134 Va. 518 | Va. | 1922
delivered the opinion of the court.
Upon an appeal from a sentence of conviction by the civil and police justice of the city of Radford for a vio
1. The record shows that the defendant made a motion in the corporation court “to quash the warrant for error apparent upon its face, but assigned no other ground therefor.” The obvious meaning of this language is that the motion was general, and pointed out no specific objections to the form of the warrant. The motion was overruled, and this action of the court is assigned as error.
The warrant was as follows:
“Virginia: City of Radford, to-wit:
“Whereas, R. H. Moore has this day made complaint and information on oath before me, John H. Stump, civil and police justice of said city, that Albert L. Collins did, on the........................day of January, 1921, and within twelve months last past, and within the city limits, unlawfully transport, sell, keep or store for sale, ardent spirits; the said Collins having previously, to-wit: on the 25th day of December, 1920, been convicted of storing and keeping for sale ardent spirits in the said civil and police justice’s court and fined $400.00 and costs, and sentenced to serve sixty days in jail, which jail sentence was suspended by the said civil and police justice during the good behavior of the said Albert L. Collins.
“And the said Albert L. Collins on the........................ day of January, 1921, and within twelve months last past, within said city limits,' did attempt to transfer, sell, keep or store for sale ardent spirits.
“These are, therefore, in the name of the Common*524 wealth, of Virginia, to command you that you forthwith apprehend and bring before me the body of the said Albert L. Collins to answer the said complaint and information, and to be further dealt with according to law. And I further command you that you summon R. H. Moore and Herbert Gibson as witnesses to testify against the said Albert L. Collins, in behalf of the Commonwealth.
“Given under my hand and seal this 4th day of February, 1921.
“JOHN H. STUMP,
“Civil and police justice (L. S.)”
We do not see anything on the face of this warrant which can be regarded as seriously irregular or defective. It did not specifically charge a violation of a city ordinance, and it concluded in the name of the Commonwealth and not in the name of the city. But it did show that it emanated in the city of Radford, for an offense against the prohibition law committed within the city limits, and that it was issued and was to be tried by the police justice of that city, whose jurisdiction, as to such offenses, was expressly confined by law to infractions of city ordinances. See act creating his office, approved March 20, 1920, Acts 1920, page 275, and section 24 (prohibition law), Acts 1918, page 598. There is no law prescribing any special form for the conclusion of a warrant, and the conclusion of this one in the name of the Commonwealth, even if irregular, was neither misleading nor inconsistent. “In the last analysis the municipality is, after all, but a mere arm or agency of the State — and its power to punish is by direct delegation from the State.” Lile’s Notes on Municipal Corporations, section 138.
The case having originated in a municipal court
Whether the same rule applies on appeals from municipal courts to State courts, where the trial is to be had de novo, as with us, is a question upon which there is a diversity of judicial decision. 15 R. C. L., p. 1078; 17 Am. & Eng. Ency. L. (2d ed.) 938; McQuillin Mun. Corp., sec. 861; 16 Cyc. 899. But the better considered view is, in our opinion, that in such cases the State courts hold the same relationship to the ordinances as the municipal courts. The former are, in that respect, ;pro hac vice, the latter. 2 McQuillin on Mun. Corp., sec. 861; Moundsville v. Velton, 35 W. Va. 217, 13 S. E. 373; Portland v. Yick, 44 Or. 439, 75 Pac. 706, 102 Am. St. Rep. 633; Steiner v. State, 78 Neb. 147, 110 N. W. 723; Solomon v. Hughes, 24 Kan. 211; Downing v. Miltonvale, 36 Kan. 740, 14 Pac. 281; Milbank v. Cronlokken, 29 S. D. 46, 135 N. W. 711, Ann. Cas. 1914-C, p. 1231; Galen Hall Co. v. Atlantic City, 76 N. J. L. 20, 68 Atl. 1092; Sidelsky v. Atlantic City, 84 N. J. L. 198, 86 Atl. 531; Buffalo v. Stevenson, 145 App. Div. 117, 129 N. Y. Supp. 125.
Both the police justice and the corporation court of the city of Radford were bound in this case to take judicial notice of the existence and effect of the ordinance ; and there was no defect in the warrant by reason of its failure to allege the same.
