322 F. Supp. 3d 1
D.C. Cir.
2018
Emmet G. Sullivan, United States District Judge

Plaintiff Maciste Coleman and defendant Ann Marie Clark collided when Professor Clark made an illegal right turn while driving in the District of Columbia. Mr. Coleman claims that he was injured in the accident and filed this lawsuit alleging that Professor Clark was negligent and that her employer, Purdue University, should be held vicariously liable. Pending before the Court is defendants' motion to dismiss Mr. Coleman's complaint on the ground that the claims are barred by Indiana's sovereign immunity. Upon consideration of defendants' motion, the response and reply thereto, аnd the applicable law, the Court GRANTS defendants' motion and dismisses plaintiff's complaint.

I. BACKGROUND

On August 28, 2014, Mr. Coleman was operating his motorcycle in the right lane going southbound on 23rd Street NW toward Constitutive Avenue in the District of Columbia. Compl. ¶ 5, ECF No. 1-1 at 8. Mr. Coleman alleges that defendant Ann Marie Clark, a professor at Purdue University, made an illegal right turn that caused her to collide with Mr. Coleman. Id. ¶¶ 6-7, ECF No. 1-1 at 8. Officers from the National Park Service arrived at the scene and spoke with the parties. See Defs.' Mot. to Dismiss Ex. 1, ECF No. 9-1. The Motor Vehicle Traffic Accident Report filed by the Nationаl Park Service indicates that Professor Clark was issued a citation for the accident. Id. , ECF No. 9-1 at 3. The report further specifies that, while there was damage to the right side of Mr. Coleman's motorcycle, "[n]o injuries were reported." Id.

Less than two weeks after the accident, Mr. Coleman's attorney sent a letter to JFW Specialty Co., the third-party claims adjuster handling claims against Purdue. See Defs.' Mot. to Dismiss Ex. 2, ECF No. 9-2. The subject line of the attorney's letter stated that the "Insured" in the matter was "Purdue University." Id. The letter further indicаted that Mr. Coleman had suffered "injuries" but did not specify the nature or severity of the injuries. Id. Mr. Coleman's attorney sent three additional letters to JFW between July 2015 and April 2017. See Defs.' Mot. to Dismiss, Exs. 3-5, ECF No. 9-3, 9-4, and 9-5. These letters were addressed only to JFW and did not copy anyone at Purdue or the State of Indiana. See id.

On June 30, 2017, Mr. Coleman filed suit in the Superior Court of the District of Columbia against Professor Clark for operating her vehicle "in a negligent, careless and reckless manner." Compl. ¶ 8, ECF No. 1-1 at 8. Mr. Coleman's complaint also included a rеspondeat-superior claim against Purdue. Id. ¶¶ 5-18, ECF No. 1-1 at 8-10. Mr. Coleman asserts that, as a result of the accident, he "was violently knocked and thrown about, sustaining severe, painful and permanent injuries to his body as well as severe and protracted shock to his nervous system." Id. ¶ 10. Mr. Coleman seeks compensatory damages in the amount of $850,000 for the injuries he sustained as a result of defendants' purported negligence. Id. ¶¶ 14, 18.

Defendants removed this case on July 28, 2017 based on diversity jurisdiction. See Defs.' Notice of Removal, ECF No. 1. Defendants subsequently filed a motion to dismiss pursuant to Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 12(b)(1), arguing that Mr. Coleman's suit is barred by Indiana's sovereign immunity. See Defs.' Mot. to Dismiss, ECF No. 9. Defendants' motion is ripe for the Court's adjudication.

