The pivotal question in this appeal is whether removal jurisdiction under the Class Action Fairness Act (CAFA), Pub.L. No. 109-2, 119 Stat. 4 (2005), may attach even though the complaint does not specifically define a proposed class. The district court answered this question in the negative and remanded the case to the local court in which it had originated.
Coll. of Dental Surgeons of P.R. v. Triple-S Mgmt., Inc.,
Civ. No. 09-1209,
We now decide the appeal. After sketching the background facts and travel of the case, our response is in two main parts. First, we articulate the standards that apply in this circuit to guide the court of appeals in allowing or disallowing applications for leave to pursue discretionary appeals under CAFA. Second, we address the merits of the district court’s order and conclude that the court acted prematurely in remanding the action. Consequently, we vacate the remand order and remit the case for further proceedings in the district court.
I. BACKGROUND
Because this litigation is in its infancy, we draw the facts from the complaint.
The College of Dental Surgeons of Puerto Rico (the College) is an entity created by the Puerto Rico legislature. See P.R. Laws Ann. tit. 20, §§ 111-123. With only minor exceptions, every dentist licensed to practice in Puerto Rico must belong. Id. § 114. The College has both the' capacity to sue, id. § 112(a), and a statutory mandate to “protect” its members’ interests as those interests relate to the practice of dentistry, id. § 112(h).
On February 11, 2009, the College sued twenty-five defendants (insurance companies, health maintenance organizations, and the like) in a Puerto Rico court. The complaint asserts a litany of claims on behalf of the College and its dentist-members. Among other things, the complaint alleges that the defendants engage in questionable and sometimes fraudulent practices anent contracting, claims processing, and the like, to the dentists’ economic detriment.
The College’s averments are divided into nine statements of claim, all arising under Puerto Rico law. Citing provisions of the Puerto Rico Rules of Civil Procedure, the complaint alleges that the pleaded facts qualify the case for treatment as a class action. In its concluding prayers, the complaint seeks a declaratory judgment, in *37 junctive relief, and damages in excess of $150,000,000.
Two defendants, Connecticut General Life Insurance Company and Metropolitan Life Insurance Company, sought to shift the battleground by filing a timely notice of removal to the federal district court. The removing defendants (appellants here) predicated removal on CAFA, 28 U.S.C. §§ 1332(d), 1453(b). 1 CAFA does not require the consent of all defendants to remove a class action to federal court. See id. § 1453(b).
Several parties moved to remand, arguing that CAFA did not give the district court subject matter jurisdiction. After some procedural skirmishing, not pertinent here, the district court ordered briefing on the jurisdictional issue. The appellants claimed that CAFA jurisdiction attached because the complaint contains class-type allegations sufficient to come within CAFA’s scope. The College and the objecting defendants (collectively, the appellees) demurred; they contended that the complaint does not fall within CAFA’s scope. The College never argued, however, that its suit is other than a class action.
In due course, the district court granted the motions to remand, reasoning in a terse order that the complaint does not “sufficiently define[]” the contours and membership of the plaintiff class and, thus, the College “has not defined a class [within] Federal pleading requirements.”
Coll. of Dental Surgeons,
CAFA affords an opportunity for immediate appeal of a remand order if the court of appeals, in its discretion, grants leave so to proceed. 28 U.S.C. § 1453(c)(1). The appellants sought such permission. The appellees objected.
On September 1, 2009, we granted the application in an unpublished order. The entry of such an order starts the accrual of a sixty-day period within which the court of appeals must decide the matter.
See id.
§ 1453(c)(2);
see also DiTolla v. Doral Dental IPA of N.Y., LLC,
II. ANALYSIS
We divide our analysis into two segments, beginning with our rationale for granting review and only then turning to the meat of the appeal.
A. Leave to Appeal.
Generally, post-removal procedures are dictated by the provisions of 28 U.S.C. § 1447. These procedures apply to CAFA cases, but with some modifications. Pertinently, while most remand orders are not immediately appealable,
see, e.g., Things Remembered, Inc. v. Petrarca,
We do not write on a wholly pristine page. Several other courts of appeals have touched upon this topic. A common theme is that the presence of an important CAFA-related question is a factor weighing in favor of allowing an application for leave to appeal.
See, e.g., Bullard v. Burlington N. Santa Fe Ry. Co.,
It follows, then, that uncertainty is also a factor that cuts in favor of an affirmative exercise of discretion; to warrant immediate appeal, the question presented usually will be unsettled.