We have adverted to the failure of the warrant to allege the ordinance, not because counsel have in any
Furthermore, it ought to be observed in this connection that on the appeal to the corporation court the trial was expressly required to be conducted without formal pleadings (Code, section 4990); and the fullest provision is made for all amendments of the original warrant “in any respect in which it appears to be defective.” (Code, section 4989.) Under the broad terms of the section last cited, if there had been, as there clearly was not, any substantial reason to suppose that the accused did not know from the warrant what he was charged with, the court could even have gone to the extent of discarding entirely the original warrant, issuing a new one for the offense, and proceeding to trial on that. The provisions of the statute are intended to give the court a free hand in conducting the trial on appeal in such way as to guarantee to the accused every substantial right, on the one hand, and, on the other, to cut off frivolous and purely formal objections. See Harding v. Commonwealth, 105 Va. 858, 52 S. E. 832; Flint v. Commonwealth, 114 Va. 820, 76 S. E. 308; Robinson v. Commonwealth, 118 Va. 785, 87 S. E. 553; Harley v. Commonwealth, 131 Va. 664, 108 S. E. 648.
In Jones v. Commonwealth, 100 Va. 842, 853, 41 S. E.
If it be suggested that the defendant could not know from this warrant whether he was charged with a municipal or a State offense, a sufficient answer is that the police justice had no jurisdiction as to violations of the prohibition law except in cases arising under ordinances of the city; that he “called upon the plain
As stated before, it does not appear that any reasons whatever were assigned in the lower court for the motion to quash the warrant except unnamed “errors apparent on its face.” We shall now proceed to consider the only grounds which are, under this general objection, relied on or mentioned in the assignments of error.
It will be observed that the warrant contained two counts. The first charged that the defendant did “within twelve months last past and within the city limits, unlawfully transport, sell, keep or store for sale ardent spirits; * * * having previously, to-wit, on the 25th day of December, 1920, been convicted of storing and keeping for sale ardent spirits in said civil and police justice’s court. * * The second count charges that, within twelve months prior thereto and within the city limits, he “did attempt to transport, sell, keep or store for sale ardent spirits.”
The first point made against the form of the warrant is a mere quaere, presented in the defendant’s petition without discussion or citation of authority as follows: “It is familiar practice where the statute provides for greater punishment for the second or third conviction, to charge in the indictment former convictions, but can that be done before a magistrate, or in any forum other than a court of record?”
This quaere relates only to the first count. If the civil and police justice had jurisdiction to determine a
No demurrer to the warrant was interposed and no motion was made to instruct the jury to disregard the first count. There was a general verdict of guilty, which might well have been found under the second count. This being true, even if the first count was bad, the regularity of the judgment was not affected thereby. (Code 1919, section 4923.)
Another objection urged to the form of the warrant goes to the second count, and is that it failed to allege that the accused attempted to “unlawfully” transport ardent spirits. If the objection were good as an original proposition, the presumption would be that the court, if the objection had been pointed out, would have amended the warrant. As will hereinafter appear, the evidence shows that the act which the accused was charged with having attempted, was clearly unlawful, and if he was guilty as charged, he was certainly in no way prejudiced by the omission of that word from the warrant. But this aside, the objection, if adequately raised and in due time, was without merit. The ordinance must have followed the State law as far as applicable. Acts 1922, chapter 345, section 27. Sections 3 and 3-a of the act declare that it is unlawful to transport or attempt • to transport ardent spirits, except as thereinafter provided. The word “unlawful” is not a part of the description of the acts which these sections prohibit. It declares that the acts themselves — that is, every transportation, etc., and at
It is also said (and this is the only remaining objection urged against the form of the warrant) that it should have specified the acts of the defendant constituting the alleged attempt; citing Clark’s Case, 6 Gratt. (47 Va.) 675. It must be remembered, however, that Clark’s Case dealt with a formal indictment, and also that the proceeding there involved was controlled
2. We pass now to the merits of the case as actually made by the city of Radford against the defendant. It is conceded that the specific offense for which he was tried and convicted was an attempt to transport ardent spirits. It is not questioned that such an attempt, if proved, would constitute a crime under the city ordinance. This, indeed, seems to affirmatively appear from instruction No. 1, given by the court, which'was as follows: “The court instructs the jury that if they shall find the defendant guilty of an attempt to transport ardent spirits, they shall fix his punishment at a fine of not less than fifty dollars nor more than five hundred dollars, and confinement in jail not less than thirty days, nor more than six months, and if they believe from the evidence beyond a reasonable doubt, that the prisoner had been previously convicted of violation of ordinance No. 226 of the city of Radford, then in that case they shall fix his punishment at a fine of not
There is no contention that the foregoing instruction failed to correctly set forth the terms of the city ordinance. The penalty fixed by the jury is shown by stipulation of counsel to have been in conformity with such ordinance.