II. LEGAL STANDARD

"A federal district court may only hear a claim over which it has subject-matter jurisdiction; therefore, a Rule 12(b)(1) motion for dismissal is a threshold challenge to a court's jurisdiction." Gregorio v. Hoover , 238 F.Supp.3d 37, 44 (D.D.C. 2017) (internal citation and quotation omitted). To survive a Rule 12(b)(1) motion, the plaintiff bears the burden of establishing that the court has jurisdiction by a preponderance of the evidence. Lujan v. Defenders of Wildlife , 504 U.S. 555, 561, 112 S.Ct. 2130, 119 L.Ed.2d 351 (1992). "Because Rule 12(b)(1) concerns a court's ability to hear a particular claim, the court must scrutinize the plaintiff's allegations more closely ... than it would under a motion to dismiss pursuant to Rule 12(b)(6)." Schmidt v. U.S. Capitol Police Bd. , 826 F.Supp.2d 59, 65 (D.D.C. 2011) (internal citations omitted). In so doing, the court must accept as true all of the factual allegations in the complaint and draw all reasonable inferences in favor of the plaintiff, but the court need not "accept inferences unsupported by the facts alleged or legal conclusions that are cast as factual allegations." Rann v. Chao , 154 F.Supp.2d 61, 64 (D.D.C. 2001). In reviewing a motion to dismiss pursuant to Rule 12(b)(1), the court "may consider materials outside the pleadings" in determining whether it has jurisdiction to hear the case. Jerome Stevens Pharm., Inc. v. Food and Drug Admin. , 402 F.3d 1249, 1253 (D.C. Cir. 2005).

III. ANALYSIS

Defendants argue that Mr. Coleman's claims against a state university and a state employee are barred by Indiana's sovereign immunity. Although Indiana waives it sovereign immunity in certain circumstances-including when its agent negligently causes a motor-vehicle collision, see State v. Turner , 153 Ind. App. 197, 199, 286 N.E.2d 697 (1972) -an individual bringing suit agаinst the state must satisfy certain statutory prerequisites prior to filing an action. Defendants assert that Mr. Coleman failed to meet the statutory requirements here ‍​‌‌‌‌​​​‌​‌‌‌​‌​‌​​‌‌​‌​​​​​​​‌‌​​​‌‌​‌​‌‌‌​‌‌‌‌‍by, among other things, not providing prompt notice of his claims as required by the Indiana Tort Claims Act. Defendants urge the Court to apply the Indiana Tort Claims Act based on the principle of comity.

"[W]hen a federal court exercises diversity ... jurisdiction over state-law claims, 'the outcome of the litigation in the federal court should be substantially the same, so far as legal rules determine the outcome of a litigation, as it would be if tried in a State court.' " Felder v. Casey , 487 U.S. 131, 151, 108 S.Ct. 2302, 101 L.Ed.2d 123 (1988) (quoting Guaranty Trust Co. v. York , 326 U.S. 99, 109, 65 S.Ct. 1464, 89 L.Ed. 2079 (1945). In this diversity action, then, the Court must first determine whether District of Columbia courts would apply Indiana's notice-of-claim provision on the basis of comity.1 As explained more fully below, the Court finds that District of Columbia would apply Indiana's notice provision, that Mr. Coleman failed to provide sufficient notice as required by that law, and that Mr. Coleman's claims against Professor Clark cannot stand.

A. Comity Requires the Application of Indiana Law

"Comity principlеs ensure that foreign law that does not conflict with the law of the forum state may be applied to foster cooperation between sister jurisdictions." Solomon v. Supreme Court of Fla. , 816 A.2d 788, 790 (D.C. 2002). The District of Columbia Court of Appeals has explained that the presumption " 'that the States intended to adopt policies of broad comity toward one another' " applies "equally to the District of Columbia." Id. (quoting Hall , 440 U.S. at 425, 99 S.Ct. 1182 ). In Solomon , the Court of Appeals upheld "the absolute immunity of the Florida Bar and its agents for conduct related to their performаnce of disciplinary functions, conducted in the District of Columbia, where equivalent District bar disciplinarily agents would be entitled to such immunity in [D.C.] courts." Id. at 789-90. In so doing, the Court of Appeals explained that "the District of Columbia courts should , on principles of comity 'as a matter of harmonious interstate relations,' " apply the immunity of sister' states in cases where the District would also be entitled to immunity. Id. (quoting Nevada v. Hall , 440 U.S. 410, 422, 99 S.Ct. 1182, 59 L.Ed.2d 416 (1979) ) (emphasis added).

