transfer to that tribunal of all indictments pending and untried in tbe Circuit Court on tbe day of adjournment of any term, and regulates in detail tbe procedure authorized to be adopted on such trials.

Tbe vital objection urged to tbe act is, that it expressly provides for the trial of such cases by a jury of only eight persons, instead of twelve, and authorizes an appeal upon conviction directly to the Supreme Court only, thus depriving the defendant of his constitutional right of trial by jury. The Constitution of Alabama declares that “the right of trial by jury shall remain inviolate,” and, in all prosecutions by indictment, that the accused shall have “a speedy public trial by an impartial jury” of the county or district in which the offense was committed. — Const. 1875, Art. I, §§ 7 and 12.

It does not admit of controversy, that the jury contemplated by these clauses of the Constitution is a common-law jury of twelve men, and that a jury constituted of a less number than this is not a constitutional jury.— Woodward Iron Co. v. Cabaniss, 87 Ala. 328; Cooley’s Const. Lim. (5th Ed.), 391; Sedgwick Stat. & Const. Law (2d Ed. Pomeroy), 493, and note; Flint River St. Co. v. Roberts, 48 Amer. Dec. 178, 193, note; Wynehamer v. People, 13 N. Y. 378; Work v. State, 2 Ohio, N. S. 296; Vaughn v. Scade, 30 Mo. 600; State v. Kaufman, 1 Cr. Law Mag. 57, note 61; M. & Fla. Railway Co. v. McKenzie, 85 Ala. 546.

There are cases, it is true, where the General Assembly is constitutionally authorized to dispense with a grand jury, and to authorize by law the prosecution of certain misdemeanors before justices of the peace, and other inferior courts. — Const. 1875, Art. I, § 9. And in such case, the statute authorizing the waiver of jury trial by the defendant, after transfer of an indictment for misdemeanor to an inferior court, has been held to be free from constitutional objection. — Connelly v. The State, 60 Ala. 89; 31 Amer. Rep. 34. So, where a right of appeal is secured to a higher court, with a right of trial there by a common-law jury, the right may even thus be practically preserved. — Sedgwick Const. Law (Pomeroy, 2d Ed.), 491.

This case falls within none of these exceptions, or modifications of the general rule under discussion.

A close inspection of the statute under consideration leaves no doubt as to what was the legislative intent as to the composition of the only kind of jury authorized to be organized under its provisions. It is a jury of eight persons, and none other. It is declared, that “if a jury is demanded, the court shall make an entry thereof on the record, and proceed as herein provided” — meaning thereby in the mode prescribed by the ack — Acts 1888-89, p. 502, sec. 6. It is thereupon provided, that the petit juries “shall consist of two panels of eight men each, and shall be selected as herein provided,” but may be impanelled under the general law. So, the authority to order special venires, and select tales jurors, under the general jury law as it stands in the Code, is coupled with the limitation, “except as modified by this act.” — P. 507, sec. 24. And again, the general jury law is declared applicable, “except as modified or repealed by this act.” — Sec. 25.

A guarded caution is thus manifest, that the authority of the County Court to organize juries shall be limited to juries composed of eight persons. The intention to exclude the power to increase the number to twelve is as clear as language can make it, short of express prohibition. By necessary implication we are driven to the conclusion, that the jurisdiction attempted to be vested in this court embraced the power to organize but one sort of jury, and that is a jury of eight men. This feature of the law, under the authorities cited above, is palpably unconstitutional.

Striking out the section authorizing the organization of these imperfect juries, as void, and we have an act authorizing the trial of a defendant on an indictment, without providing for a trial by jury in any mode, either directly by the court on which jurisdiction is conferred, or by appeal to another tribunal in which the right is secured. This was not the legislative intention, and if it were, the act is repugnant to the clauses in the Declaration of Bights above cited, which provide for a jury trial by twelve men, in all prosecutions by indictment, and the purpose of which was to preserve the right inviolate.

In this view of the case, under the authorities, the whole act must fall. — S. & N. R. R. Co. v. Morris, 65 Ala. 198; Powell v. State, 69 Ala. 13; Steioart v. County Comm’rs, 82 Ala. 209; Allen v. Louisiana, 103 U. S. 80; Ex parte Roundtree, 51 Ala. 42; Elsberry v. Seay, 83 Ala. 614.

The judgment must be reversed. We can not remand the cause to the County Court, because the statute above discussed purporting to give that tribunal jurisdiction is void and inoperative, and confers no jurisdiction.

We do not decide the question whether the cause has, or ■has not, been discontinued in the Circuit Court by the attempted removal therefrom, but leave this an open inquiry. Ex parte Rivers, 40 Ala. 712.

Note. — In the cause of John Sammons v. The State, from the same court, the same judgment was rendered, on the authority of the above case.