515 S.W.2d 829 | Mo. Ct. App. | 1974
This is the fourth appellate chapter in a marathon judicial serial which began its run in 1962 when the State Commissioner of Agriculture instituted an action against Wilfred E. Roth d/b/a Wimpy’s I.G.A. Foodliner, a nonprocessing retailer of milk as defined in the Unfair Milk Sales Practices Act (hereinafter the Act) [§ 416.-410(10)j,
Defendant Roth owned a grocery store in Ste. Genevieve, Wimpy’s I.G.A. Food-liner, where he sold milk at retail in sufficient volume to affect prices in Ste. Genevieve and Perry counties. Plaintiff Collier, a milk distributor [§ 416.410(7)] at Perryville, Missouri, sold milk through subdistributors Bernie Palmer in Ste. Genevieve, Missouri, and Roy Wilson and Glen Dobbelare in Perryville, Missouri, who in turn sold the milk at wholesale to retail stores and at retail on home delivery routes. During the period for which damages were sought in this action, to wit, October 1961 to August 1962 inclusive, de
Defendant’s complaints on this appeal are leveled at instructions 2 and 7 tendered by plaintiff. The first point charges that the trial court erred in giving instruction 7, which reads thusly:
“If you find the issues in favor of the plaintiff, and if you believe the conduct of defendant as submitted in Instruction Number 2 was willful, wanton, or malicious, then you may award plaintiff three times his actual damages to which you find plaintiff entitled under Instruction No. 6 as actual and punitive damages.
“The word ‘malicious’ as used in this instruction does not mean hatred, spite or ill will, as commonly understood, but means the doing of a wrongful act intentionally without just cause or excuse.
“MAI No. 10.01 Modified
“MAI No. 16.01
“Tendered by Plaintiff”
The three reasons assigned in the three subpoints under the first point are that instruction 7 “(a) submits an issue not raised by the pleadings; (b) directs the jury as to the amount of punitive damages, if any, it should assess; [and] (c) misstates the applicable law by advising the jury that the only penalty it could assess was three times actual damages.”
Of (a). The argument of defendant’s counsel on this subpoint runs along the line (1) that plaintiff’s petition did not “support” the giving of instruction 7 (a modification of MAI 10.01 dealing with “Damages — Exemplary—Willful, Wanton or Malicious Misconduct” followed by the definition of legal malice in MAI 16.01), because this instruction submitted a “claim for punitive damages based on willful, wanton, or malicious misconduct” although (so counsel declare) plaintiff’s petition did not “serve to alert defendant that ‘punitive’ damages [were] being sought because of his alleged ‘malicious’ behavior,” and (2) that, since plaintiff’s petition pleaded a cause of action predicated on § 416.455 and that statute does not expressly mention “malice” or “maliciousness,” instruction 7 presented to the jury “an issue entirely foreign to the pleadings.” (Emphasis by counsel)
It always has been the law in this jurisdiction that, as declared in MAI 16.01 (the second paragraph of plaintiff’s instruction 7), malice in its legal sense means the doing of a wrongful act intentionally without just cause, for which, as stated in MAI 10.01 (appropriately modified in the first paragraph of plaintiff’s instruction 7), the trier of the facts may award exemplary or punitive damages.
Instant plaintiff’s petition charged, inter alia, that defendant had offered for sale and sold milk in violation of §§ 416.425 and 416.435 of the Act “with the intent and effect of unfairly diverting trade from the plaintiff and with the intent of destroying plaintiff’s business,” averred that
On the second appeal in this case, we pointed out per Titus, P. J., that, although the Act is not to be classified as criminal because it provides for no criminal penalties [Borden Co. v. Thomason, 353 S.W.2d 735, 750, 755 (Mo. banc 1962)], “that portion of § 416.455 with which we are concerned is, nonetheless, penal in nature” in that it permits the recovery of penal or punitive damages by investing the trier of the facts with discretionary authority to award an aggrieved plaintiff three times the actual damages sustained.