Consistent with these principles, the Court finds that, although not constitutionally required to do so, see Nevada v. Hall , 440 U.S. 410, 99 S.Ct. 1182, 59 L.Ed.2d 416 (1979), District of Columbia courts "should" recоgnize the sovereign immunity of a sister state so long as the other state's rules are sufficiently harmonious to those governing the District's immunity in District of Columbia courts. Accordingly, the Court must examine whether Indiana's requirement that, in order to overcome sovereign immunity, a plaintiff with a claim against the state must provide notice is consistent with District of Columbia law.

In pertinent part, the Indiana Tort Claims Act provides:

[A] claim against a political subdivision is barred unless notice is filed with: (1) the governing body of that political subdivision; and (2) the Indiana political subdivision risk management commission ... within one hundred eighty (180) days after the loss occurs.

Ind. Code. § 34-13-3-8. Like Indiana law, District of Columbia law also requires an individual to file a notice of claim for suits against the District of Columbia:

[A]n action may not be maintained against the District of Columbia for unliquidated damages to person or property unless, within six months after the injury or damage was sustained, the claimant, his agent, or attorney has given notice in writing to the Mayor of the District of Columbia of the approximate time, place, cause, and circumstances оf the injury or damage. A report in writing by the Metropolitan Police Department, in regular course of duty, is a sufficient notice under this section.

D.C. Code § 12-309. In most relevant aspects, Indiana and the District of Columbia's notice provisions are the same:

• They both impose a similar time limit. Compare Ind. Code § 34-13-3-8(a) (requiring notice "within one hundred eight (180) days after the loss occurs"), with D.C. Code § 12-309(a) (requiring notice within "six months after the injury or damage was sustained").
• They both require the notice to be in writing. Compare Ind. Code § 34-13-3-12 (requiring notice to "be in writing"), with D.C. Code § 12-309(a) (notice must be "in writing").
• They both require delivery of the notice to a specified governmental office. Compare Ind. Code § 34-13-3-8 (requiring notice to "the governing body of th[e] political subdivision and the Indiana political subdivision risk management commission") with D.C. Code § 12-309(a) (requiring notice "to the Mayor of the District of Columbia").2

Moreover, both notice provisions are grounded in the same policies of ensuring that the government has an adequate opportunity to investigate claims and to protect the public treasury. Compare George v. Dade , 769 A.2d 760, 765 (D.C. 2001) (purpose of the notice of claim provision is "to ensure adequate opportunity for investigation to determine facts, and to protect District revenues agаinst unreasonable claims"), with Harrison v. Veolia Water Indpls., LLC , 929 N.E.2d 247, 253 (Ind. Ct. App. 2010) (explaining that the notice provision is designed "to permit prompt investigation of claims" and "one of the main concerns [the Indiana Tort Claims Act] intended to address clearly was protection of the public treasury") (citation omitted).

Mr. Coleman rejects the conclusion that the two notice provisions are substantially ‍​‌‌‌‌​​​‌​‌‌‌​‌​‌​​‌‌​‌​​​​​​​‌‌​​​‌‌​‌​‌‌‌​‌‌‌‌‍similar, pointing out that defendants' "completely ignore[ ] D.C. Code § 12-309's statutory exception of notice for accidents involving a police report." Pl.'s Opp., ECF No. 14 at 10. Section 12-309 of the D.C. Code provides that "[a] report in writing by the Metropolitan Police Department" is sufficient notice for purposes of the section. This exception to the traditional notice requirement stems from "the idea that written notice by a claimant should not be a prerequisite to legal action if, in fact, actual notice in the form of a police report has been received by the District." Allen v. Dist. of Columbia , 533 A.2d 1259, 1262 (D.C. 1987). A police report satisfies the notice requirement if it contains "information as to time, place, cause and circumstances of injury or damage with at least the same degree of specificity required of a written notice." Id. The inquiry in determining whether a police report is sufficient is whether "the District should have anticipated, as a consequence of receiving the police report, that a complaint ... would be forthcoming." Id.

