Thе defendant Larry J. Collins appeals his conviction for operating a motor vehicle while suspended as a habitual traffic violator, a Class D felony. Indiana Code § 9-12-3-1. His four-year sentence was suspended except for 100 days. In an unpublished memorandum opinion, the Court of Appeals reversed the conviction,
In his direct appeal, the defendant raises the following issues:
a) whether the trial court erred in admitting a certification of mailing of suspension notice;
b) whether, apart from the certification, the remaining evidence is sufficient to sustain the conviction;
c) whether an instruction regarding proof of mailing as evidence of receipt constituted fundamental error,.
When arrested for driving left of center on September 10, 1988, the defendant advised Indiana State Police detective Troy Knorr that his license was suspended. Records from the Indiana Bureau of Motor Vehicles indiсated that the defendant's driver's license was suspended as a habitual traffic violator beginning January 16, 1987, and that on December 17, 1986, a notice of suspension thereon was mailed to Collins at his Indianapolis address. The defendant testified that he never received this notice of suspension; that the Indianapolis address was his "legal address" at the time; that he had not notified the Bureau оf any address change; but that he was then separated from his wife and he was not living there when the notice would have been mailed.
1. Admissibility of Mailing Certification
The trial court overruled the defendant's timely objection tо that portion of State's Exhibit 1 purporting to be a certification dated May 11, 1989, of a notice that a Habitual Traffic Violator Notice of Suspension was mailed to the defendant at thе indicated address on December 17, 1986.
The Court of Appeals found the present factual situation identical to that in Harris v. State (1990), Ind.App.,
In Harris, the majority recognized that with the advent of State v. Keihn (1989), Ind.,
In Keihn, this Court expressly apрroved Burdine v. State (1987), Ind.App.,
When the Bureau of Motor Vehicles mails a notice of license suspension to the defendant's last known address, proof of such notice would allow the trial court to infer a defendant's knowledge.
Keihn, 542 NE.2d at 968. As correctly noted in Chambers v. State (1989), Ind. App.,
The State contends that the questioned exhibit was admissible as an official record because the Bureau of Motor Vehicles had a duty to record the mailing of notice resulting nоt only from Keikn but also from the applicable statutory provisions that require the Bureau to mail a notice, and to suspend a violator's license 30 days after the notice is sent. Indiana Cоde § 9-12-2-1 provides:
(a) Whenever it appears from the records maintained in the bureau that a person's driving record brings him within the definition of an [sic] habitual violator under IC 9-12-1-4, the commissioner shall mail a notice to the person's last known address that informs the person that his driving privileges will be suspended in thirty (30) days because the person is an [sic] habitual violator according to the records оf the bureau.
(b) Thirty (30) days after the commissioner has mailed a notice under this section, he shall suspend the person's driving privileges for:
(1) ten (10) years if the person is an [sic] habitual violator under IC 9-12-1-
4(b);
(2) ten (10) yeаrs if the person is an [sic] habitual violator under IC 9-12-1-
4(e); or
(8) five (5) years if the person is an [sic] habitual violator under IC 9-12-1-
4(d).
(c) The notice must inform the person that he may be entitled to relief under section 2 of this сhapter or may seek judicial review of his suspension under this chapter.
The State argues that a duty to record mailing should be inferred from the fact that proof of mailing is an evidentiary prеrequisite to establishing that the suspension is valid as occurring 30 days after the notice was mailed. Chambers v. State (1989), Ind.App.,
We agree. Because of the resulting duty to record the mailing of notice, the certification of mailing contained in State's Exhibit 1 was admissible as within the official records exception to the hearsay rule. On this point Horris is overruled. The trial court did not err in overruling the defendant's objection.
3. Sufficiency of Evidence
The defendant's argument regarding insufficiency of evidence is premised upon his claim that the certification of mailing was not admissible. Since he has not prevailed оn that issue, his claim of insufficient evidence must also fail.
*801 3. Instruction That Mailing Was Sufficient to Prove Receipt
The defendant contends that the trial court committed fundamental constitutional error when it instructed the jury that evidence of a properly mailed letter was sufficient to establish receipt by the addressee unless contradicted by other evidence. He argues that the instruction could reasonably be understood to create a mandatory presumption, and therefore violated due process by relieving the State of the burden of persuasion on an element of the offense, citing Sandstrom v. Montanа (1979),
The trial court's final instructions included the following:
Evidence that a letter properly addressed, stamped and deposited in the U.S. Mail is prima facie proof that the letter was received by the person to whom it was addressed. Whether the denial of receipt by the person to whom the letter was addressed is sufficient to overcome the prima facie case is fоr the trier of fact to determine from all of the evidence.
"Prima facie evidence" means such evidence as is sufficient to establish a given fact and which will remain sufficient if uncontradiсted.
This instruction could reasonably be understood to advise that evidence of mailing constituted proof of receipt, and that the defendant must "overcome" such proof. As such, the instruсtion created an improper mandatory presumption, not merely an instruction which informed the jury that they might infer receipt of notice from evidence of mailing. Even though the instruction made the presumption rebuttable, a mandatory rebuttable presumption is no less unconstitutional. Francis,
Acknowledging his failure to timely object to these instructions as required by Ind. Criminal Rule 8(B), the defendant argues that the giving of these instructions constitutes fundamental error which should exeuse trial counsel's procedural default.
To support a contention of fundamental error, a defendant must dеmonstrate that, had the proper objection been made at trial, the court would have had no choice but to sustain the request. Brockway v. State (1987), Ind.,
Having determined that procedural default thus does not preclude the defendant from asserting his claim of error in giving the instructions at issue, we must determine whether such erroneous instruction was harmless. A Sandstrom instruction error, being of constitutional dimension, will not require reversal of a conviction where, after review of the entire record, the reviewing court concludes the error was harmless beyond a reasonable doubt. Rose v. Clark (1986),
The evidence at trial shows that, in an incident separate and distinct from the presеnt charge, the defendant was stopped by West Lafayette, Indiana, police officer, John Cox on Feb. 21, 1988, six months before the present offense, and advised that his license was suspendеd for being a habitual traffic offender. Record at 129-82. The defendant admits that at his court appearance in April, 1988, resulting from the February arrest, the judge read to him the charge that he knowingly operated an automobile after having been adjudged a habitual traffic offender. Record at 147-151, 155. We conclude that the erroneous instruction was harmless beyond a reasonablе doubt because other evidence established the defendant's knowledge of his suspension as a habitual traffic violator. *802 We therefore find no reversible error on this issue.
Transfer is granted. The opinion of the Court of Appeals is vacated. The judgment of the trial court is affirmed.