Of (h) and (c). We treat of these subpoints together because of their intertwined complaints that instruction 7 advised the jurors that, if they found the issues for plaintiff, they might award him “three times his actual damages as actual and punitive damages,” rather than informing them that they might award him (as defendant’s counsel insist in their brief should have been done) “up to, but not beyond, three times actual damages.” In their effort to support this position, defendant’s counsel primarily and principally rely upon the statement in our case of Simmons v. Jones, 361 S.W.2d 860, 865 (Mo.App.1962), as quoted in the “Committee’s Comment” under MAI 10.01, that “ ‘the giving or withholding of punitive damages, as well as the amount thereof, lies wholly within the discretion of the jury’ [citing cases] ; and therefore an instruction which, either expressly or in effect, directs the assessment of such damages in some amount is erroneous.” (Emphasis by counsel) Simmons was a jury-tried action for damages on account of personal injuries sustained in a rear-end vehicular collision, and the above-quoted excerpt from the opinion in that case recognized the established principle applicable in situations where, as in Simmons, the exercise of discretion by the trier of the facts in determining the amount of punitive damages is not limited, regulated or controlled by legislative enactment.
However, instant plaintiff’s suit is on a cause of action created and conferred by statute, namely, the Unfair Milk Sales Practices Act [§§ 416.410 to 416.560, inch], and his recovery of punitive damages in an action such as the one at bar is controlled and governed by § 416.455 which in pertinent part provides that “[a]ny person who is' injured in business or property by reason of another person’s violation of any provision of sections 416.410 to 416.560 . may bring a separate action and recover three times the actual damages sustained as a result of the violation . ” As we view it, this is a clear, plain and unambiguous statutory grant of permissive authority for the trier of the facts to award “three times the actual damages sustained,” conferred in language which neither states nor fairly implies that such award may be in any amount “up to, but not beyond” three times the actual damages. This opinion concerning the statutory grant under consideration has been strengthened and confirmed by an extensive review of our Missouri statutes which clearly and convincingly reflect the fact
Where, as here, a statute is clear, plain and unambiguous on its face, provisions or limitations not plainly written or necessarily implied from what is written may not be interpolated or intercalated therein to effect some modification of or change in the right conferred by the statute. See Missouri Public Service Co. v. Platte-Clay Elec. Coop., 407 S.W.2d 883, 891(13) (Mo.1966); St. Louis County Library Dist. v. Hopkins, 37S S.W.2d 71, 75(5) (Mo.1964). In fine, we must be guided by what the General Assembly says, not by what either we or interested parties might surmise it perchance meant to say. United Air Lines, Inc. v. State Tax Commission, 377 S.W.2d 444, 448(2) (Mo. banc 1964); Missouri Public Service Co. v. Platte-Clay Elec. Coop., supra, 407 S.W.2d at 891(14); Consolidated Freightways Corp. of Delaware v. State, 503 S.W.2d 1, 4 (Mo.1972), cert. denied 412 U.S. 919, 93 S.Ct. 2732, 37 L.Ed.2d 145 (1973); DePoortere v. Commercial Credit Corp., 500 S.W.2d 724, 727(2) (Mo.App.1973). Being definitely of the opinion that subpoints (b) and (c) are without merit, we so hold.
Before passing to the second point, we note that, in their argument of subpoint (c) under the first point, defendant’s counsel essay a theretofore unannounced and unrecorded attack upon the form of the verdict returned by the jury, on the ground that it did not comply with the requirement of Rule 71.06, that “[w]hen exemplary or punitive damages are allowed 'by the jury, the amount thereof shall be separately stated in the verdict,” closing that attack with the thrust “that unless plaintiff remits the sum of $11,679.24 (the sum assessed in excess of actual damages
However, we may and perhaps should record the fact that the form of verdict returned in this case was in substantial, although not precise, compliance with Rule 71.06 in that the jury therein specifically assessed plaintiff’s actual damages in the sum of $5,839.62 and, by thereafter assessing “plaintiff’s actual and punitive damages in an amount three times his actual damages in the sum of $17,518.86” indirectly, but nevertheless plainly, did assess his punitive damages at $11,679.24. The language of the form of verdict returned by the jury (one of three such forms given to the jury in instruction 10, which otherwise faithfully conformed to MAI 36.11), no doubt was prompted by an effort to follow the permissive statutory grant in § 416.455 for recovery of “three times the actual damages sustained.” However that may be, we are satisfied that, on the record before us, defendant was in no wise prejudiced or adversely affected by the form of verdict.