Here, the police-report exception does not save Mr. Coleman's case. For starters, the acсident report in this case was not "by the Metropolitan Police Department" as required by the statute, but by the National Park Police. See Defs.' Mot. to Dismiss Ex. 1, ECF No. 9-1. Even if a report by a different agency would suffice - and the Court is doubtful it would, see Campbell v. Dist. of Columbia. , 568 A.2d 1076, 1078 (D.C. 1990) - it is undisputed that the report in this case states that "[n]o injuries were reported." See Defs.' Mot. to Dismiss Ex. 1, ECF No. 9-1 at 3.3 Mr. Coleman points to Plater v. Dist. of Columbia Dept. of Transportation , 530 F.Supp.2d 101 (D.D.C. 2008), to argue that the report is nonetheless sufficient to provide defendants "all the information they needed, and were entitled to, from the police report." Pl.'s Opp., ECF No. 14 at 15. In Plater , the court found that the рolice report was sufficient to provide notice where it stated that plaintiff "fell on some glass and hit his head on the ground" and "suffered some laceration to the back of his head." 530 F.Supp.2d at 106. Here, however, the National Park Police report specifically disclaims any injuries. See Defs.' Mot. to Dismiss Ex. 1, ECF No. 9-1 at 3 (stating "[n]o injuries were reported").

Moreover, there are no allegations that Mr. Coleman later provided any information about his purported injuries within the statutory period. See Miller v. Spencer , 330 A.2d 250, 252 (D.C. 1974) ("While the Code permits a police report to suffice as notice of a claim in lieu of a written notice by the claimant, his agent or attorney, the police report must, when the facts are apparent, contain at least the substance of the same information required of a written notice. When it does not because no injuries are then apparent, it is the duty of the plaintiff to supply that additional information when it becomes apparent."). Accordingly, the Court concludes that the police-report exception does not render District of Columbia law inconsistent with Indiana lаw under the fact of this case. See, e.g. , Aubin v. Dist. of Columbia , 107 F.Supp.3d 169, 173-74 (D.D.C. 2015) (where police report only described the circumstances of the arrest and did not describe any injury, finding "there was no reason whatsoever, on the basis of this police report, for defendant to have anticipated that a complaint by plaintiff was forthcoming").

Mr. Coleman also points to other salient differences between the Indiana Tort Claims Act and District of Columbia law: Indiana limits a claimant's recovery to $700,000, see Ind. Code Ann. § 34-13-3-4(a)(1)(C), whereas there is no cap on damages in the District of Columbia; and Indiana requires suits to be filed in its state courts, see Ind. Code Ann. § 34-13-3-5(f), while the District of Columbia does not have any such limitation. Mr. Coleman argues that these sorts of differences led another court in this district to decline to recognize the immunity of a municipality. See Pl.'s Opp., ECF No. 14 at 10-11 (citing Skipper v. Prince George's County , 637 F.Supp. 638, 639-40 (D.D.C. 1986). In Skipper , the court found that application of the immunity provisions relied on by Prince George's County would violate the policies of the District of Columbia in two ways: (1) by requiring a District of Columbia resident who was injured in the District to bring suit in Maryland; and (2) by limiting plaintiff's recovery to $250,000 for tort liability. Skipper , 637 F.Supp. at 640. Here, however, Indiana's recovery limit and forum limitation have no direct bearing on the Court's decision to apply Indiana's notice provision, which is substantially similar to that of the District's. Moreover, the Skipper court was confronted with an immunity claim brought by a municipality and not a sister state with whom the District should seek "harmonious interstate relations." Hall , 440 U.S. at 426, 99 S.Ct. 1182. Furthermore, the Skipper court relied on choice-of-law principles in arriving at its conclusion; here, the Court's inquiry properly ends after resolution of the comity issue.

