By the Court:
Brewer, J.,
having heard the case in the court below, and therefore not sitting in the case in this court, and the other two Justices being divided in opinion, (King-man, C. J., holding that the judgment of the court below should be affirmed, and Valentine, J., holding that it should be reversed,) the order of the court below, dismissing the appeal, is therefore affirmed.
*86— The following opinion in favor of reversing the order dismissing the appeal, was filed by
Valentine, J.:
The plaintiff’s appeal was regular in every respect, except that the appellant gave “ no notice in writing” of the appeal, as required by Rule 15, to the defendant. This rule is not an act of the legislature, nor a rule of the district court; but it is a rule of the -Supreme Court, adopted by the Supreme Court at the January Term, 1885, for the government of the district courts. (2 Has., xii.)
The first question is, whether the Supreme Court had any power to adopt any such rule ? In this country it is universally acknowledged and insisted upon, that the people are the original source and fountain of all civil and political power; that neither the whole government, nor any department thereof, possesses any inherent power; that the people are sovereign, and the different departments of the government are simply agencies, through 'which the people exercise that sovereignty; and that all the power that can be exercised by any department of the government is merely delegated power which it derives from the people. The State government derives its powers from the people solely by virtue of the State-Constitution. This constitution is the letter of attorney or chart of authority from the people to the government and to the different departments thereof. Hence, in order to ascertain what power is delegated to the government, and to each of its departments, we must look to the constitution itself.
The delegated power of the government is divided into three great branches, the legislative, the judicial, and the executive; and these three branches include all the *87delegated power of the government. What is not delegated, remains with the people: § 20, Bill of Bights. The legislative power is delegated to the legislature; (§1, Art. 2, Const.;) the judicial power to the judiciary; (§ 1, Art. 3, Const.;) and the executive power to the executive officers of the government; (§§1, 3, Art. 1, Const.) Under this grant of power it seems to be well settled that it is the peculiar province of the legislature to make the laws, of the judiciary to construe and expound them, and of the executive to execute and enforce them. Wayman v. Southard, 10 Wheaton, 46; Greenough v. Greenough, 11 Penn., 494; Martin v. Hunter’s Lessee, 1 Wheaton, 304, 327 to 333; Bates v. Kimball, 2 D. Chipman, (Vt.,) 81, 88; Dash v. Vankleck, 7 Johns., 498, 508; Fletcher v. Peck, 6 Cranch, 136; Merrill v. Scherburne, 1 N. H., 203, 204; State of Penn. v. Wheeling, 18 Howard, 440; Osborne v. Bank, 9 Wheaton, 866; Cooley on Const. Law, 90; Blackw. on Tax Titles, 9, 10, 15.
The great weight of authority seems to be that these three great powers or branches of power of government —the legislative, the judicial, and the executive — are distinct and separate from each other: (11 Penn., 494; De Chastellux v. Fairchild, 15 Penn., 20; 2 D. Chipman, 87, 89; 1 N. H., 204; 18 How., 440; 16 Pet., 60, 61; Blackw. on Tax Titles, 16, 17;) that they include all the delegated power of the State; (§ 20, Bill of Bights;) and that each is delegated to its appropriate department, and can be exercised by no other department: (See authorities above cited, and Taylor v. Place, 4 R. I., 354; People v. Draper, 15 N. Y., 543; Taylor v. Porter, 4 Hill, 144.) This latter proposition must be understood as subject to the exceptions expressly enumerated in the constitution, such as the trial of impeachments, etc. When the people said in the language of the constitution, (§ 1, Art. 2,) *88that “ The legislative power of the State shall be vested in a House of Representatives and Senate,” they meant all the legislative power. If they did not, how much less did they mean ? And did any of it go to the Supreme Court ?
These three powers having each once been delegated by the people of the State to their respective departments, cannot again be delegated, but each Inust be exercised by the department to which it properly belongs. Delegata potestas non potest delegari. Bradley v. Baxter, 15 Barb., 122; Thorne v. Cramer, 15 id., 112; Barto v. Himrod, 8 N. Y., 483; Parker v. Commonwealth, 6 Penn. St., 507; Maize v. The State, 4 Ind., 343; Wayman v. Southard, 10 Wheaton, 1, 42 : U. S. Bank v. Halstead, 10 id., 51; C. W. § Z. R. R. Co. v. Com’rs Clinton Co., 1 Ohio St., 87; Rice v. Foster, 4 Harr., 479; Santo v. The State, 2 Iowa, 165, 203; Geebrick v. The State, 5 Iowa, 491.