In his second point, defendant complains that the trial court erred in giving instruction 2, reading as follows:
“Your verdict must be for plaintiff if you believe:
“First, defendant advertised or sold milk for less than cost, and
“Second, defendant did sell with the intent or with the effect of injuring plaintiff; and
“Third, as a direct result thereof, plaintiff suffered damage,
unless you believe plaintiff is not entitled to recover by reason of Instruction No. 5.”9
Counsel assert that the giving of this not-in-MAI instruction constituted reversi
Careful consideration of this point leaves us in no doubt but that counsel have undertaken to raise a frail superstructure of speculation upon the quicksand of a false premise, to wit, that “[t]he court told [the jury] in paragraph Second” of instruction 2 that “a plaintiff can be damaged without being injured.” We can neither read into nor infer from the language of paragraph Second any such meaning, idea, concept or conclusion. Considered from either a commonsense or a structural grammatic standpoint, the closing adverbial prepositional phrase “of injuring plaintiff” in paragraph Second modified and referred to both of the preceding adverbial prepositional phrases, i. e., “with the intent” and “with the effect,” so that the true and manifest meaning of paragraph Second was as if it had been expanded thusly, “Second, defendant did sell with the intent [of injuring plaintiff] or with the effect of injuring plaintiff.” M. Semmelmeyer & D. Bo-lander, Instant English Handbook 191 (1968) ; J. Walsh & A. Walsh, Plain English Handbook § 338, p. 52 (Rev.Ed.1959). And irrespective of whether the jury might have found “intent” or “effect” or both under paragraph Second, it is clear that instruction 2 authorized and permitted no verdict for plaintiff unless the jury further found pursuant to the requirement of paragraph Third that, “as a direct result thereof, plaintiff suffered damage.” In defining and treating of “damage” and “injure,” lexicographers cite each as a synonym of the other [Webster’s Third New International Dictionary, “damage,” p. 571, “injure,” p. 1164 (1967) ; The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language, “damage,” p. 333, “injure,” p. 676 (1969)], and we are of the view that ordinarily intelligent laymen regard and use “damage” and “injure” in like manner.
Furthermore, that portion of paragraph Second, i. e., “with the intent or with the effect of injuring plaintiff,” upon which defendant’s attack against instruction 2 depends, faithfully follows the lan
In considering defendant’s complaint about instruction 2, we also have noted the directive that “where [as here] there is no applicable MAI so that an instruction not in MAI must be given, then such [instruction] shall be simple, brief, impartial, free from argument, and shall not submit to the jury or require findings of detailed evidentiary facts.” Rule 70.-01(e). And we have been mindful of the principles well stated and summarized in Wims v. Bi-State Development Agency, 484 S.W.2d 323, 325(3) (Mo. banc 1972): “‘[I]n determining the legal sufficiency of instructions [when not using an MAI form] . . . the court “should not be hypertechnical in requiring grammatical perfection, the use of certain words or phrases, or any particular arrangement or form of language, but . . . should be concerned with the meaning of the instruction . . to a jury of ordinarily intelligent laymen.” ’ Bartleman v. Humphrey, Mo.Sup., 441 S.W.2d 335, 348. And it has often been recognized that juries are composed of ordinarily intelligent persons who should be credited with having common sense and an average understanding of our language.” See also Tietjens v. General Motors Corporation, 418 S.W.2d 75, 86(9, 10) (Mo.1967); Samuels v. Klimowicz, 380 S.W.2d 418, 421(3) (Mo.1964); LaPlant v. E. I. DuPont de Nemours and Co., 346 S.W.2d 231, 242-243(18) (Mo.App.1961); Gould v. M.F.A. Mutual Ins. Co., 331 S.W.2d 663, 671(15) (Mo.App.1960).
We are of the definite opinion that, examined with due regard for all of the foregoing, instruction 2 was not erroneous. In any event, when all of the instructions in the case are read and considered together as they must be [Jefferson v. Biggar, 416 S.W.2d 933, 939(5) (Mo.1967); Hampton v. Cantrell, 464 S.W.2d 744, 749 (Mo.App.1971); Ervin v. Coleman, 454 S.W.2d 289, 292(7) (Mo.App.1970)] and thereby not-in-MAI instruction 5 (offered by defendant and quoted marginally in note 9) is noted, and when we recall that $5,839.62, the amount of “actual damages” found by the jury in its verdict was the precise sum shown in evidence as having been paid by defendant to his subdistribu-tors, we are convinced beyond doubt that defendant’s attack upon instruction 2 is without merit and that the giving of that instruction could not have constituted prejudicial error “materially affecting the merits of the action” [Rule 84.13(b)], which would be prerequisite to setting aside the judgment nisi.
Accordingly, the judgment for plaintiff is affirmed.
. All statutory references are to RSMo 1969, V.A.M.S., and all references to rules are to the Supreme Court Rules of Civil Procedure, V.A.M.R.