The Court finds further support for its conclusion that District of Columbia would apply Indiana's notice provision in view of the reliance, in part, by the District of Columbia Court of Appeals on Schoeberlein v. Purdue University , 129 Ill.2d 372, 135 Ill.Dec. 787, 544 N.E.2d 283 (Ill. 1989), in analyzing principles of comity in its Solomon decision. In Schoeberlein , the plaintiff sued Purdue for damages caused by a product that Purdue had sold to plaintiff's Illinois employer. Id. at 375, 135 Ill.Dec. 787, 544 N.E.2d 283. Purdue argued that it was immune from suit under the Indiana Tort Claims Act. Based on principles of comity, the Illinois Supreme Court agreed and affirmed the trial court's dismissal of the suit. Id. at 376, 135 Ill.Dec. 787, 544 N.E.2d 283. In so doing, the Illinois Supreme Court found that application of Indiana's sovereign immunity ‍​‌‌‌‌​​​‌​‌‌‌​‌​‌​​‌‌​‌​​​​​​​‌‌​​​‌‌​‌​‌‌‌​‌‌‌‌‍provision in the tort context would not contravene Illinois public policy because the Indiana and Illinois statutes were "[s]imilar." Id. at 380, 135 Ill.Dec. 787, 544 N.E.2d 283. For example, both statutes provided immunity for the state except where certain requirements were met, including imposing strict notice requirements and placing a cap on liability. Id. Therefore, plaintiff's remedy would have been similarly "limited" regardless of whether the Illinois or Indiana statute applied. Id. at 379, 135 Ill.Dec. 787, 544 N.E.2d 283. Here, too, both Indiana and the District of Columbia impose strict notice requirements. Although Indiana's cap on damages to $700,000 could limit Mr. Coleman's damages should he prevail, the Court finds this difference between Indiana and District of Columbia law is not so substantial as to render enforcement of Indiana's statute contrary to the District's public policy.

For all these reasons, the Court finds that the notice provisions of the District of Columbia and Indiana, as applied to this case, are sufficiently harmonious such that the District of Columbia would apply Indiana's provision as a matter of comity.

B. Plaintiff's Claims are Barred Because He Did Not Substantially Comply with the Notice Provision of the Indiana Tort Claims Act

The Indiana Tort Claims Act governs tort claims against governmental entities and their employees. Oshinski v. N. Indiana Commuter Transp. Dist. , 843 N.E.2d 536, 543 (Ind. Ct. App. 2006). Under the Act, a potential plaintiff's suit is barred "unless he or she complies with the notice requirements" set forth in the Act. Id. at 544. Those requirements provide that a plaintiff must file notice with "the governing body of [the political subdivision that is being sued]" and "the Indiana political subdivision risk management commission" within 180 days after the loss occurs. Ind. Code. § 34-13-3-8(a). The notice "must include the circumstances which brought about the loss, the extent of the loss, the time and place the loss occurred, the names of all persons involved if known, the amount of the damages sought, and the residence of the person making the claim." Id. § 34-13-3-10. Although the notice requirement is phrased in mandatory language, Indiana courts "have held that substantial compliance with the notice provision will suffice when the purpose of the Act has been sаtisfied." Parke Cty. v. Ropak, Inc. , 526 N.E.2d 732, 737 (Ind. Ct. App. 1988). In this regard, "the crucial consideration is whether the notice supplied by the claimant of his intent to take legal action contains sufficient information for the city to ascertain the full nature of the claim against it so that it can determine its liability and prepare a defense." Schoettmer v. Wright , 992 N.E.2d 702, 707 (Ind. 2013) (citation and internal quotation marks omitted).

Mr. Coleman concedes that he "failed to send written notice under the Indiana Tort Claims Act to the designated recipients within the 180 day timeframe" in this case. Pl.'s Opр., ECF No. 14 at 17. He further concedes that "his communications with the third party claims adjuster would not constitute substantial compliance under the Act." Id. Instead, he argues that defendants should be estopped from relying on Mr. Coleman's failure to comply with the Act's notice requirements because "they never informed Plaintiff that Defendant Clark was a government employee" and because he was unaware that "Purdue University was a state owned university." Id. at 17-18 (citing Gregor v. Szarmach , 706 N.E.2d 240, 243 (Ind. Ct. App. 1999) ); see also Pl.'s Supp. Mem., Aff. of Danny R. Seidman, ECF No. 17 ¶¶ 6-7 (plaintiff's counsel averring that he "did not know that Purdue University was an Indiana state instrumentality," and that the claims adjuster never gave him "any reason to believe that Defendants was [sic] covered by the Indiana Tort Claims Act").4

Under Indiana law, "[t]he party claiming equitable estoppel must show its '(1) lack of knowledge and of the means of knowledge as to the facts in question, (2) reliance upon the conduct of the party estopped, and (3) action based thereon of such a character as to change his position prejudicially.' " Schoettmer , 992 N.E.2d at 709 (citation omitted). "Equitable estoppel will not apply against the State unless there is 'clear evidence that its agents made representations upon which the party asserting estoppel relied.' " Id. "The burden to produce that evidence rests upon the party claiming estoppel." Id.