See, e.g., Bullard,
Another factor is whether the question is consequential to the resolution of the particular case.
See, e.g., Estate of Pew,
Another consideration is whether the application arises from a decision or order that is sufficiently final to position the case for intelligent review. As a general proposition, courts discourage piecemeal appeals.
See Mowbray,
Last — but far from least — a reviewing court should construct a balance of relevant harms. This entails weighing the probable harm to the applicant should an immediate appeal be refused against the probable harm to the other parties should an immediate appeal be entertained.
In the final analysis, lists of criteria are merely guides. The decision about whether to grant leave to appeal under section 1453(c) is a matter committed to the informed discretion of the reviewing court. That discretion is not cabined by rigid rules, and many decisions are apt to be case-specific. But the factors we have identified will, in the majority of cases, serve as buoys to mark channels of inquiry.
The case at hand is a good prototype. Here, the CAFA question — the relationship between CAFA jurisdiction and the precision of the class allegations contained in the complaint — is important, unsettled, and recurrent. Absent an interlocutory appeal, the question will in all probability escape meaningful appellate review. The district court’s resolution of the question appears to rest on shaky ground. To cinch matters, the lower court’s ruling is ripe for review, and the balance of harms favors accepting the application. It is for these reasons that we chose, in our discretion, to entertain this interlocutory appeal.
B. The District Court’s Order.
The district court thought itself without subject matter jurisdiction because the complaint did not sufficiently define the plaintiff class. We review this determination de novo.
See Viquéira v. First Bank,
CAFA grants federal courts subject matter jurisdiction over many large, multistate class actions by creating a specialized form of diversity jurisdiction. Subject to certain exceptions, that jurisdictional grant applies to class actions in which the amount in controversy exceeds $5,000,000 and a watered-down version of the classic diversity requirement is satisfied. See 28 U.S.C. § 1332(d) (requiring that some member of the plaintiff class and some defendants are diverse). For this purpose, CAFA identifies a class action in the following terms:
[T]he term “class action” means any civil action filed under rule 23 of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure or similar State statute or rule of judicial procedure authorizing an action to be brought by 1 or more representative persons as a class action....
Id. § 1332(d)(1)(B).
CAFA allows class actions originally filed in state courts — or in Puerto Rican courts,
id.
§ 1332(e) — to be removed to the federal courts if they conform to the statutory profile.
Id.
§ 1453(b). Class actions removed under section 1453(b) may be remanded pursuant to the generic remand statute.
See id.
§ 1447. This means that a federal court lacking subject matter jurisdiction over an improvidently removed action must remand that action to the originating state court.
Id.
§ 1447(c). The party seeking removal bears the burden of showing that federal jurisdiction lies.
Amoche,
In the case at hand, the district court concluded that CAFA jurisdiction did not attach because the College’s complaint failed sufficiently to define the class. We examine this conclusion.
To satisfy CAFA’s definition of a class action, a case need only be “filed under”
either
Federal Rule of Civil Proce
*40
dure 23 or some state-law analogue of that rule.
See
28 U.S.C. § 1332(d)(1)(B);
see also Clausnitzer v. Fed. Express Corp.,
In fairness, this may be a mere matter of form; although the district court did not say so, it may have realized that the complaint was filed under a state-law analogue to Rule 23-but nonetheless thought it insufficient. The more acute problem is with the substance of the court’s appraisal.
The complaint plausibly alleges claims for class-wide relief; it consistently alleges harm to the dentists as a professional group; it describes the College as representing the “dentistry class” in Puerto Rico; it states that its allegations are similar to those made in a class action pending in the United States District Court for the Southern District of Florida (which it identifies); and it seeks class-wide relief. In deciding that the complaint did not confer CAFA jurisdiction, the district court downplayed these allegations' — it simply did not mention them — and relied instead on the absence of any sufficient class definition. That reliance was misplaced.
A complaint that contains class-type allegations historically has been assumed to assert a class action before formal class certification.
See, e.g., Mehlenbacher v. Akzo Nobel Salt, Inc.,
The appellees try to justify the district court’s order by arguing that, in remanding, the court may have concluded that a class
never
could be certified in this case. This argument rests on the premise that the College, as an association of dentists rather than an individual dentist, cannot itself be a member of a certifiable class. But an association can sue on behalf of its members as long as “(a) its members would otherwise have standing to sue in their own right; (b) the interests it seeks to protect are germane to the organization’s purpose; and (c) neither the claim asserted nor the relief requested requires the participation of individual members in the lawsuit.”