While the legislature possess all the legislative power of the State, and while it is true that they cannot delegate any portion of that power to any other body, tribunal, or person, yet it is generally found impracticable for them to exercise this power in detail. They may •do so if they choose, or- they may enact general provisions and leave those who are to act under these general provisions to use their discretion in filling up the details. They may mark oat the great outlines, and leave those who are to act within these outlines to use their discretion in carrying out the minor regulations. But even in this respect it is thought by Chief Justice Marshall that there is a limit to the power of the legislature. (10 Wheaton, 43.) For instance, the legislature may enact general provisions for the district court, and allow the district court to use its discretion in filling up the details; or they may enact general provisions for the *89governor and allow Mm to use Ms dicretion in filling up the details; but they cannot enact general provisions for the district courts, or the governor, and authorize the supreme court or any other body or person except the district courts and the governor respectively to fill up the details. The legislature cannot authorize any person to fill up details in an act under which such person will never be called upon to act. ■ Nor can they authorize any person to fill up details in any case in which they do not themselves expressly enact all the outlines. If they should attempt any legislation of this kind it would be an attempt to delegate legislative power to others, a thing which they cannot do. If the legislature should confer upon the district court some particular jurisdiction, for instance jurisdiction in quo warranto, and should provide that the trial should be by-jury, but should make no provision for drawing, summoning, or empanneling the jury, this omission would not deprive the court of such jurisdiction which is expressly given; but the court would have a discretion in drawing, summoning and empanneling the jury: (5 Has., 222, 223;) and would probably have power to adopt rules regulating such discretion; but the supreme court could have no power in such a case, to prescribe rules regulating ' the discretion of the district court. Whenever the legislature have occupied the whole ground themselves, and supplied all the details as well as all the outlines, the courts, or others acting under such laws, have no room for the exercise of any discretionary power, but are confined within the strict letter of the law. And in such cases it will hardly be contended that courts have any authority to make rules even for their own courts, Parties to an action may in such cases claim as a matter of strict right just what the law gives them, and courts are *90bound to give it to them. Whenever the law prescribes just what shall be done in a certain case, and the courts, by a rule, say that such thing shall not be done, or that something different shall be done, they attempt, by a rule, to repeal the law and to make a law themselves. It will hardly be claimed that where the court cannot dispense with the law in a single case, that it can, by a rule, dispense with the law in all such cases.
With reference to the case at bar, the legislature have enacted that a party shall have a good appeal if he file his appeal bond with the justice within ten days after the judgment is rendered, and file his transcript in the district court on or before the second day of the next term thereafter; (Comp. Laws of 2862, p. 634, §§ 203-, 204, 205, 206;) and the district court has no discretion in the matter. It must'simply obey the law. The legislature have chosen tó occupy and cover the whole ground themselves, and to enact all the details as to how a party shall obtain a good appeal; and the party appealing, if he comply with the law, has a right to be heard, and the district court has no right, either with or without a rule, to say that he shall not be heard. The district court cannot by a rule repeal the law, nor enact another and more stringent law upon the same subject; and much less can the supreme court do so for the district court.
In any case it is only where the courts are clothed with discretionary powers, that they may make rules; and then probably only in a few cases, and for their own courts; for it may well be asked, if the legislature in its wisdom, and for the purpose that justice may be the better and more surely done, clothe the courts with certain discretionary powers, by what right can the courts by a rule limit that discretion, and thereby defeat the will of the legislature ? It certainly cannot be done where the *91legislature intend that the courts shall exercise their discretion upon the circumstances of each particular case, in contradistinction to a general discretion for all cases; for if the courts say that they will not so exercise their discretion, but will decide all cases alike, notwithstanding the differences of the circumstances, they virtually repeal and abrogate the law, and defeat the will and intention of the legislature, which is the soul and spirit of the law. Courts may in some eases exercise a degree of judicial discretion in the granting or refusing of a new trial; but has any body-ever supposed that they could therefore make new rules for the granting or refusing of new trials ? The reason is, that in such .cases, the courts are required to exercise their discretion upon the circumstances of each particular case. Courts can probably never make rules except where they are clothed with a general discretion for all cases, in contradistinction to a special or particular discretion for each particular case; for instance, a court may by a rule, (where the statute is silent) fix an hour for meeting each day; or may set apart a certain hour each day, or a certain day each week, for the hearing of motions and interlocutory matters; or may fix certain days for trials by the-court, and trials by jury, and trials of criminal cases, and trials of civil eases. But in all cases the rules of the court must be so liberal that the enforcement of them in any case will never operate as an abuse of judicial discretion., And in any ease the power of the court to make rules is rather to be tolerated than encouraged. In any case the making of rules by a court even, (in the language of Justice McLean, 16 Peters, 60,) “ in the use of a discretion essential to its existence,” is not a judicial act, but is an act that borders very closely upon legislation. To declare what the law is or was, belongs to the judiciary, but to declare what it *92shall be in the future belongs to the legislature. The judicial power of the State acts upon past conduct and declares what the law was at the time of the happening of the act complained of; the legislative power of the State prescribes the rule by which human conduct shall be governed in the future.