. “Any person who is injured in business or property by reason of another person’s violation of any provision of sections 416.410 to 416.660 may intervene in the suit for injunction instituted pursuant to section 416.450, against the other person or he may bring a separate action and recover three times the aci'i-1 damages sustained as a result of the violation, together with the costs of the suit, or may sue to enjoin the violation of any provision of sections 416.410 to 416.560.”
. Goetz v. Ambs, 27 Mo. 28, 33-34 (1858); Buckley v. Knapp, 48 Mo. 152, 161-162 (1871); McNamara v. St. Louis Transit Co., 182 Mo. 676, 681, 685, 81 S.W. 880 (1904); Beggs v. Universal C.I.T. Credit Corp., 409 S.W.2d 719, 722(2—4) (Mo.1966), 35 A.L.R. 3d 1007; Tietjens v. General Motors Corp., 418 S.W.2d 75, 88(14) (Mo.1967); Mills v. Murray, 472 S.W.2d 6, 17 (Mo.App.1971).
. Except as otherwise specifically noted, all emphasis herein is ours.
. “[A]oi to exceed” — §§ 89.450, 119.620, 137.545, 165.111(2), 166.141, 168.081, 168.151, 205.966(3), 214.410, 257.280(3), 279.010(3), 279.020(3), 305.090, 307.155, 374.280(1), 375.420, 375.445(2), 375.946, 379.410(2), 379.510, 389.660(3), 407.080, 473.257, 537.045, 559.370, 560.420, 561.415, and 564.590; “not exceeding” — § § 41.760, 85.150, 445.070(1), 542.250, 559.340, 563.310, 563.830, 564.210, 564.320, 564.530 and 564.540; “not more than” — §§ 111.811, 303.370(2), 563.350, 563.360 and 564.530; “shall not exceed” — §§ 8.178, 66.080(1) and 556.110.
. “[NJot to exceed” — §§ 21.150(3), 42.010, 51.460, 56.160, 56.540(3) (4), 56.590, 61.190 (2), 85.010, 88.170(2), 113.690(2), (3), 118.120, 119.090, 287.180, 287.190, 291.040, 332.041(3), 333.221(2) and 498:100(1); “shall not exceed" — §§ 21.150(1), (3), 82.390 (3), 88.170(1), 98.320(4), 256.020, 287.240 (2), 333.221(1) and 339.120; “not exceeding” —§§ 287.240(1) and 291.040; “not more than” —§ 119.180(1) ; “not less than and not more than" — §§ 51.430, 52.340, 53.070, 58.150, 59.270(1) and 85.090(1-19) ; “not less than . . . nor more than" — §§ 51.430, 52.340, 53.070, 56.540(3), (4), 58.150, 59.270(1) and 84.510(2) ; “in no case less than . . . nor more than" — § 287.240(2).
. Dudeck v. Ellis, 399 S.W.2d 80, 97(18) (Mo.1966) ; State ex rel. State Highway Commission v. Heim, 483 S.W.2d 410, 415(16) (Mo.App.1972) ; Missouri State Park Board v. McDaniel, 473 S.W.2d 774, 781(4) (Mo. App.1971), 51 A.L.R.Sd 1040; Aiple v. South Side National Bank in St. Bonis, 442 S.W.2d 145, 148(3) (Mo.App.1969).
. Berger v. Huser, 498 S.W.2d 536, 539(2) (Mo.1973) ; State ex rel. Danforth v. Independence Dodge, Inc., 494 S.W.2d 362, 367 (5) (Mo.App.1973) ; Keith v. Tucker, 483 S.W.2d 430, 436(10) (Mo.App.1972) ; Del Monte Corporation v. Stark & Son Wholesale, Inc., 474 S.W.2Ü 854, 857(2, 3) (Mo.App.1971), and cases there collected.
.Instruction 5. “Your verdict must be for the defendant, even if you believe defendant advertised or sold milk for less than his cost, if you believe:
“The prices defendant charged for milk were made in good faith to meet the equally lower price of competition and were not made with the intent or with the effect of unfairly diverting trade from .plaintiff.”
. Plaintiff explained that he was engaged not only in the distribution of milk but also in hauling milk “from the farm into the procesisng plant,” which was “a separate source of income”; that the volume of milk thus hauled by him increased from six million pounds in 1960 to more than nine million pounds in 1961 and then to more than twelve million pounds in 1962; but that the expenses incident to picking up more milk on his established routes did not increase in direct ratio to the volume. No evidence was adduced concerning the volume of milk picked up during the period for which damages were sought herein, i. e., October 1961 to August 1962 inclusive, or concerning plaintiff’s income during that period.