Hunt v. Wash. State Apple Comm’n,
To be sure, the complaint in this case contains a multiplicity of claims — and some
*41
may not be susceptible to class action treatment without the joinder of individual dentists. But at this stage, our inquiry focuses on whether the College, under
Hunt,
could bring any one of those claims on behalf of a class of dentists.
See Playboy Enters., Inc. v. Pub. Serv. Comm’n,
To begin with the obvious, the College is a unified professional association; that is, membership in the College is compulsory, and the College’s ranks comprise nearly all licensed dentists who practice in Puerto Rico. P.R. Laws Ann. tit 20, § 114. The members could assert individual claims for injunctive and declaratory relief arising out of the challenged contracting and claims-processing practices. Consequently, the College satisfies the first Hunt requirement.
Next, the enabling legislation makes pellucid that the College exists mainly to protect its members’ interests and authorizes the College to sue to that end. Id. § 112. Thus, the College satisfies the second Hunt requirement.
Finally, the injunctive and declaratory relief that the College seeks can be granted without the participation of individual dentists as parties.
See, e.g., Camel Hair & Cashmere Inst. of Am., Inc. v. Assoc’d Dry Goods Corp.,
Of course, compliance with the strictness of Rule 23 is needed for a plaintiff to litigate its case to a conclusion using the class action mechanism. But the appellees’ argument that the College is not a “member of the class” is “fully encompassed by ... Rule 23 criteria.” 1 Alba Conte & Herbert Newberg,
Newberg on Class Actions
§ 2:11, at 128 (4th ed. 2002);
accord Int'l Woodworkers v. Chesapeake Bay Plywood Corp.,
Let us be perfectly clear. We do not minimize the importance of being able to define the class-but class composition (including compliance with the requirements of Rule 23) is not the issue at the
inception
of a class action. In all but the clearest of cases, the existence vel non of a sufficiently defined class is appropriately addressed after some development of the facts and under Rule 23’s established protocol for weighing the propriety of class certification. Reviewing the complaint alone is not normally a suitable method for determining whether a class eventually can be certified.
3
See In re Hydrogen Peroxide Antitrust Litig.,
Whether or not the College will succeed in satisfying the requirements of Rule 23 is not before us. That is a question for the district court
at the class certification stage.
Viewed in this light, the district court’s ruling on the inadequacy of the class definition was premature.
See Falcon v. Philips Elecs. N. Am. Corp.,
We add two postscripts. There is an open question as to whether a later denial of class certification will divest the district court of CAFA jurisdiction.
Compare id.
(stating that CAFA jurisdiction is terminated if class certification is denied on a “basis that precludes even the reasonably foreseeable possibility of subsequent class certification”),
and In re TJX Cos. Retail Sec. Breach Litig.,
Second, CAFA contains two exceptions to its grant of subject matter jurisdiction over large, multistate class actions: the “local controversy” exception, 28 U.S.C. § 1332(d)(4)(A), and the “home state” exception, id. § 1332(d)(4)(B). There are two reasons why we do not address these exceptions today. First, the district court has not yet addressed them. Second, the record is largely undeveloped as to the facts needed to apply them. We leave it to the district court, on remand, to delve into these matters.
III. CONCLUSION
We need go no further. For the reasons elucidated above, we hold that the district court determined prematurely that it lacked CAFA jurisdiction. Consequently, we vacate the order appealed from and return the case to the district court for further proceedings consistent with this opinion. Costs are taxed in favor of appellants.
So Ordered.
Notes
. The appellants also mentioned federal question jurisdiction, 28 U.S.C. § 1331, as an alternate ground for removal. Because the other defendants did not unanimously consent to removal, any assertion of federal question jurisdiction is unavailing.
See id.
§ 1441;
Chi., Rock Island & Pac. Ry. Co. v. Martin,
. Peculiarly, this report was not issued until ten days
after
CAFA was signed into law.
Blockbuster, Inc. v. Galeno,
. We say ''normally” because there may be rare situations in which it is obvious from the complaint alone that there cannot be a class that would warrant certification.
See, e.g., Washington v. Safeway Corp.,