This brings us to the important assignment of error in the case, and the one chiefly relied upon by counsel for the defendant, which is that the acts shown in evidence as having been done by him do not in law constitute an attempt to transport ardent spirits.
A proper disposition of the question thus presented makes it necessary to briefly set forth the facts, and we quote the following substantially correct ■ and practically complete statement from the brief of counsel for the defendant, the matter in parentheses having been added by us from the evidence as reported in full:
“The facts proven are these: That on the 25th day of December, 1920, petitioner confessed to a violation of the prohibition law, and paid a fine of four hundred dollars, and costs, and was sentenced to serve sixty days in the city jail, which sentence was suspended by the civil and police justice.
“That on the............................day of January, 1921, Albert L. Collins, your petitioner, went to a haystack on the farm of a man by the name of Gibson, which is in the corporate limits of the city of Radford, and about one mile from the home of Albert Collins. That the said Collins had previously made arrangements with some person unknown to place a gallon of whiskey at said haystack for him. That Collins went to the said haystack between dusk and dark, and there felt for the whiskey. That Collins stated to Gibson and Moore, who arrested him, that somebody had promised to*533 leave him some whiskey there, and when asked how much he stated a fellow was going to leave him a gallon. (That he paid this person twelve dollars, but did not know the person.) He did not say what he was going to do with it. He stated that he came to the haystack for the whiskey. Prior to his going to the haystack for the whiskey, Gibson had found the same in the haystack and carried it to his barn, about one-fourth of a mile away from the hay stack, and then notified the policeman of the city of Radford. There was no whiskey at the hay stack at the time Collins was feeling for it, and he did not see it or get his hands on it (but reached into the place where it had been). That there was three gallons of whiskey found in the haystack instead of one gallon.” (He was arrested practically in the act of trying to get the whiskey.)
It may be well, in approaching the discussion of this branch of the ease, to dispel the perhaps natural first impression that as the offense attemptedwasmerely a misdemeanor, and as such attempt failed, the cause is one of trifling importance. The act which the defendant was charged with committing was not malum in se, and at common law an attempt to commit it would not have constituted a crime of any grade. But all fair debate as to whether the offense in question here is to be considered as a sufficient foundation for prosecution and conviction in the courts of this State is absolutely concluded by the terms of the statute, Acts 1918, chapter 388, section 3-a, as follows: “It shall be unlawful for any person to attempt to do any of the things prohibited by this act. * * * And upon indictment for the violation of any provisions of this act the jury may find the defendant guilty of an attempt, etc.”
Nor are we'left without a guide as to the purpose and spirit with respect to which this law in all of its pro
To be sure the courts must exercise judgment and discretion in construing any doubtful provisions in the act, but the terms of the statute leave no room to doubt that any willful attempt to violate the law in any substantial particular must itself be regarded as a crime and punishable accordingly. In other words, whenever we ought to sustain a conviction if the offense were consummated, we ought to sustain a conviction for conduct which in law amounts to an attempt to commit it. The law is expressly so written.
Now, in this case, it is idle to say that the act which the defendant was trying to commit would not, if accomplished, have been a serious violation of the law. It was charged and proved that he was an old offender, and he had deliberately laid his plans for another infraction of the law — one for which we have frequently affirmed sentences of conviction. Therefore, unless we are to say that all mere attempts, as distinguished from accomplished acts, are to be ignored in the prohibition law, and section 3-a of the act practically nullified, the defendant in this case was a willful and substantial violator of the law and his conviction must stand, subject only to this question: Did his acts, combined with his purpose, in trying to consummate his plan, amount in law to an attempt? We think they did.
It is contended on behalf of the defendant that his conduct in going after the whiskey and reaching into the haystack for it did not pass beyond the stage of
In order to constitute an attempt to commit crime, two elements are essential — first, the intent to commit, and, second, a direct ineffectual act done toward its commission. Hicks v. Commonwealth, 86 Va. 223, 226, 9 S. E. 1024, 19 Am. St. Rep. 891.