Here, the letter from Mr. Coleman's counsel to JWF, which was sent less than two weeks after the accident, clearly stated that the "insured" was "Purdue University." Defs.' Mot. to Dismiss Ex. 2, ECF No. 9-2. Even if Mr. Coleman and his counsel lacked actual knowledge that Purdue University is a state university, plaintiff has not shown that he did not have the "means of knowledge" to acquire that information. See Schoettmer , 992 N.E.2d at 709. After all, a simple search of "Purdue University" would have confirmed that it is a "public" institution. See Wikipedia, Purdue University , https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Purdue_University (last visited July 20, 2018) ("Purdue University is a public research university in West Lafayette, Indiana and is the flagship campus of the Purdue University system.").

Moreover, unlike the plaintiff in Schoettmer , who acted without counsel and who was told by the state's agent that it would "be in his best interest to wait until all his medical treatments were completе before settling his claim," Mr. Coleman was represented by counsel for nearly the entirety of the 180 day notice period and does not allege that JWF or defendants made any affirmative "representations" upon which he relied. In similar circumstances, other courts have declined to allow estoppel to bar a notice defense in a suit under the Indiana Tort Claims Act. See Mills v. Hausmann-McNally, S.C. , 55 F.Supp.3d 1128, 1135-37 (S.D. Ind. 2014) (concluding that estoppel claim failed where party had "demonstrated neither that it lacked 'knowledge or thе means of knowledge' that [individual] was the employee of a stage agency, nor that it relied to its detriment on representations made ‍​‌‌‌‌​​​‌​‌‌‌​‌​‌​​‌‌​‌​​​​​​​‌‌​​​‌‌​‌​‌‌‌​‌‌‌‌‍by [the state agency] or its agent"). Simply put, Mr. Coleman has "not demonstrated that this is a case triggering the equitable doctrine's protective concern for those who have been misled and cannot reasonably be expected to discover the facts for themselves." Mills , 55 F.Supp.3d at 1137.

C. Plaintiff's Claim Against Professor Clark Is Also Barred Under Indiana Law

The Indiana Tort Claims Act bars suit against a state employee personally if the employee was acting within the scope of her employment. Ind. Code. § 34-13-3-5. Likewise, District of Columbia law provides that "no civil action ... shall be brought or be maintained against an employee of the District for loss of or damage to property or for personal injury ... resulting from the operation by such employee of any vehicle if it be alleged in the complaint ... that the employee was acting within the scope of his office or employment[.]" D.C. Code § 2-415(a) (emphasis аdded). Here, Mr. Coleman's complaint specifically alleges that Professor Clark was "driving the vehicle as aforesaid within the scope of her employment with, and agency for the Defendant Purdue University, by carrying out her job duties assigned by her employer." Compl. ¶ 16, ECF No. 1-1 at 9; see also id. ¶ 17 ("At the time of the said collision, Defendant, Clark, was driving the said vehicle as aforesaid with the knowledge, consent and permission [of], Defendant, Purdue University."); id. ¶ 18 (alleging injuries were caused by "Clark, while carrying out his [sic] job duties assigned by his [sic] employer and while furthering the interests of Defendant Purdue University"). In fact, defendants expressly concede that Professor Clark was acting within the scope of her employment at the time of the accident. See Defs.' Reply, ECF No. 19 at 28. Accordingly, by all accounts, Professor Clark was acting within the scope of her employment at the time of the accident, and therefore the claim against her must be dismissed under the plain language of the statute.