Courts can never in any manner make laws; neither by making rules for the government of future actions, nor by adjudications upon past actions or past conduct. u The judicial department has no will in any case. J udicial power contradistinguished from tbe power of the laws has no existence. Courts are the mere instruments of the laws, and can will nothing. When they are said to exercise a discretion it is a mere legal discretion, a discretion to be exercised in discerning the course prescribed by law; and when that is discerned, it is the duty of the court to follow it. Judicial power is never exercised for the purpose of giving effect to the will of the judge; but always for the purpose of giving effect to the will of the legislature; or in other words to the will of the law.” (Per Marshall, C. J., in Osborne v. U. S. Bank, 9 Wheaton, 866.) “ In the ordinary use of language, it will hardly be contended that the decisions of the courts constitute laws. They are at most only the evidence of what the laws are, and are not themselves laws. They are often reexamined, revised, and qualified by the courts themselves, whenever they are found to be either defective, or ill-founded, or otherwise incorrect. The laws of a State are more usually understood to mean the rules and enactments promulgated by the legislative authority thereof, or long established local customs having the force of laws.” (Per Story, J., in Swift v. Tyson, 16 Peters, 1, 18.)
Courts as judicial tribunals can never act at all, not *93even judicially, except when called upon to do so by a forty in some judicial proceeding. They can act only in the decision of cases or in the decision of questions connected with or arising in a case, and then there must be parties plaintiff and defendant. (State of Penn. v. Wheeling & Bel. Br. Co., 18 How., 440; Osborne v. U. S. Bank, 9 Wheaton, 819.) A farie proceedings, and proceedings for contempt of court, are apparent but not real exceptions to the last proposition. While courts are limited /. in their power to make rules for themselves, they can never make rules for other courts. It is true that courts have not always observed this principle. It is true that courts have in rare cases attempted to adopt rules for other courts. But this fact militates but very littlé against the truth of the principle. The principle has been seldom violated. And when courts attempt to make rules they very naturally act very much as the legislature does under like circumstances. They consider more what law or rule ought to be made than their power to make it.
But returning to the subject. If the legislature says that the district courts shall in certain cases be clothed with certain discretionary power, where does the supreme court get their authority to say that the district court shall not be clothed with such discretionary power by making rules limiting that discretion ? It is not in the nature of things for one court to exercise discretion for another court; and if it cannot, who will say that it can, as a judicial act or otherwise, make rules limiting or regulating the discretion of another, court ? An attempt to do so is an attempt to legislate. It is claimed however that the legislature have authorized the supreme court to make rules for the district court; but this the legislature could not do if they would. The making of rules is *94not a subject of judicial power, as has already been shown; and the legislature cannot bring under the judicial power a matter which from its nature is not a subject for judicial determination. (Murray v. Hoboken Land Imp. Co., 18 How., 284; Auditor of State v. A., T. and S. Fe R. R. Co., 6 Kas., 500.) The said power to make rules is a legislative power, that has been once delegated by the people to the legislature, and cannot therefore be again delegated.- The legislature could just as well confer power upon the governer, or upon a special commissioner, pr upon any justice of the peace of the State, to make rules for the district court, as to confer such power upon the supreme court. The statute under which it is claimed that the legislature have conferred the power upon the supreme court to make rules for the district courts reads as follows:
“ Sec. 612. The judges of the supreme court shall during the mouth of the first June after this code shall take effect, and every two years thereafter, meet at the capitol of the Territory [State,] and revise their general rules, and make such amendments thei’eto as may be required to carry into effect the provisions of this code; and shall make such further rules consistent therewith as they may deem proper. The rules so made shall apply to the supreme court, the district courts, and the probate courts.” Comp. Laws, 1862, p. 230.
It may well be doubted whether this section confers upon the supreme court the power that it is claimed that it does. It would be just as reasonable a construction of this section, to say that it simply confers power upon the judges of the supreme court, to make rules for their own court only, and such rules only as will apply to their own court, leaving the latter part of the section to make such rules applicable to the district courts and probate courts, if -in their nature they can be made applicable to such courts. For instance: If there were appeals coming *95from justices of the peace and other courts to the supreme court, in the same manner as appeals from justices of the peace to the district courts, then the supreme court, under the first part of the section, could make rules with reference to appeals for its own court, and the latter part of the section would make such rules apply to the district courts also. This construction-however, would hardly make the section itself constitutional or valid: (Wayman v. Southard, 10 Wheaton, 47, 48, 49, 50.) Rule 15 is not made for the supreme court at all, and can have no application to either the supreme court or probate courts, as the latter part of said section provides. It is a rule made for the district court alone. If said section 612 can be construed so as to authorize the supreme court to make rules of any kind for the district court, yet it certainly cannot be construed to authorize any such rule as this. The legislature had themselves already covered the entire ground with reference to appeals. "They had left no discretion in the courts. They had already said what should constitute a good appeal, and no court in the State could say otherwise.