In this ease the defendant’s intent to get the whiskey and carry it away, if not conceded, is proved by conclusive and uncontradicted evidence, and it is in our opinion not less clear that in legal contemplation he performed a direct ineffectual act towards the consummation of that intention. It is not always easy to draw the line between acts of mere preparation and acts standing in proximate and causal relation to what would be a consummation of the offense if its commission were completed. It is here, and not in the statement of the general rule, that obscurity and confusion will sometimes arise. This case, however, is free from serious difficulty. It is difficult to conceive .of a more immediate and direct act towards the consummation of the offense than the effort on his part to get posses
It is quite true that, owing to the recent removal of the whiskey, consummation of the attempt was impossible, but the impossibility of performance was not of a kind to rob his act of its criminal character. All the authorities hold that in order to constitute an attempt the act attempted must not be impossible, but this rule has reference to inherent impossibility, and not to cases where the impossibility has been brought about by outside interference, or grows out of extraneous facts not within the knowledge and control of the accused. 8 R. C. L., p. 280, sec. 298, and other authorities cited below.
The Virginia decisions dealing with attempts to commit crime, except in so far as they lay down the general rule as to the essential elements of the. offense, are not very helpful in this case, because none of them are very similar in their facts.
The case of Foster v. Commonwealth, 96 Va. 306, 31 S. E. 503, 42 L. R. A. 589, 70 Am. St. Rep. 846, relied upon by the defendant, is not at all in point.. It belongs to that class of cases in which the law conclusively presumes that certain persons are incapable of committing certain crimes. This is an exception to the general rule that an impossibility not necessarily inherent, and not known to the accused, constitutes no defense. The distinction is pointed out in 3 Am. & Eng. Eney. L. (2d ed.), p. 270.
The case of Hicks v. Commonwealth, 86 Va. 223, 9 S. E. 1024, 19 Am. St. Rep. 891, especially relied upon by counsel for the defendant, contains nothing which in any way conflicts with the view that the defendant here was guilty of the attempt charged. The court in
In Lynch v. Commonwealth, 131 Va. 769, 109 S. E. 418, 420, quoting in part from Wharton’s Criminal Law (11th ed.), section 224, we said: “An attempt to be indictable and punishable ‘need not be capable of success;- * * * it being clear that apparent adaptation may constitute the attempt. * * * It is enough if there is a possibility * * *.’ ”
In Commonwealth v. Jacobs (Mass.), 9 Allen 274, Mr. Justice Gray said that “whenever the law makes one step towards the accomplishment of an object, with the intent or purpose of accomplishing it, criminal, a. person taking that step, with that intent or purpose, and himself capable of doing every act on his part to accomplish that object, cannot protect himself from responsibility by showing that, by reason of some fact unknown to him at the time of his criminal attempt, it could not be fully carried into effect in the particular instance.”
In People v. Moran, 123 N. Y. 254, 25 N. E. 412, 10 L. R. A. 109, 20 Am. St. Rep. 732, the court said, that while the cases on the subject in England were not uniform, “in this country, however, the courts * * *
In Freeman’s note to the case of People v. Moran, supra, the learned annotator said: “It is a general rule that where an intended criminal result is not accomplished simply because of an obstruction in the way, or because of the want of the thing to be operated upon when the impediment is of a nature to be unknown to the defendant who used what seemed to be appropriate means, the criminal attempt is committed.”
In 1 Bishop’s Criminal Law (7th ed.), sec. 742, the author says: “In reason the rule is, that if there is an intent to do what in law constitutes a substantive crime, and the person intending such crime proceeds in its commission till interrupted by some unforeseen impediment or lack, outside of himself, special to the particular case, and not open to observation, he commits the indictable attempt.” And this rule, the learned author says in section 743, represents the doctrine as established by the better considered American decisions.
The authorities in this country, generally, are to this effect, and citation thereof might be extended to indefinite length. We add only the following: 1 Wharton Cr. Law (11th ed.), sec 224; 3 Am. & Eng. Ency. L. (2d ed.), p. 271; 16 C. J. 116; 8 R. C. L., p. 280, sec. 298.
It follows that the second assignment of error, which, while challenging the action of the court in giving and refusing instructions, is necessarily settled by the conclusion we have above announced, must be overruled.
3. During the closing argument of the case, the attorney for the city of Radford used the following language: “It makes no difference whether the liquor was
This assignment of error raises a question which we need not decide. If the statement of the city attorney, as a proposition of law and as an interpretation of the court’s instructions, was erroneous, it could not have prejudiced the defendant. The evidence showed that the whiskey had as a matter of fact been placed in the haystack, and the defendant could not have been harmed by counsel’s statement to the jury, that the prisoner would be equally guilty if no whiskey had ever been placed there. If there was error in the statement of counsel, it was error in an abstract proposition of law, and under the facts of the ease entirely harmless.
For the reasons stated, the sentence of the corporation court is affirmed.
Affirmed.