In his opposition, plaintiff disavows these allegations in his complaint аnd seeks leave to amend his complaint "to plead that Defendant Clark was acting outside the scope of her employment so that discovery can be done on that issue." Pl.'s Opp., ECF No. 14 at 19-21. Although the Court must "freely give leave" to amend a complaint "when justice so requires," Fed. R. Civ. P. 15(a), plaintiff's request here appears to be "a transparent attempt by plaintiff to amend his pleading in order to avoid a dispositive defense." Colliton v. Cravath, Swaine & Moore LLP , No. 08-0400, 2008 WL 4386764, at *6 (S.D.N.Y. Sept. 24, 2008). As another court explained in rejecting а plaintiff's attempt to "retreat from his assertion" that the defendant was acting "within the scope of his employment, "[w]here a plaintiff blatantly changes his statement of the facts in order to respond to the defendant's motion to dismiss and directly contradicts the facts set forth in his original complaint, a court is authorized to accept the facts described in the original complaint as true." Rishikof v. Mortada , 70 F.Supp.3d 8, 14 (D.D.C. 2014) (citation and internal quotation marks omitted, alterations accepted). Here, the Court rejeсts Mr. Coleman's attempt to circumvent the clear allegations in his complaint in response to the defendants' dispositive motion. Accordingly, the Court denies plaintiff's request to amend his complaint to add allegations that would directly contradict the allegations in his original complaint.

IV. CONCLUSION

For the reasons set forth in this Memorandum Opinion, the defendants' motion to dismiss plaintiff's complaint is GRANTED . A separate Order accompanies this Opinion.

SO ORDERED.

Notes

The parties have not addressed whether choice of law principles are relevant to the Court's decision whether to recognize Indiana's immunity rules under principles of comity. Indeed, the intersection between choice-of-law principles and the common-law doctrine of comity is unclear. See Biscoe v. Arlington County , 738 F.2d 1352, 1360 (D.C. Cir. 1984) ("District of Columbia courts have not expressly considered whether choice of law principles are relevant, as a matter of D.C. law, to the decision whether to recognize a sister state's immunity rules."). The Briscoe court declined to resolve the question, instead finding that it was "one that the District of Columbia Cоurt of Appeals should properly resolve in the first instance." Id. Although the Court has not found any District of Columbia cases directly addressing the relationship between choice-of-law and comity, the District of Columbia Court of Appeals has found that comity required application of a sister state's immunity rules without doing a choice of law analysis. See Solomon v. Supreme Court of Florida , 816 A.2d 788 (D.C. 2002). Accordingly - and for the additional reason that both parties agree that District of Columbia law applies to this action - the Court declines to do a сhoice of law analysis here.

While Indiana law provides that a "political subdivision" for purposes of the statute includes a "state educational institution," Ind. Code § 34-13-3-8, the District of Columbia does not allow its political subdivisions to be sued at all, instead requiring a plaintiff to bring suit against the District itself, see Younger v. D.C. Pub. Sch. , 60 F.Supp.3d 130, 142 (D.D.C. 2014).

Although the police report does state that the right side of Mr. Coleman's motorcycle was damaged, see Defs.' Mot. to Dismiss Ex. 1, ECF No. 9-1 at 3, Mr. Coleman's lawsuit is not primarily based on allegations of property damage, but rather on allеgations of personal injury. See Compl. ¶¶ 10-11, ECF No. 1-1 at 8 (alleging that he was "violently knocked and thrown about, sustaining severe, painful and permanent injuries to his body as well as severe and protracted shock to his nervous system" and that he "incur[red] medical treatment and medical expenses for the aforesaid injuries").

Six days after filing its memorandum in opposition to defendants' motion to dismiss, plaintiff filed a supplemental affidavit in support of his opposition. See Supp. Aff., ECF No. 17. The affidavit, which is signed by plaintiff's counsel, supрorts plaintiff's arguments ‍​‌‌‌‌​​​‌​‌‌‌​‌​‌​​‌‌​‌​​​​​​​‌‌​​​‌‌​‌​‌‌‌​‌‌‌‌‍that defendants should be estopped from relying on the notice provision in the defense of this suit. See generally id. Defendants moved to strike the affidavit as untimely and filed without leave of the Court. See Defs.' Mot. to Strike, ECF No. 18. In its discretion, and because there is no evidence that defendants were substantially prejudiced by the late filing, the Court will consider the supplemental affidavit in resolving defendants' motion to dismiss. The Court admonishes plaintiff's counsel to carefully read and comply with the federal and local rules in the future.
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