If said section will bear the construction claimed for it, then so far as it affects the district courts it was repealed by implication long before said Rule 15 was adopted. Said section was passed by the Territorial legislature in 1859, and was enacted for the old Territorial Supreme Court and District Courts, both of which had gone out of existence long prior to the time that this rule was adopted. When the State was admitted into the Union, the State Courts were organized with new powers and new jurisdiction. Said section however, was kept in force so far as it did not conflict with the State Constitution, and the laws made thereunder. The first State legislature passed an act entitled “ an act to organize *96and define the jurisdiction of the Supreme Court,” approved May 21st, 1861. This act provided that “the Supreme Court shall have power to prescribe rules,” for their own court of course, “ and change the same and provide for their publication,” (§ 2, ch. 66, Comp. Laws, 460,) without giving to the supreme court any power whatever to make rules for the district courts, and without making the supreme court rules applicable to the district courts. The same legislature in organizing the State district courts gave the paramount and exclusive authority to the district courts to make their own rules in. the following language: “ The said distinct courts shall have full “power to classify and distribute business therein, as may “ be necessary; to make rules and regulations for the practice therein, until otherwise provided by law,” etc., (Sec. 2, ch. 68, Comp. Laws, 464.) This act was approved April 24th, 1861. It will be seen from these two-acts that the legislature never intended to give to the supreme court of the State, the power claimed for it, or the power that may possibly have been given to the supreme court of the Territory.
The substance of Rule 15 was to require that the parties should on appeals from justices of the peace, file new pleadings in the district court, and to fix the time when such pleadings should be filed. Before said Rule T5was adopted, it was generally believed by the bench and bar of the State that the law did not require that new pleadings should be filed in the district court, although it seems from the decision in the case of Tarleston v. Brily, 3 Kas., 433, that they were mistaken. The “ notice” was required to be given so that the appellee would know when to file his pleading. No other sufficient or adequate-reason can be given for requiring the notice. After said Rule 15 was adopted by the supreme court the legisla*97ture repealed the substance of the rule by enacting that “ No petition, answer, or other pleading, shall be neees- “ sary in the district court in cases of appeal from justices “ of the peace, when the amount in controversy is lesa “ than one hundred dollars.” (§ 9, ch. 47, Laws of 1867, p. 78.) The amount in controversy in this case was less than one hundred dollars; and when said rule was adopted justices of the peace did not have jurisdiction in cases where the amount in controversy exceeded one hundred dollars. When by the action of the legislature, the reason and grounds which gave rise to the rule were removed, the rule itself of course ceased to operate. Gessante ratione legis cessat, ei ipsa lex. (Contra, Robitaille v. Furguson, 4 Kas., 556.) The construction given to this-rule in the court below was a very strict and rigid • construction. A rule of the court at best is not a law. A rule must always be liberally construed, so as to promote justice, and never strictly or rigidly construed so as to-defeat justice. A rule is not to be inflexibly adhered to-like a law, nor is it entitled to the same respect by the courts. If in any case the operation or the enforcement, of a rule should work injustice, its operation for that case-must be l. ..upended. Besides, the notice required by this' rule is not for the purpose of giving the court jurisdiction, for the court on an appeal has aB complete jurisdiction over both the parties and the subject matter of the action, and as ample authority to hear and determine the case without the notice as with. (3 Kas., 436; 5 Kas., 277.) The notice is only for the purpose of giving actual notice to the appellee of a fact of which the law conclusively presumes that he already has constructive notice. Failure to comply with the rule in this respect should therefore not be governed by the rigid and inflexible rules relating *98to summonses, and to notices which, are required for the purpose of giving the court jurisdiction. When the appellee made a general appearance in this ease in the court below, and consented to a continuance of the case, he waived the notice. The court could then see that the appellee not only had constructive notice of the appeal, but he also had actual notice thereof. He had a 11 that this over-precautionary rule required that he should have. Even if this rule had been established by law, and even if the notice required by it were necessary to give the court jurisdiction of the case, still the appearance of the defendant in the court below was a waiver of the notice, and would have given the court jurisdiction to hear.and determine the case. The appeal should not have been dismissed, and the judgment of the court below ought therefore to be reversed.